The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 9 of the 48 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Initial RCT of a distress tolerance treatment for individuals with substance use disorders
Open accessAbstract
Background: Psychological distress tolerance, the ability to persist in goal directed activity when experiencing psychological distress, is associated with poor substance use treatment outcomes including drug and alcohol treatment dropout and relapse. Objective: The current study examines if a brief distress tolerance intervention that was specifically developed as an adjunctive treatment for patients in residential substance abuse treatment shows efficacy in improving the patients' distress tolerance. Methods: Seventy-six individuals who were receiving treatment at a residential substance use treatment facility and indexed low distress tolerance on laboratory distress tolerance measures were randomized into three conditions: treatment-as-usual (TAU), six sessions of Supportive Counseling (SC), or six sessions of the novel distress tolerance treatment, Skills for Improving Distress Intolerance (SIDI). Measures: Patients were assessed at baseline for DSM-IV psychiatric diagnoses, DSM-IV substance use disorders, distress tolerance, and depressive symptoms. Patients were again assessed at posttreatment. Therapeutic alliance and treatment expectancies and credibility were also assessed at posttreatment. Results: Patients who received SIDI (n=28) evidenced significantly greater improvements than SC (n=24) and TAU participants (n=24) on the distress tolerance laboratory measures, even when controlling for changes in negative affect (in the form of depression). Additionally, a higher percentage of patients in SIDI reached clinically significant improvement compared to patients in SC and TAU. Conclusion: This study supports the efficacy of SIDI in improving distress tolerance levels among individuals with drug and alcohol use disorders currently receiving residential substance use treatment. SIDI appears to be a brief and feasible intervention for use within inpatient substance use facilities. © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
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20 Own method · 17 Own result · 14 No full text of the sources · 7 Own interpretation · 3 Partly supported · 3 Not checked yet · 3 No basis given · 1 Supported so far · 1 Mixed support · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“patients in the SIDI condition evidenced significantly greater improvements in distress tolerance than those in the SC [F(1) = 10.77; p < .001; d =1.00] and TAU [F(1) = 3.99; p < .05, d =.60] conditions.”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 3. Analyses and Results > 3.3. Efficacy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as well as higher rates of borderline personality disorder than participants in SC (χ2(1) = 9.67, φ = .44; p < .01).”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 3. Analyses and Results > 3.2. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics between Conditions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“results of a series of paired t-tests performed on pre- and post-task negative affect ratings revealed an increase in negative affect in response to both tasks at both baseline and posttreatment”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 3. Analyses and Results > 3.1. Construct Validity of the Distress Tolerance Tasks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, a higher percentage of patients in SIDI reached clinically significant improvement compared to patients in SC and TAU”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indices of task performance were not significantly associated with distress tolerance on either task at either time point (rs < −.10 to +.08, ps > .50)”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 3. Analyses and Results > 3.1. Construct Validity of the Distress Tolerance Tasks
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients who received SIDI (n = 28) evidenced significantly greater improvements than SC (n = 24) and TAU participants (n = 24) on the distress tolerance laboratory measures, even when controlling for changes in negative affect (in the form of depression)”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > Abstract > Results
plaindirectn = 28- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“is associated with poor substance use treatment outcomes including drug and alcohol treatment dropout and relapse”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
“individuals low in distress tolerance more likely to drop out of substance use treatment (Daughters et al., 2005a) and subsequently relapse”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > Abstract > Background
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the duration and intensity of this treatment (as well as its breadth of focus on treatment targets other than distress tolerance, e.g., interpersonal effectiveness and mindfulness) preclude its use as an adjunctive treatment to relatively brief residential SUD treatments”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the clear clinical utility of treatments aimed at increasing distress tolerance among SUD patients, few interventions target this mechanism directly”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study supports the efficacy of SIDI in improving distress tolerance levels among individuals with drug and alcohol use disorders currently receiving residential substance use treatment”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > Abstract > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, efforts to improve the distress tolerance of SUD patients may have important clinical and public health benefits”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 1. Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Brown et al. (2008) provide preliminary support for the utility of a 15-session (6 group and 9 individual) smoking cessation treatment that specifically targets distress tolerance”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brown et al. (2008) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of this study support the efficacy of SIDI as a brief, adjunctive treatment for improving distress tolerance among SUD patients in residential substance abuse treatment.”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 4. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“the importance of contextual (in particular, emotional) cues in triggering maladaptive behavioral responses such as substance use”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and those that do may not be directly applicable to SUD patients in residential substance use treatment”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 1. Introduction
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“is inversely related to a range of maladaptive behaviors, including antisocial behavior, maladaptive gambling, deliberate self-harm, binge/purge behavior, and, most notably, drug and alcohol use”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these findings suggest that the effect of SIDI on distress tolerance is not simply due to a global improvement in negative affect in general.”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 3. Analyses and Results > 3.3. Efficacy
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The CES-D is a valid measure of negative affect (or depressive symptoms).
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, these disorders served as covariates in the efficacy analyses.”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 3. Analyses and Results > 3.2. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics between Conditions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the study design included two different comparison conditions of varying degrees of therapeutic contact. This allowed us to experimentally control for the influence of non-specific therapy factors (therapeutic alliance, treatment credibility, and contact time) on changes in distress tolerance.”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 4. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“evidence suggests that the venting of emotions alone may not be an effective treatment strategy (Lohr et al., 2007).”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lohr et al., 2007
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we also conducted the analyses using a “worst-case scenario” where the dropouts were coded to have zero distress tolerance. Findings of these more conservative analyses did not differ from those presented here.”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 3. Analyses and Results > 3.3. Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the lack of a long-term follow-up to examine either the stability of gains in distress tolerance or the effect of SIDI on real-world outcomes (e.g., relapse) necessitates large-scale treatment studies with a follow-up period.”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All assumptions for the ANCOVA (normality, homoscedasticity, and independence of cases were met in the current analyses.”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 3. Analyses and Results > 3.3. Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“there is some evidence to suggest that the venting of emotions is associated with greater emotional avoidance (Riolli and Savicki, 2010).”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Riolli and Savicki, 2010 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“the focus within the SC condition of having patients verbalize and express ongoing problems and concerns (in the absence of direct instruction on skills for managing distress effectively) may have paradoxically increased their avoidance of this distress.”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lohr et al., 2007
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Riolli and Savicki, 2010 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“even after including covariates that approached significance or showed a medium to large effect sizes (age, gender, major depressive disorder, and education), the findings remained the same.”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 3. Analyses and Results > 3.2. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics between Conditions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 29
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“distress intolerance on these tasks has been found to be heightened among SUD patients with borderline personality, antisocial personality, and posttraumatic stress disorders, (Bornovalova et al., 2008; Bornovalova et al., 2011; Daughters et al., 2008) and to predict treatment dropout among substance users in residential treatment”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 2. Methods > 2.2. Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bornovalova et al., 2008 source
- Disputedcites Bornovalova et al., 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Current Study’s Preliminary Univariate Analyses (page unavailable) found no significant association between task-measured distress tolerance and borderline personality scores (β = −.10, p = .20). The Discussion likewise says distress tolerance was not associated with BPD at a univariate level, contrary to the cited claim that intolerance was heightened among patients with BPD. The citation is attached to the disorder clause, not the subsequent treatment-dropout clause. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Supportedcites Daughters et al., 2008 source
The citation supports the antisocial personality disorder portion of the cited list. The Results (Distress Tolerance and ASPD; page not provided) report that substance users with ASPD stopped both distress-tolerance tasks significantly sooner than those without ASPD. The treatment-dropout statement follows the citation group and is not attributed to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“neither emotional distress in response to the tasks nor task performance have been found to be significantly associated with latency to task termination”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 2. Methods > 2.2. Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bornovalova et al., 2008 source
- Partly supportedcites Daughters et al., 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (Descriptives Across the Entire Sample; page unavailable) reports no significant correlation between task persistence and self-reported dysphoria measured before or after the task. The Method section describes task performance and termination latency, but the passages found do not report a statistical association between them. The task-performance part of the claim is therefore unsupported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gratz et al., 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“distress intolerance is robustly associated with substance use coping motives, as well as substance use frequency and substance use disorders (SUDs)”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Buckner et al., 2007 source
- Partly supportedcites Howell et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that distress tolerance was uniquely related to coping motives for alcohol use among young adult drinkers. It does not establish the claimed association with substance-use frequency, and it reports no incremental association between distress tolerance and alcohol-use problems. The study addresses alcohol-use problems, not substance use disorders broadly. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites Marshall-Berenz et al., 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Zero-Order Correlations; page not provided) report a significant association between lower distress tolerance and stronger alcohol-use coping motives (r = -.46). They report no significant association between distress tolerance and alcohol consumption or AUDIT alcohol-problem scores. The paper lists substance use disorder diagnoses but does not establish the claimed association with those diagnoses. (LLM, conf=0.89)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“findings that SIDI targets distress tolerance directly (and effectively) suggest the potential portability and generalizability of this treatment, highlighting its potential utility for a variety of psychological difficulties and maladaptive behaviors thought to stem from distress intolerance”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bornovalova et al., 2008 source
- Partly supportedcites Daughters et al., 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion links distress tolerance to ASPD and BPD and suggests that interventions addressing emotional discomfort may help with maladaptive behaviors. It does not discuss SIDI, test whether SIDI improves distress tolerance, or assess the treatment’s portability or generalizability. The broader rationale has some support, but the SIDI-specific claim does not. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Partly supportedcites Daughters et al., 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (§1.2) links low distress tolerance with several psychological difficulties and maladaptive behaviors. The Discussion (§4) suggests that these links could inform targeted treatments for youth. The paper does not study SIDI or establish that it effectively targets distress tolerance, is portable, or is generalizable. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“a variety of psychological difficulties and maladaptive behaviors thought to stem from distress intolerance (e.g., Bornovalova et al., 2008; Daughters et al., 2008; Daughters et al., 2009).”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bornovalova et al., 2008 source
- Supportedcites Daughters et al., 2008 source
The passage labeled Abstract says theoretical accounts link deficits in distress tolerance to self-harm, substance use, and binge/purge behaviors in BPD. The Discussion also considers distress intolerance a possible mechanism underlying ASPD symptoms such as aggression. These passages support the citing sentence’s qualified, broad claim. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites Daughters et al., 2009 source
The Introduction (§1.2) links low distress tolerance to substance use, antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, anxiety sensitivity, and depression. The Discussion (§4) describes distress tolerance as a possible common mechanism underlying problematic behaviors and symptoms, matching the claim’s qualified wording, “thought to stem from.” (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, SIDI and SC did not differ on therapeutic alliance [F(1)= .33; p =.57; d =.17], treatment expectancy [F(1) = .52; p =.48; d =.20], or treatment credibility [F(1)= .51; p =.48; d =.20].”
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics between Conditions · plain
“SIDI and SC did not differ on therapeutic alliance [F(1)= .33; p =.57; d =.17], treatment expectancy [F(1) = .52; p =.48; d =.20], or treatment credibility [F(1)= .51; p =.48; d =.20].”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 3. Analyses and Results > 3.2. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics between Conditions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics between Conditions · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Treatment groups did not differ significantly on any demographic, psychopathology, treatment history, or court status variable, with two exceptions”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 3. Analyses and Results > 3.2. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics between Conditions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“patients in SIDI evidenced significant reductions in depression and significant improvements in distress tolerance from pre- to post-treatment”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 3. Analyses and Results > 3.3. Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the rate of improvement in distress tolerance in the SIDI condition significantly higher than in the SC condition [χ2(2) = 11.64, p <.01], but not the TAU condition [χ(2) = 3.02, p = .22].”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 3. Analyses and Results > 3.3. Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“those in SC reported significant improvements only in depression (and actually evidenced significant decreases in distress tolerance from baseline to posttreatment).”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 3. Analyses and Results > 3.3. Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the significant correlations between the two tasks at baseline (r = .34, p < .001) and post-treatment (r = .57, p <.001), a composite score was created”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 2. Methods > 2.2. Measures
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals in TAU failed to show significant change on either of the outcome variables.”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 3. Analyses and Results > 3.3. Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants in the SIDI condition had higher rates of both anxiety and borderline personality disorders than participants in TAU [χ2(1)s = 9.07 and 7.17, and φs = .43 and .38, respectively; ps < .01)”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 3. Analyses and Results > 3.2. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics between Conditions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A repeated-measures ANCOVA (controlling for borderline personality and anxiety disorders) revealed no significant group X time interactions for CES-D scores, suggesting that improvement in depression symptoms was comparable across the three groups”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 3. Analyses and Results > 3.3. Efficacy
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although SIDI participants also reported slightly higher rates of anxiety disorders than SC participants, this effect did not reach significance (χ2(1) = 3.42, φ = .26, p = .064).”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 3. Analyses and Results > 3.2. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics between Conditions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SC participants did not differ significantly from TAU participants in rates of either disorder (χ2(1)s < 1.57, φs < .19, ps > .30].”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 3. Analyses and Results > 3.2. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics between Conditions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The inclusion of the SC comparison condition allowed us to control for the nonspecific treatment effects of contact time and client-therapist alliance”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“To control for nonspecific therapeutic factors, participants in the SIDI and SC conditions completed the California Psychotherapy Alliance Scale (CALPAS) and the Treatment Expectancy and Credibility Scales (CEQ)”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 2. Methods > 2.2. Measures
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To limit the potential influence of any remaining withdrawal symptoms on performance (expected to be minimal given the requirement of detoxification prior to entering this treatment facility), participants were recruited into the study between 2–5 days from residential treatment entry”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 2. Methods > 2.3. Procedure
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Remaining withdrawal symptoms are minimal and do not affect distress tolerance task performance.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT; Linehan, 1993) specifically targets distress tolerance and has been found to be efficacious in the treatment of co-occurring borderline personality disorder and SUDs”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the authors did not actually examine changes in distress tolerance over the course of this open trial. Thus, it remains unclear if this treatment actually improves distress tolerance as theorized”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brown et al. (2008) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To ensure that any effects of SIDI on distress tolerance are not due to decreases in patients’ overall distress or general negative affect, the 9-item Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale was administered”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 2. Methods > 2.2. Measures
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Martensa et al., 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This component of the treatment also has the added benefits of promoting immediate behavioral practice and the replacement of maladaptive coping behaviors with more adaptive responses, as well as providing a sense of mastery”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SIDI appears to be a brief and feasible intervention for use within inpatient substance use facilities”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > Abstract > Conclusion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“given that this treatment was developed specifically for nicotine-dependent individuals only, its applicability to and utility for other (arguably more severe) substance dependent populations is unclear”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brown et al. (2008) source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Next, participants were randomized into three conditions: SIDI (n = 28), SC (n = 24), or TAU (n = 24)”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 2. Methods > 2.3. Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SIDI draws on skills from DBT (Linehan, 1993; Linehan et al., 2002; Linehan et al., 1999) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (Hayes et al., 1999) – both of which have been shown to reduce substance use and other maladaptive behaviors”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Linehan, 1993 source
- Not matchedcites Hayes et al., 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the MTPT and the PASAT have been shown to reliably induce emotional distress among clinical and nonclinical samples (Bornovalova et al., 2008; Gratz et al., 2007; Gratz et al., 2010; Lejuez et al., 2003) and to be significantly intercorrelated”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 2. Methods > 2.2. Measures
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To ensure that the tasks measure distress tolerance rather than absolute distress, levels of anxiety, frustration, irritability, and discomfort (on a scale from 0 [none] to 100 [extreme]) are assessed pre- and post-task”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 2. Methods > 2.2. Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“neither comparison condition was active or included empirically-supported elements.”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All sessions were audiotaped, and supervision was held weekly by a Ph.D.-level clinician involved in the development of the protocol (KLG).”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 2. Methods > 2.4. Therapist adherence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately 30% of treatment tapes were rated by an independent rater to assess therapist adherence and competence.”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 2. Methods > 2.4. Therapist adherence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the SC condition unexpectedly resulted in a decrease in distress tolerance (potentially inflating the positive effects of our active treatment).”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“we examined if the changes in distress tolerance were clinically significant (as indexed by the reliable change index (RCI; Jacobson and Truax, 1991)).”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 3. Analyses and Results > 3.3. Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jacobson and Truax, 1991 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our use of a rather unique underserved sample of urban, primarily minority, SUD patients makes replication across a variety of SUD populations a priority.”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we used behavioral (rather than self-report) measures of distress tolerance, which are not subject to reporting biases related to social desirability or insight.”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“findings that SIDI targets distress tolerance directly (and effectively)”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 4. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SC specifically avoided acceptance-based or exposure techniques.”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 2. Methods > 2.3. Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the sample size was relatively small. Although the emergence of significant results despite the small sample size supports the strength of the treatment effects, the small sample size limits the generalizability and statistical conclusion validity of our findings”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 4. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“controlling for changes in CES-D scores over the course of the treatment ensures that any observed changes in distress tolerance are not simply the result of changes in this dimension of negative affect in general.”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 3. Analyses and Results > 3.3. Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The CES-D is a valid measure of negative affect (or depressive symptoms).
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“consistent with research suggesting the clinical utility of non-specific treatment factors and the simple provision of support; see Horvath and Symonds, 1991; Klein et al., 2003”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trained, masters-level therapists administered SIDI and SC.”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 2. Methods > 2.4. Therapist adherence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SC was administered to control for the non-specific elements of therapist contact (time, therapeutic alliance, treatment expectancy).”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 2. Methods > 2.3. Procedure
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“For both SIDI and SC, specific therapist behaviors were considered “prescribed” and “proscribed” (Waltz et al., 1993) to assure that the treatment delivered in each was distinct.”
§ Initial RCT of a Distress Tolerance Treatment for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders > 2. Methods > 2.4. Therapist adherence
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Waltz et al., 1993 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Remaining withdrawal symptoms are minimal and do not affect distress tolerance task performance.
“To limit the potential influence of any remaining withdrawal symptoms on performance (expected to be minimal given the requirement of detoxification prior to entering this treatment facility), participants were recruited into the study between 2–5 days from residential treatment entry”
The paper relies on this without support.
The CES-D is a valid measure of negative affect (or depressive symptoms).
“changes in CES-D scores”
“a measure of one dimension of negative affect”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“improvements in clinical outcome and distress tolerance occur when targeted by treatments designed to improve distress tolerance skills”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Bornovalova et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Interventions targeting DT have shown potential in reducing depressive symptoms (Bornovalova et al., 2012)”
From Distress tolerance as a mediator of mindfulness-based intervention for anxiety and depression: Evidence from two randomized controlled trials (2024) · cites this paper as Bornovalova et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Importantly, distress tolerance is amenable to cognitive-behavioral interventions (Bornovalova et al., 2012; Linehan, 2015).”
From Occupational stress and suicidality among firefighters: Examining the buffering role of distress tolerance (2018) · cites this paper as Bornovalova et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“Various intervention formats, such as Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT; Becker & Zayfert, 2001; Linehan, 2015) and Skills for Improving Distress Intolerance (SIDI; Bornovalova et al., 2012), have each been shown to improve distress tolerance.”
From Occupational stress and suicidality among firefighters: Examining the buffering role of distress tolerance (2018) · cites this paper as Bornovalova et al., 2012
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentχ²(4) = 16.39reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .003
“χ2(4) = 16.39, p < .01”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 11.64reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .003
“χ2(2) = 11.64, p < .01”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
(1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 19,139
(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 10,216
Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.59.1.12 · Cited by 7,770 · cited 1×
“Finally, we examined if the changes in distress tolerance were clinically significant (as indexed by the reliable change index (RCI; Jacobson and Truax, 1991)).”
Method(1993) · Cited by 7,136
(1999) · Cited by 5,934
The mini international neuropsychiatric interview
Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D. V., Hergueta, T., & Weiller, E. (1998) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80239-9 · Cited by 5,899
Relation between working alliance and outcome in psychotherapy: A meta-analysis
Horvath, A. O., & Symonds, B. D. (1991) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.38.2.139 · Cited by 2,673 · cited 1×
“…in depression symptoms (consistent with research suggesting the clinical utility of non-specific treatment factors and the simple provision of support; see Horvath and Symonds, 1991; Klein et al., 2003), they evidenced a significant decline in distress tolerance over the course of the intervention.”
ResultPsychometric properties of the credibility/expectancy questionnaire
Devilly, G. J., & Borkovec, T. D. (2000) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0005-7916(00)00012-4 · Cited by 2,295 · cited 4×
“At the posttreatment assessment, participants in SIDI and SC completed the CEQ and CALPAS to control for nonspecific therapy effects.”
MethodInfluential(1997) · American Psychiatric Press eBooks · Cited by 1,436
Dialectical behavior therapy for patients with borderline personality disorder and drug dependence
Linehan, M. M., Schmidt, H., Dimeff, L. A., Craft, J. C., Kanter, J., & Comtois, K. A. (1999) · The American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/105504999305686 · Cited by 1,043 · cited 6×
“To this end, SIDI draws on skills from DBT (Linehan, 1993; Linehan et al., 2002; Linehan et al., 1999) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (Hayes et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Lejuez, 2003, A modified computer version of the paced auditory serial addition task (PASAT) as a laboratory-based stressor, J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry, 26, 290
- O’Brien, 1990, Integrating systematic cue exposure with standard treatment in recovering drug dependent patients, Addict. Behav., 15, 355, 10.1016/0306-4603(90)90045-Y · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies.
Mennin, D. S., Ellard, K. K., Fresco, D. M., & Gross, J. J. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.02.004 · Cited by 172
Kim, H. S., & Hodgins, D. C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00406 · Cited by 143
“(91) provide preliminary evidence that a six session Skills for Improving Distress Intolerance Program added to residential substance use disorder treatment showed both improvement in distress tolerance skills and clinical outcomes compared with supportive counseling.”
BackgroundLaposa, J. M., Collimore, K. C., Hawley, L. L., & Rector, N. A. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.04.003 · Cited by 140
Baskin-sommers, A. R., Curtin, J. J., & Newman, J. P. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614560744 · Cited by 139
Gorka, S. M., Ali, B., & Daughters, S. B. (2012) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0026386 · Cited by 112
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Bornovalova, M. A., Gratz, K. L., Daughters, S. B., Hunt, E. D., & Lejuez, C. W.
- Affiliations
- University of South Florida (US)
- University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bornovalova, Marina A.
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 122
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 70-76
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3288895
- OpenAlex
- W2004223117
- Semantic Scholar
- c90254e88a5a0b1a262b3e1a42d35e5038bf2b64
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (P30DA028807, R36DA021820)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- distress tolerance, substance use disorders, residential addiction treatment, brief psychological intervention, adjunctive therapy, relapse prevention, treatment discontinuation, depressive symptoms, therapeutic relationship, treatment expectancy, credibility, inpatient care
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Behavior Therapy, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Residential Treatment, Stress, Psychological, Treatment Outcome, Substance-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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