The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 87 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Menstrual cycle phase and responses to drugs of abuse in humans
Abstract
Researchers have recently become aware of the importance of including women in research, including drug abuse research. With this increased awareness has come an increased scientific interest in the potential influence of menstrual cycle phase on responses to drugs. In this review, we discuss recent studies that have examined subjective and physiological responses to drugs of abuse in relation to menstrual cycle phase. With most of the drugs reviewed, including alcohol, benzodiazepines, caffeine, marijuana, nicotine and opioids, responses to the drugs were not different were inconsistent across cycle phases. However, with psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamine and cocaine, responses to the drugs were greater during the follicular, compared to the luteal, phase of the cycle. These findings suggest that, consistent with certain pre-clinical findings, circulating levels of ovarian hormones influence the central effects of stimulant drugs in women. With other drugs, the evidence to date suggests that ovarian hormones have modest, if any, effects on responses to abused drugs. We discuss methodological issues relating to inclusion of women with regular menstrual cycles.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Additionally, during periods of low oestrogen, increased ADHD symptoms [30,41,91,92] and decreased response to psychostimulant medication [25,42,93,94,95] have been described.”
From A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences (2024) · cites this paper as [93]
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Strategies and Methods for Research on Sex Differences in Brain and Behavior
Becker, J. B., Arnold, A. P., Berkley, K. J., Blaustein, J. D., Eckel, L. A., Hampson, E., Herman, J. P., Marts, S. A., Sadée, W., Steiner, M. S., et al. (2004) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2004-1142 · Cited by 833
Gender Differences in Dopaminergic Function in Striatum and Nucleus Accumbens
Becker, J. B. (1999) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(99)00168-9 · Cited by 696
Sex-related hormonal influences on pain and analgesic responses
Fillingim, R. B., & Ness, T. J. (2000) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00017-8 · Cited by 554
Kappa–opioids produce significantly greater analgesia in women than in men
Gear, R. W., Miaskowski, C. A., Gordon, N. C., Paul, S. M., Heller, P. H., & Levine, J. D. (1996) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1196-1248 · Cited by 457
Biological Basis of Sex Differences in the Propensity to Self-administer Cocaine
Hu, M., Crombag, H. S., Robinson, T. E., & Becker, J. B. (2003) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300301 · Cited by 303
Textbook of endocrine physiology
(1989) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/0016-6480(89)90187-1 · Cited by 291
Becker, J. B. (1990) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(90)90618-j · Cited by 287
Donny, E. C., Caggiula, A. R., Rowell, P. P., Gharib, M. A., Maldovan, V., Booth, S., Mielke, M. M., Hoffman, A., & McCallum, S. E. (2000) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130000497 · Cited by 278
Evans, S. M., Haney, M., & Foltin, R. W. (2002) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-001-0944-7 · Cited by 269
Sex and menstrual cycle differences in the subjective effects from smoked cocaine in humans.
Sofuoglu, M., Dudish-Poulsen, S., Nelson, D. B., Pentel, P. R., & Hatsukami, D. K. (1999) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.7.3.274 · Cited by 263
Differential subjective effects of D-amphetamine by gender, hormone levels and menstrual cycle phase
White, T. L., Justice, A. J. H., & de Wit, H. (2002) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00818-3 · Cited by 248
Becker, J. B., & Cha, J.-H. (1989) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(89)80112-3 · Cited by 227
Lukas, S. E., Sholar, M. B., Lundahl, L. H., Lamas, X., Kouri, E. M., Wines, J. D., Kragie, L., & Mendelson, J. H. (1996) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02246017 · Cited by 224
Berne, R. M., & Levy, M. N. (1990) · Cited by 223
Ethanol Elimination in Males and Females: Relationship to Menstrual Cycle and Body Composition
Marshall, A. W., Kingstone, D., Boss, M., & Morgan, M. Y. (1983) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.1840030513 · Cited by 219
Exogenous Progesterone Attenuates the Subjective Effects of Smoked Cocaine in Women, but not in Men
Evans, S. M., & Foltin, R. W. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300887 · Cited by 204
Stoffel, E. C., Ulibarri, C., & Craft, R. M. (2003) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00457-8 · Cited by 201
Justice, A. J. H., & de Wit, H. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130051033 · Cited by 199
Morissette, M., & Paolo, T. D. (1993) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb13415.x · Cited by 135
Reduced benzodiazepine sensitivity in patients with premenstrual syndrome: A pilot study
Poromaa, I. S., Ashbrook, D. W., & Bäckström, T. C. (1997) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(96)00035-2 · Cited by 133
Fernández‐Guasti, A., & Picazo, O. (1990) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(90)90044-i · Cited by 133
Poromaa, I. S. (1997) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(97)00086-9 · Cited by 133
Effects of progesterone treatment on smoked cocaine response in women
Sofuoglu, M., Babb, D. A., & Hatsukami, D. K. (2002) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00716-5 · Cited by 132
Lévesque, D., & Paolo, T. D. (1988) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(88)90324-2 · Cited by 129
Estrous Cycle Effects on Operant Responding for Ethanol in Female Rats
Roberts, A. J., Smith, A. D., Weiss, F., RIVIER, C. L., & Koob, G. F. (1998) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03950.x · Cited by 128
Epperson, C. N., O’Malley, S. S., Czarkowski, K. A., Gueorguieva, R. V., Jatlow, P. I., Sanacora, G., Rothman, D. L., Krystal, J. H., & Mason, G. F. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.09.021 · Cited by 122
Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Dependent Variables in Mood Disorder Research
Leibenluft, E. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950100009002 · Cited by 121
Mendelson, J. H. (1999) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(99)00020-2 · Cited by 119
Transdermal nicotine alters some of marihuana's effects in male and female volunteers
Penetar, D. M., Kouri, E. M., Gross, M. M., McCarthy, E. M., Rhee, C. K., Peters, E. N., & Lukas, S. E. (2005) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.01.008 · Cited by 115
Bagchi, D., Carryl, O. R., Tran, M. X., Krohn, R. L., Bagchi, D., Garg, A., Bagchi, M., Mitra, S., & STOHS, S. J. (1998) · Journal of Applied Toxicology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1263(199801/02)18:1 · Cited by 104
Acute Effects of Estradiol Pretreatment on the Response to d-Amphetamine in Women
Justice, A., & de Wit, H. (2000) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000054520 · Cited by 99
Ford, M. M., Eldridge, J. C., & Samson, H. H. (2002) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02585.x · Cited by 93
Centonze, D. (2002) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(01)00299-8 · Cited by 90
Retrospective study: Influence of menstrual cycle on cue-induced cigarette craving
Franklin, T. R., Napier, K. L., Ehrman, R. N., Gariti, P., O’Brien, C. P., & Childress, A. R. (2004) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200310001656984 · Cited by 88
Tobacco withdrawal in women and menstrual cycle phase.
Perkins, K. A., Levine, M. D., Marcus, M. D., Shiffman, S. M., D’Amico, D., Miller, A. B., Keins, A., Ashcom, J., & Broge, M. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.1.176 · Cited by 86
Textbook of Endocrine Physiology
(2004) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195165654.001.0001 · Cited by 86
Justice, A., & de Wit, H. (2000) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00218-5 · Cited by 85
Risk factors in alcohol associated breast cancer: alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism and estrogens.
Coutelle, C., Hohn, B. G., Benešová, M., Oneta, C. M., Quattrocchi, P., Roth, H.-J., Schmidt‐Gayk, H., Schneeweiss, A., Bastert, G., & Seitz, H. K. (2004) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo.25.4.1127 · Cited by 81
Terner, J. M., Lomas, L. M., & Picker, M. J. (2005) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2005.01.354 · Cited by 78
Self-citationALLEN, S. S. (2000) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200050147493 · Cited by 74
Unzer, J. A., Laycock, T., & Prochaska, G. (1851) · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.22319 · Cited by 74
A PET study of D2 dopamine receptor density at different phases of the menstrual cycle
Nordström, A., Olsson, H., & Halldin, C. (1998) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(98)00021-3 · Cited by 72
Acute Alcohol Intoxication in Women: Relationship to Dose and Menstrual Cycle Phase
Sutker, P. B., Goist, K. C., & King, A. R. (1987) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1987.tb01266.x · Cited by 71
Grant, K. A., Azarov, A. V., Shively, C. A., & Purdy, R. H. (1997) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050211 · Cited by 70
Nyberg, S., Wahlström, G., Bäckström, T. C., & Poromaa, I. S. (2003) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(03)00121-5 · Cited by 67
Cocaine-induced cerebral vasoconstriction differs as a function of sex and menstrual cycle phase
Kaufman, M. J., Levin, J. M., Maas, L. C., Kukes, T. J., Villafuerte, R. A., Dostal, K., Lukas, S. E., Mendelson, J. H., Cohen, B. M., & Renshaw, P. F. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)01091-x · Cited by 66
Snively, T. A., Ahijevych, K., Bernhard, L. A., & Wewers, M. E. (2000) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(00)00018-4 · Cited by 66
Effect of Gender and Estrous Cycle on the Pharmacokinetics of Ethanol in the Rat Brain
Robinson, D. L., Brunner, L. J., & Gonzales, R. A. (2002) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02521.x · Cited by 63
Gender Differences in Blood Levels, But Not Brain Levels, of Ethanol in Rats
Crippens, D., White, M. L., George, M. A., Jaworski, J. N., Brunner, L. J., Lancaster, F. E., & Gonzales, R. A. (1999) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04131.x · Cited by 63
ALLEN, S. S., Hatsukami, D. K., Christianson, D., & Nelson, D. B. (1999) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622299050011241 · Cited by 62
Evans, S. M. (1998) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(98)00064-5 · Cited by 61
Influence of gonadectomy on the antinociceptive effects of opioids in male and female rats
Terner, J. M., Barrett, A. C., Grossell, E., & Picker, M. J. (2002) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1143-x · Cited by 61
Self-citationEffects of ethanol at four phases of the menstrual cycle
Holdstock, L., & de Wit, H. (2000) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130000461 · Cited by 61
Gender differences in blood levels, but not brain levels, of ethanol in rats.
Crippens, D., White, M., George, M. A., Jaworski, J. N., Brunner, L. J., Lancaster, F. E., & Gonzales, R. A. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 61
Marks, J. L., Hair, C. S., Klock, S. C., Ginsburg, B. E., & Pomerleau, C. S. (1994) · Journal of Substance Abuse · doi:10.1016/s0899-3289(94)90265-8 · Cited by 57
Forger, N. G., & Morin, L. P. (1982) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(82)90087-9 · Cited by 56
Cyclic Fluctuation in Alcohol Consumption among Female Social Drinkers
Harvey, S. M., & Beckman, L. J. (1985) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1985.tb05584.x · Cited by 53
Kamimori, G. H., Joubert, A., Otterstetter, R., Santaromana, M., & Eddington, N. D. (1999) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002280050654 · Cited by 49
Acute Alcohol Intoxication: Sex Comparisons on Pharmacokinetic and Mood Measures
Sutker, P. B., Goist, K. C., Allain, A. N., & Bugg, F. (1987) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1987.tb00162.x · Cited by 48
Menstrual Cycle Variability in Midazolam Pharmacokinetics
Kharasch, E. D., Mautz, D. S., Senn, T., Lentz, G. M., & Cox, K. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/009127009903900311 · Cited by 45
Effects of acute marijuana smoking on pulse rate and mood states in women
Lex, B. W., Mendelson, J. H., Bavli, S. Z., Harvey, K. L., & Mello, N. K. (1984) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00427443 · Cited by 44
Comparison of Ethanol Metabolism in Male and Female Cynomolgus Macaques (Macaca fascicularis)
Green-Jordan, K., Szeliga, K. T., Bowen, C. A., Kautz, M. A., Azarov, A. V., & Grant, K. A. (1999) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04162.x · Cited by 44
Fernández‐Guasti, A., & Picazo, O. (1997) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00047-8 · Cited by 44
Effects of menstrual phase on nicotine, alcohol, and caffeine intake in smokers
Pomerleau, C. S., Cole, P. A., Lumley, M. A., Marks, J. L., & Pomerleau, O. F. (1994) · Journal of Substance Abuse · doi:10.1016/s0899-3289(94)90253-4 · Cited by 43
Şener, E. B., Kocamanoğlu, S., Cetinkaya, M. B., Üstün, E., Bildik, E., & Tür, A. (2004) · Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation · doi:10.1159/000081222 · Cited by 42
Marihuana use across the menstrual cycle
Griffin, M. L., Mendelson, J. H., Mello, N. K., & Lex, B. W. (1986) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/0376-8716(86)90053-0 · Cited by 39
Menstrual cycle, tolerance and blood alcohol level discrimination ability
Hay, W. M., Nathan, P. E., Heermans, H. W., & Frankenstein, W. (1984) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(84)90008-x · Cited by 39
Daniel, J. M., Winsauer, P. J., Brauner, I. N., & Moerschbaecher, J. M. (2002) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.116.6.989 · Cited by 37
Mendelson, J. H., Sholar, M. B., Siegel, A. J., & Mello, N. K. (2001) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)38841-x · Cited by 33
Effects of Alcohol on Psychomotor Performance of Women: Interaction With Menstrual Cycle
Linnoila, M., Erwin, C. W., Ramm, D., Cleveland, W. P., & Brendle, A. (1980) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1980.tb04819.x · Cited by 32
Effects of menstrual phase on reactivity to nicotine
Marks, J. L., Pomerleau, C. S., & Pomerleau, O. F. (1999) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00033-1 · Cited by 32
Masson, C. L., & Gilbert, D. G. (1999) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/a:1018793729594 · Cited by 27
Mello, N. K., Bree, M. P., & Mendelson, J. H. (1986) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(86)90460-9 · Cited by 27
Acute effects of triazolam in women: relationships with progesterone, estradiol and allopregnanolone
de Wit, H., & Rukstalis, M. R. (1997) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050212 · Cited by 22
Effects of Triazolam at Three Phases of the Menstrual Cycle
Rukstalis, M. R., & de Wit, H. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-199910000-00009 · Cited by 21
Mood effects of alcohol and expectancies across the menstrual cycle
Freitag, W. J., & Adesso, V. J. (1993) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/0741-8329(93)90008-c · Cited by 17
Bonnin, A., Fern�ndez-Ruiz, J. J., Mart�n, M., de Fonseca, F. R. G., Hern�ndez, M. L., & Ramos, J. A. (1993) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/bf01244868 · Cited by 16
Caffeine kinetic changes during the oestrous cycle in rats
Bruguerolle, B. (1992) · Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.1992.tb00093.x · Cited by 15
Effects of oral contraceptives on acute cocaine response in female volunteers
Kouri, E. M., Lundahl, L. H., Borden, K. N., McNeil, J. F., & Lukas, S. E. (2002) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00992-9 · Cited by 15
Effects of the menstrual cycle of white women on ethanol toxicokinetics.
Corrêa, C. L., & Oga, S. (2004) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2004.65.227 · Cited by 14
The Influence of the Menstrual Cycle on Triazolam and Indocyanine Green Pharmacokinetics
Kamimori, G. H., Sirisuth, N., Greenblatt, D. J., & Eddington, N. D. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/00912700022009495 · Cited by 12
Effects of Ethanol and Psychomotor Tests on State Anxiety: Interaction with Menstrual Cycle in Women
Logue, P. E., Linnoila, M., Wallman, L., & Erwin, C. W. (1981) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1981.52.2.643 · Cited by 11
Bell, E. C., Baker, G. B., Poag, C., Bellavance, F., Khudabux, J., & Mellédo, J. L. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1660-2 · Cited by 10
Influence of Endogenous Progesterone on Alprazolam Pharmacodynamics
McAuley, J. W., & Friedman, C. I. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-199906000-00006 · Cited by 9
The inclusion of women in psychopharmacologic trials.
Yonkers, K. A., & Harrison, W. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 7
The Inclusion of Women in Psychopharmacologic Trials
&NA; (1993) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-199312000-00002 · Cited by 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sex Differences in Animal Models: Focus on Addiction
Becker, J. B., & Koob, G. F. (2016) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.115.011163 · Cited by 725
Greenfield, S. F., Back, S. E., Lawson, K., & Brady, K. T. (2010) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2010.01.004 · Cited by 602
Sex differences in the neural mechanisms mediating addiction: a new synthesis and hypothesis
Becker, J. B., Perry, A. N., & Westenbroek, C. (2012) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/2042-6410-3-14 · Cited by 346
Anker, J. J., & Carroll, M. E. (2010) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2010_93 · Cited by 302
Toll-like Receptors in the Vascular System: Sensing the Dangers Within
Goulopoulou, S., McCarthy, C. G., & Webb, R. C. (2015) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.114.010090 · Cited by 267
Metadata
- Authors
- Terner, J. M., & de Wit, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Terner, Jolan M.
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-13
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1978652575
- Cited by
- 190
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (T32-DA07255, DA 02812, R01DA002812, T32DA007255)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Keywords
- menstrual cycle phases, ovarian hormones, drug abuse, psychostimulants, amphetamine, cocaine, alcohol, benzodiazepines, caffeine, cannabis, nicotine, opioids, follicular phase, luteal phase
- MeSH terms
- Central Nervous System Stimulants, Female, Humans, Menstrual Cycle, Substance-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review