The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 11 of the 22 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The economic burden of opioid use disorder and fatal opioid overdose in the United States, 2017
Open accessAbstract
Background The United States (U.S.) is experiencing an ongoing opioid crisis. Economic burden estimates that describe the impact of the crisis are needed when considering federal and state resources devoted to addressing overdoses. In this study, we estimate the societal costs for opioid use disorder and fatal overdose from all opioids in 2017. Methods We estimated costs of fatal overdose from all opioids and opioid use disorder based on the incidence of overdose deaths and the prevalence of past-year opioid use disorder for 2017. Incidence of fatal opioid overdose was obtained from the National Vital Statistics System; prevalence of past-year opioid use disorder was estimated from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health. Costs were estimated for health care, criminal justice and lost productivity. Costs for the reduced quality of life for opioid use disorder and life lost due to fatal opioid overdose were valued using U.S. Department of Health and Human Services guidelines for valuing reductions in morbidity and mortality. Results Costs for opioid use disorder and fatal opioid overdose in 2017 were estimated to be $1.02 trillion. The majority of the economic burden is due to reduced quality of life from opioid use disorder and the value of life lost due to fatal opioid overdose. Conclusions These estimates can assist decision makers in understanding the magnitude of opioid use disorder and fatal overdose. Knowing the magnitude and distribution of the economic burden can inform public policy, clinical practice, research, and prevention and response activities.
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Claims the paper makes
19 Own result · 13 Own method · 6 Own interpretation · 5 Supported · 5 Sources not found · 3 Partly supported · 2 Supported so far · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 No full text of the sources · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, the population requiring treatment has been estimated to be much larger than the current treatment capacity (Jones et al., 2015).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Jones et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that, in the United States in 2012, treatment need exceeded even maximum potential opioid agonist medication-assisted treatment capacity by nearly 1 million people. This directly supports the citing sentence’s comparison, though the paper measures capacity specifically for this form of treatment. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Naloxone distribution programs have been shown to reduce opioid mortality rates (Walley et al., 2013).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Walley et al., 2013 source
The Discussion (‘What this study adds’) states that opioid overdose death rates were lower in communities where overdose education and naloxone distribution was implemented than in communities where it was not. The paper describes this as observational evidence, rather than proof from a randomized trial. (LLM, conf=0.92)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“This is a change from previously published estimates, where a large share of costs was attributable to opioid use disorder (Birnbaum et al., 2011; Florence et al., 2016; Rice et al., 2014).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Birnbaum et al., 2011 source
- Supportedcites Florence et al., 2016 source
The Results section reports that almost two-thirds of the estimated $78.5 billion in prescription-opioid-related costs were for health care, substance abuse treatment, and lost productivity in nonfatal cases. The paper estimates those nonfatal costs using the prevalence of opioid abuse and dependence, supporting the claim that a large share was attributable to OUD. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rice et al., 2014 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These HRQOL weights are based on a survey of 1,178 participants from the US population to assess the reduction in quality of life based on whether or not a person with opioid use disorder was currently using opioids either by injection or prescription opioid misuse”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Valuation of Lost Quality of Life and Life Lost
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Wittenberg et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report 1,178 respondents in the individual-focused survey, which assessed opioid-misuse health states. But the survey had 2,054 respondents overall, and the Methods (Study design) say responses from the 876-person spouse-spillover version also supplemented the individual utility data. Thus 1,178 is not the full survey sample underlying the weights. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plainn = 1,178- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using and alternative source of health care cost data has the smallest impact on the estimates (from $1,020.7 billion to $1,020.9 billion).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Costs for opioid use disorder and fatal opioid overdose in 2017 were estimated to be $1.02 trillion.”
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
“The overall economic burden totaled approximately $1,020.7 billion (95% PI $967.2 to $1,075.7 billion) in 2017.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Abstract > Results:
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The sum of health care, criminal justice, lost productivity, and HRQOL/VSL valuations captures the total societal economic burden of OUD and fatal opioid overdose.
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Slightly more than one-half of the cost is associated with fatal overdoses.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lost productivity, for individuals with opioid use disorder ($23.5 billion) and fatal opioid overdose ($68.7 billion), together accounts for over $92 billion.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lost productivity, for individuals with opioid use disorder ($23.5 billion) and fatal opioid overdose ($68.7 billion), together accounts for over $92 billion.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By far the largest components of the overall economic burden, however, are the value of reduced quality of life from opioid use disorder ($390.0 billion) and life lost to opioid overdose ($480.7 billion).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The general-purpose VSL and VSLY values from HHS guidelines reflect the U.S. population's willingness to pay to prevent opioid overdose deaths and morbidity.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Mandatory provider review of prescription drug monitoring programs before prescribing opioids and laws that govern the ownership and operation of pain clinics have been shown to reduce the amount of opioids prescribed and prescription overdose death rates (Dowell et al., 2016).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Dowell et al., 2016 source
The Abstract reports that combined implementation of mandatory PDMP review and pain clinic laws reduced opioid amounts prescribed by 8 percent and prescription opioid overdose death rates by 12 percent. The Study Data and Methods section describes pain clinic laws as governing clinic ownership and operation. The Discussion cautions that the study could not determine which policy drove the observed changes; the citing sentence attributes the result to the policies together. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“We also only value lost HRQL for individuals with opioid use disorder. There is likely a substantial reduction in quality of life for friends and family members who care for loved with use disorder, and lose loved ones to overdose (Wittenberg et al., 2016).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Wittenberg et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The original source study used a matched case-control design to estimate the impact of opioid use disorder diagnoses on health care spending.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Health Care Costs
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Florence et al., 2016 source
The Methods > Health Care Costs section explicitly says the study used a matched case-control design to estimate the impact of opioid abuse diagnoses on health care spending. It also describes comparing costs for patients diagnosed with abuse or dependence against matched comparison patients. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Finally, previous research has shown that both fatal opioid overdose (Ruhm, 2017) and opioid use disorder (Barocas et al., 2018) is likely undercounted in the data sources we used.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Sensitivity Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ruhm, 2017 source
- Supportedcites Barocas et al., 2018 source
Barocas et al. is cited for the OUD portion of the sentence, not the fatal-overdose portion. The Discussion reports that fewer than 50% of people with OUD were known to the health care system and that estimates based only on known cases were nearly half the capture–recapture estimates. Page numbers are not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Opioid use disorder can be undercounted because the NSDUH surveys the noninstitutionalized population, which will exclude incarcerated persons. The homeless population will also likely be missed by household-based surveys.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Sensitivity Analysis
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Barocas et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says survey-based approaches can underreport OUD and reports prevalence estimates higher than national estimates. It does not say that NSDUH excludes incarcerated people or that household surveys likely miss homeless people; searches for those survey-population claims found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.83)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Both of these populations have been shown to have high rates of substance use disorder (Barocas et al., 2018).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Sensitivity Analysis
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Barocas et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods describe identifying opioid use disorder in linked Massachusetts databases, and the Discussion reports prevalence by county and age group. Neither section reports substance use disorder rates specifically among incarcerated or homeless people; searches for “incarcerated” and “homeless” found no relevant passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Matching controlled for basic demographic variables, health status was matched based on the Charlson comorbidity index and health care costs prior to use disorder diagnosis, and regression models controlled for skewness in the expenditure data.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Health Care Costs
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Florence et al., 2016 source
The Methods > Health Care Costs section says propensity-score matching included age, sex, baseline health care costs, and the Charlson comorbidity index. It also says nonlinear regression models accounted for skewed health care expenditure data. The preceding Methods passage identifies the matching baseline as the six months before the diagnosis index date; page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Slightly less than half of these costs were attributable to opioid use disorder ($471.0 billion (95% PI $417.8 to $525.7billion)).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The sum of health care, criminal justice, lost productivity, and HRQOL/VSL valuations captures the total societal economic burden of OUD and fatal opioid overdose.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results are most sensitive to the choice of values for the VSL and VSLY. At the low estimate of a VSL/VSLY from the HHS guidelines, the overall economic burden is $556.0 billion, and at the high value of the VSL/VSLY, the overall burden is over $1,480.4 billion.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The general-purpose VSL and VSLY values from HHS guidelines reflect the U.S. population's willingness to pay to prevent opioid overdose deaths and morbidity.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These costs are also only estimated for diagnosed cases of opioid use disorder in persons age 12+, so we do not estimate costs to other persons, such as in the case of neonatal abstinence syndrome.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Criminal justice costs were apportioned from government budget data and may not reflect the costs of all criminal justice activity related to opioids.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder has been shown to reduce the rate of opioid misuse among patients with opioid use disorder and the rate of fatal opioid overdose (Mattick et al., 2009, 2014; Schwartz et al., 2013).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mattick et al., 2009, 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schwartz et al., 2013 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Health care costs were estimated with a convenience sample of health insurers and public insurance beneficiaries and may not be representative of the U.S. population.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We then conducted a simulation with 10,000 replications and report a 95% prediction interval [PI] that is at the 2.5% and 97.5% cutoffs of the distribution of estimates in the simulation.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Sensitivity Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Calculation of the economic burden in this study uses data from a variety of sources, so it is not possible to directly estimate a traditional confidence interval for the estimates.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Sensitivity Analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This is a broader range of outcomes, and a more comprehensive estimate, than the most recent studies (Davenport et al., 2019).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Davenport et al., 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many of the cost estimation methods used methods from a previous study, so the limitations of that study are also present in these results.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The resulting cost estimate is the increase in annual health care costs associated with opioid use disorder.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Health Care Costs
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This includes all opioid-related overdose deaths regardless of intent (intentional, unintentional, homicide, or undetermined).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Overview
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, the guidelines provide consensus estimates of a VSL, discounted to present value at a rate of 3%.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Valuation of Lost Quality of Life and Life Lost
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Survey weights were used to estimate nationally representative population totals for cases of opioid use disorder.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Overview
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The NSDUH is a nationally representative sample of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population ages 12 and older.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Overview
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite these limitations, these estimates provide an up-to-date understanding of the overall economic impact of the crisis.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We use these alternative measures as a sensitivity analysis, and not as our primary results, because both instruments lacks specificity to the condition being studied, and the populations studied were limited to subsets of the population of persons with opioid use disorder (e.g. only those who use heroin).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Sensitivity Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The guidelines recommend using measures of lost quality of life and the VSL that are specific to the outcome being analyzed, when feasible. The rationale for this is that the preferences of the U.S. population for reducing the risk of morbidity and mortality may differ by the cause and population affected.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Valuation of Lost Quality of Life and Life Lost
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A primary limitation of our methodology is that we only measure the cost of opioid use disorder in a single year.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“The survey collects detailed information on substance use, including a questionnaire that identifies opioid use disorder (opioid abuse or dependence) based on questions similar to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Overview
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites American Psychiatric Association, 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The general-purpose VSL and VSLY values from HHS guidelines reflect the U.S. population's willingness to pay to prevent opioid overdose deaths and morbidity.
“We did not have a VSL value specific to the willingness to pay to prevent an opioid overdose death and instead used a general-purpose set of values based on results from studies that examined the value of risk reduction over a diverse set of risks.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sum of health care, criminal justice, lost productivity, and HRQOL/VSL valuations captures the total societal economic burden of OUD and fatal opioid overdose.
“Our total valuation of economic burden of opioid use disorder and fatal overdose is therefore the sum of the HRQOL/VSL valuation, health care and substance use disorder treatment cost, criminal justice and lost productivity.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cost per case of opioid use disorder ($221,219) was derived by dividing the total U.S. cost of opioid use disorder ($470,975 million) during 2017 by the number of opioid use disorder cases the same year (2.129 million) (3).”
From State-Level Economic Costs of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose — United States, 2017 (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cost per case of fatal opioid overdose ($11.548 million) was derived by dividing the total cost of fatal opioid overdose ($549,691 million) by the number of fatal opioid overdose cases (47,600) (3).”
From State-Level Economic Costs of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose — United States, 2017 (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The economic cost of the U.S. opioid epidemic in 2017 was estimated at $1,021 billion, including cost of opioid use disorder estimated at $471 billion and cost of fatal opioid overdose estimated at $550 billion (3).”
From State-Level Economic Costs of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose — United States, 2017 (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
Citations
Cites
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Self-citationDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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“Naloxone distribution programs have been shown to reduce opioid mortality rates (Walley et al., 2013).”
BackgroundNational and state treatment need and capacity for opioid agonist medication-assisted treatment
Jones, C. M., Campopiano, M., Baldwin, G., & McCance-Katz, E. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302664 · Cited by 668 · cited 1×
“However, the population requiring treatment has been estimated to be much larger than the current treatment capacity (Jones et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSocietal costs of prescription opioid abuse, dependence, and misuse in the United States
Birnbaum, H. G., White, A. G., Schiller, M., Waldman, T., Cleveland, J. M., & Roland, C. L. (2011) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01075.x · Cited by 644 · cited 2×
“This is a change from previously published estimates, where a large share of costs was attributable to opioid use disorder (Birnbaum et al., 2011; Florence et al., 2016; Rice et al., 2014).”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 504
Cost and cost-effectiveness of abstinence contingent wage supplements
Orme, S., Zarkin, G. A., Luckey, J., Dunlap, L. J., Novak, M. D., Holtyn, A. F., Toegel, F., & Silverman, K. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109754 · Cited by 9
Estimating Drug Involvement in Fatal Overdoses With Incomplete Information
Drake, K. M., & Ruhm, C. J. (2023) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2023.06.019 · Cited by 9
Salinsky, L. M., Merritt, C. R., Garcia, E. J., Fox, R. G., Zamora, J. C., Anastasio, N. C., & Cunningham, K. A. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06765-3 · Cited by 9
“The U.S. remains in the grip of the overdose crisis with personal and societal costs estimated at $1.02 trillion in 2017 (Florence et al. 2021).”
InfluentialDeep brain stimulation for substance use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Shaheen, N., Shaheen, A., Sarica, C., Singh, A. K., Zanaty, M., Johari, K., Yang, A., Zesiewicz, T. A., Dalm, B., Bezchlibnyk, Y. B., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1231760 · Cited by 9
Kolli, U., & Roy, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1233194 · Cited by 9
Choi, S. A., Yan, C. H., Gastala, N., Touchette, D. R., & Stranges, P. M. (2023) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2023.209237 · Cited by 9
Long access heroin self-administration significantly alters gut microbiome composition and structure
Greenberg, J. M., Winters, A. D., Zagorac, B., Kracht, D. J., Francescutti, D. M., Cannella, N., Ciccocioppo, R., Woods, L. C. S., Mackle, J., Hardiman, G., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1369783 · Cited by 10
“The total economic burden of opioid use disorder and fatal opioid overdose in 2017 was estimated to be $1.02 trillion (4).”
BackgroundInfluentialOpioid use and risks in candidates and recipients of liver transplant
Rubin, J. B., Aby, E. S., Barman, P. M., & Tincopa, M. A. (2024) · Liver Transplantation · doi:10.1097/lvt.0000000000000388 · Cited by 9
“[2] Opioid use is of particular concern among patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), given the high rates of pain and substance use disorders (SUDs) in this population.”
A Circuit-Based Approach to Treating Substance Use Disorders With Noninvasive Brain Stimulation
Steele, V. R. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.03.021 · Cited by 9
Davis, J. P., Tucker, J. S., Dunbar, M. S., Seelam, R., & D’Amico, E. J. (2021) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000770 · Cited by 9
The Impact of Pediatric Opioid-Related Visits on U.S. Emergency Departments
Champagne‐Langabeer, T., Cárdenas-Turanzas, M., Ugalde, I. T., Bakos‐Block, C., Stotts, A. L., Cleveland, L. M., SHOPTAW, S. J., & Langabeer, J. R. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9040524 · Cited by 9
Data Driven Classification of Opioid Patients Using Machine Learning–An Investigation
Amin, L. A., Mukta, M. S. H., Saikat, M. S. M., et al. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3230596 · Cited by 9
Brewer, A. L., Lewis, C. C., Eggerman, L., Blokker, A., Burkland, J. A., Johnsen, M., & Quock, R. M. (2022) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000714 · Cited by 9
Slocum, S., Paquette, C. E., & Pollini, R. A. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2023.209023 · Cited by 9
Poulsen, M. N., Freda, P. J., Troiani, V., et al. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/53366 · Cited by 8
“In addition to this significant loss of life, approximately 2.7 million people were diagnosed with OUD in 2021 [3], with the economic cost of the US opioid epidemic estimated to be over US $1 trillion in 2017 [4].”
BackgroundInfluentialKnudsen, H. K., Walker, D. M., Mack, N. A., Kinnard, E. N., Huerta, T. R., Glasgow, L., Gilbert, L., Garner, B. R., Dasgupta, A., Chandler, R. K., et al. (2024) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108034 · Cited by 8
Impact of Fentanyl Test Strips as Harm Reduction for Drug-Related Mortality
Bhai, M., McMichael, B. J., & Mitchell, D. (2025) · Medical Care Research and Review · doi:10.1177/10775587251316919 · Cited by 9
“The economic burden of opioid use disorder (OUD) and fatal opioid overdoses was estimated to exceed $1.02 trillion in 2017 alone (Florence et al., 2021).”
InfluentialPerioperative and persistent opioid use after surgery: a scoping review
Almodibeg, B. A., Kang, J., & Forget, P. (2025) · BJA Open · doi:10.1016/j.bjao.2025.100412 · Cited by 9
Tang, L. A., Korona-Bailey, J., Zaras, D., Roberts, A., Mukhopadhyay, S., Espy, S., & Walsh, C. G. (2023) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/45246 · Cited by 8
“Since the pandemic, the rate of increase in fatal overdoses has slowed; however, fatal drug overdoses remain a public health concern with a substantial economic burden [2,3].”
Sleep behavior traits and associations with opioid-related adverse events: a cohort study
Chen, R. W., Ulsa, M. C., Li, P., Gao, C., Zheng, X., Xu, J., Luo, Y., Shen, S., Lane, J. M., Scheer, F. A. J. L., et al. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad118 · Cited by 11
Gopaldas, M., Wenzel, K. R., Campbell, A. N. C., Jalali, A., Fishman, M. J., Rotrosen, J., Nunes, E. V., & Murphy, S. M. (2023) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.20220549 · Cited by 9
Labella, M. H., Eiden, R. D., Roben, C. K. P., & Dozier, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.675866 · Cited by 8
Leyrer‐Jackson, J. M., Overby, P. F., Nagy, E. K., & Olive, M. F. (2021) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.777826 · Cited by 9
“Opiate abuse and addiction pose a substantial financial economic burden, exceeding over one trillion dollars in the United States in 2017 (Florence et al., 2021).”
BackgroundIslam, A. R., Khan, K. M., Scarbrough, A. W., Zimpfer, M. J., Makkena, N., Omogunwa, A., & Ahamed, S. I. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/45434 · Cited by 9
Machine Learned Classification of Ligand Intrinsic Activities at Human μ-Opioid Receptor
Oh, M., Shen, M., Liu, R., Stavitskaya, L., & Shen, J. (2024) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00212 · Cited by 9
Genetic Variants Linked to Opioid Addiction: A Genome-Wide Association Study
Panday, S. K., Lyman, R. A., Shankar, V., & Alexov, E. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252312516 · Cited by 7
Detecting Opioid Use Disorder in Health Claims Data With Positive Unlabeled Learning
Kumar, P., Moomtaheen, F., Malec, S. A., Yang, J. J., Bologa, C., Schneider, K. A., Zhu, Y., Tohen, M. F., Villarreal, G., Perkins, D. J., et al. (2024) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2024.3515805 · Cited by 6
“The economic burden of OUD and fatal opioid overdoses in the US was estimated at $1.02 trillion in 2017 [9], rising to nearly $1.5 trillion in 2020 [10].”
InfluentialSujan, M. S. H., Wickersham, J. A., Khati, A., Paudel, K., Gautam, K., Liautaud, D., Crim, H., Thapa, A., Copenhaver, M. M., & Shrestha, R. (2025) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-025-01480-8 · Cited by 6
“These factors, together with the chronic nature of opioid addiction, make those addicted to opioids more susceptible to overdosing [17].”
Long-Acting injectable buprenorphine PLGA microparticle formulation
Otte, A., Johnson, C. J., Garner, J., & Park, K. (2025) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126006 · Cited by 7
Brown, A., Walters, J. E., Harmer, B., Cates, L., & Jones, A. E. (2023) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2023.209153 · Cited by 7
Nunes, J. C., Costa, G. P. A., Weleff, J., Rogan, M., Compton, P. A., & Aquino, J. P. D. (2024) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.16055 · Cited by 8
Lakshman, R., Tomlinson, E., & Bucknall, T. K. (2024) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2024.03.008 · Cited by 7
Carter, J. S., Costa, C. C., Lewandowski, S. I., Nelson, K. H., Goldsmith, S. T., Scofield, M. D., & Reichel, C. M. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03001-y · Cited by 7
“Rates of opioid use disorder (OUD) remain at epidemic levels, contributing to increased opioid-related overdoses and a substantial annual economic burden [1 – 3].”
Kwon, S., Wang, X., Liu, W., Druhl, E., Sung, M., Reisman, J. I., Li, W., Kerns, R. D., Becker, W., & Yu, H. Q. (2024) · Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT) · doi:10.18653/v1/2024.naacl-long.244 · Cited by 8
“The opioid overdose (OOD) crisis has had a striking impact on the United States, not only threatening citizens’ health (Azadfard et al., 2022) but also bringing about a substantial financial burden (Florence et al., 2021).”
BackgroundTunçtürk, M., Kushwaha, S., Heider, R. M., Oesterle, T., Weinshilboum, R. M., & Ho, M. (2025) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyaf005 · Cited by 7
Causes and Consequences of Illicit Drug Epidemics
Moore, T., & Pacula, R. L. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_147-1 · Cited by 9
Sulima, A., Li, F., Morgan, J. B., Truong, P., Antoline, J. F. G., Oertel, T., Barrientos, R. C., Torres, O. B., Beck, Z., Imler, G. H., et al. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27051553 · Cited by 7
“02 trillion, based on 2017 estimates [2].”
Self-citationMulti-level Pain Quantification using a Smartphone and Electrodermal Activity
Kong, Y., Posada-Quintero, H. F., & Chon, K. H. (2022) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871228 · Cited by 9
Hill, A., Keil, M. A., Chang, J. C., Krans, E. E., Kim, E., Nostrand, E. V., Miller, E. P., & Pallatino, C. (2022) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012221140134 · Cited by 7
“For example, in 2017 alone, OUD and fatal opioid over-dose costs were estimated at $1.07 trillion (Florence et al., 2021).”
BackgroundInfluentialOn-Demand Opioid Effect Reversal with an Injectable Light-Triggered Polymer-Naloxone Conjugate
Zhang, W., Wang, D., Ostertag-Hill, C. A., et al. (2023) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03426 · Cited by 7
Khouja, T., Shah, N., Suda, K. J., & Polk, D. E. (2023) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2023.10.002 · Cited by 9
Chelly, J. E., Klatt, B. A., Groff, Y. J., O’Malley, M. J., Lin, H. S., & Sadhasivam, S. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12237394 · Cited by 7
“Major surgery, including knee and hip arthroplasty, has been demonstrated to increase the risk for opioid use disorder (OUD) because of the associated high perioperative opioid requirement [4,5].”
BackgroundInfluentialBenjamin, H. J., Perri, M. M., Leemputte, J., Lewallen, L. W., & DeVries, C. A. (2024) · Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/19417381241228629 · Cited by 8
Patton, T., Revill, P. A., Sculpher, M. J., & Bórquez, A. (2022) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2022.2026969 · Cited by 8
Obekpa, E. O., McCurdy, S., Gallardo, K. R., Rodriguez, S. A., Cazaban, C. G., Brown, H. S., Yang, J. J., & Wilkerson, J. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1412934 · Cited by 6
Kurtin, D. L., Prabhu, A. M., Hassan, Q., Groen, A., Amer, M. J., Lingford-Hughes, A. R., & Paterson, L. M. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106116 · Cited by 6
“Illicit drugs were estimated to cost the UK £ 20 billion in 2020 (Black, 2021) and $1.02 trillion in the US in 2017 (Florence et al., 2021).”
InfluentialThe Potential Use of Cannabidiol in the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: A Systematic Review
Shafie, M., Ing, K., Abadi, Y. R., Weleff, J., Griffin, M., Ranganathan, M., Aghaei, A. M., Pratt, N., Funaro, M. C., & Nia, A. B. (2025) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.70047 · Cited by 7
“The economic burden of OUD exceeded a trillion dollars in 2017, primarily driven by reduced quality of life and the value of lives lost to fatal opioid overdoses [2].”
Exploring the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in treating substance use disorders
Li, Y., Li, H., Wang, H., & Wang, X. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03168-w · Cited by 6
“The economic burden of SUDs is estimated to exceed $600 billion annually in the United States alone [3], encompassing healthcare costs, lost productivity, and criminal justice expenses.”
Bian, Y., Ci, Q., Luo, X., & Zhang, C. (2025) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17091223 · Cited by 8
“Beyond fatalities, the societal costs of SUDs encompass lost productivity, diminished quality of life, family disruption, and criminal justice expenditures [9].”
The burden of acute pain in the U.S. in the wake of the opioid crisis
Hackworth, J. C., Schneider, J. E., Valle, M. L. D., Fam, D., Argoff, C. E., Offidani, E., & Potenziano, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2025.1642035 · Cited by 7
Mortality Due to Opioid Overdose in the United States: Trends from a CDC WONDER Analysis (1999–2024)
Ahmed, S., Javaid, S. S., Nasir, A., et al. (2025) · Population Health Management · doi:10.1177/19427891251401921 · Cited by 6
“5,7 One 2013 estimate placed the economic cost at $78.5 billion, factoring in health care, criminal justice, and lost productivity.”
InfluentialOpioid Agonist Treatment Recipients within Criminal Justice-Involved Populations
Guastaferro, W. P., Koetzle, D., Lutgen-Nieves, L., & Teasdale, B. (2022) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2022.2034869 · Cited by 6
“In 2017, state and local criminal justice expenditures related to opioid overdoses, misuse, and dependence totaled more than $14 billion (Florence et al., 2021).”
BackgroundCriminal court responses to the modern opioid and methamphetamine twindemic
Holmes, B., Feldmeyer, B., Sun, D. K., & Arrigo, S. R. (2024) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102167 · Cited by 6
RREACT: A mobile multidisciplinary response to overdose
Ulintz, A. J., McCloskey, R. J., Hammond, G. C., Parrish, M. D., Toliver, I., Sharafutdinova, A., & Lyons, M. S. (2024) · Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being · doi:10.35502/jcswb.360 · Cited by 7
Opioid epidemic and corporate innovation
Chen, C., Huang, Q., Chang, S., & Yuan, T. (2024) · Journal of Corporate Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2024.102586 · Cited by 11
MacDonald, M., Fonseca, P. A. D. S., Johnson, K. R., Murray, E. M., Kember, R. L., Kranzler, H. R., Mayfield, R. D., & Silva, D. A. D. S. E. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03143-z · Cited by 7
Long-term prescription opioid use following surgery in the US (2017–2022): a population-based study
Schoenfeld, A. J., Cooper, Z. R., Banaag, A. L., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2024.100948 · Cited by 6
“29 Many of the rigors of the COVID-19 pandemic were theorized to have adversely impacted any headway that was being made due to provider education and governmental efforts.”
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Overdose: Lessons From Overdose Data to Action
Wisdom, A. C., Govindu, M., Liu, S. J., Meyers, C. M., Mellerson, J. L., Gervin, D. W., DePadilla, L. M., & Holland, K. M. (2022) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2021.11.015 · Cited by 6
Jimenez, A. E., Cicalese, K. V., Chakravarti, S., Porras, J. L., Azad, T. D., Jackson, C. M., Gallia, G. L., Bettegowda, C., WEINGART, J. D., & Mukherjee, D. R. (2022) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2022.07.006 · Cited by 6
Collaborative, T. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063577 · Cited by 6
Crouse, B., Baehr, C., Hicks, D. M., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2200605 · Cited by 6
Variation in adverse drug events of opioids in the United States
Liu, E. Y., McCall, K. L., & Piper, B. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1163976 · Cited by 7
“02 trillion in costs in the US in 2017 (Florence et al., 2021).”
BackgroundUnudurthi, S. D., Wright, K., Klimpel, J. M., Sud, A., Tan, A., & Warren, B. J. (2023) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20230321-01 · Cited by 6
Strategies to Improve Access to Care for Patients With Opioid Use Disorder
Liu, L., Zhang, C., Bonny, A. E., & Nahata, M. C. (2024) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1177/10600280241273258 · Cited by 7
The cost of opioid use disorder-related conditions in Medicare
Mark, T. L., Parish, W. J., Weber, E. M., Steinberg, D. G., & Henretty, K. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109778 · Cited by 6
Opioid Crisis Effects On Municipal FinancePreprint
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Productivity Losses From Substance Use Disorder in the U.S. in 2023
Ghimire, R., Florence, C., & Guy, G. P. (2025) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2025.108102 · Cited by 5
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“…enhanced regulation of opioid prescription practices [10 – 12], broadened accessibility to addiction treatment and harm reduction services [13 – 15], public awareness campaigns to highlight opioid risks [16, 17], and steps aimed at decreasing the availability of illicit opioids [9, 18].”
InfluentialHow Academic Medicine Can Help Confront the Opioid Crisis
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“02 trillion, constituting a significant socioeconomic burden on the United States [122].”
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“This finding supported with study by Florence et al., (2021) who conducted a study to assess "The economic burden of opioid use disorder and fatal opioid overdose in the United States and showed that most of studied family caregivers sometimes cannot afford to purchase the necessary treatment for…”
ResultBounthavong, M., Suh, K., Li, M., Spoutz, P. M., Stottlemyer, B. A., & Sepassi, A. (2021) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-021-00415-5 · Cited by 5
“02 trillion in 2017, which includes $471 billion for the cost of opioid use disorder and $550 billion for the cost of fatal opioid overdose [3].”
BackgroundEffect of Preoperative Chronic Opioid Use on Mortality and Morbidity in Vascular Surgical Patients
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“OUD leads to a substantial economic burden as it affects not only AYAs but also their families and communities [3].”
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“In addition, OUD along with opioid-related overdose deaths pose a significant economic burden, costing the United States an estimated 1.02 trillion dollars in 2017 [11].”
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Expanding Access to Buprenorphine and Methadone: Global Perspectives and Policy Recommendations
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Prevention and Management of Opioid use Disorder and Overdose in Adolescents and Young Adults
Welsh, J. W., Krishnan, S. D., & Terranella, A. (2025) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-025-01638-0 · Cited by 5
“This immense cost is not limited to older adults, but also encompasses excess healthcare expenditures, criminal justice resources, and lost productivity in academic environments, which can have a lasting impact on quality of life for AYA [ 6]. lifetime nonmedical prescription opioid use [11].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Florence, C., Luo, F., & Rice, K.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Florence, Curtis
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 218
- Pages
- 108350
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8091480
- OpenAlex
- W3095492073
- Cited by
- 511
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 122 · 2024: 103 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 36
- FWCI
- 40.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Healthcare Policy and Management
- Keywords
- opioid use disorder, economic burden, social costs, health care costs, criminal justice costs, productivity loss, quality of life, opioid epidemic, public policy
- MeSH terms
- Opioid Epidemic, Opiate Overdose, Analgesics, Opioid, Criminal Law, Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Opioid-Related Disorders, Quality of Life, United States, Prevalence, Cost of Illness, Drug Overdose
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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