The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 11 of the 22 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The economic burden of opioid use disorder and fatal opioid overdose in the United States, 2017
Open accessAbstract
Background The United States (U.S.) is experiencing an ongoing opioid crisis. Economic burden estimates that describe the impact of the crisis are needed when considering federal and state resources devoted to addressing overdoses. In this study, we estimate the societal costs for opioid use disorder and fatal overdose from all opioids in 2017. Methods We estimated costs of fatal overdose from all opioids and opioid use disorder based on the incidence of overdose deaths and the prevalence of past-year opioid use disorder for 2017. Incidence of fatal opioid overdose was obtained from the National Vital Statistics System; prevalence of past-year opioid use disorder was estimated from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health. Costs were estimated for health care, criminal justice and lost productivity. Costs for the reduced quality of life for opioid use disorder and life lost due to fatal opioid overdose were valued using U.S. Department of Health and Human Services guidelines for valuing reductions in morbidity and mortality. Results Costs for opioid use disorder and fatal opioid overdose in 2017 were estimated to be $1.02 trillion. The majority of the economic burden is due to reduced quality of life from opioid use disorder and the value of life lost due to fatal opioid overdose. Conclusions These estimates can assist decision makers in understanding the magnitude of opioid use disorder and fatal overdose. Knowing the magnitude and distribution of the economic burden can inform public policy, clinical practice, research, and prevention and response activities.
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Claims the paper makes
19 Own result · 13 Own method · 6 Own interpretation · 5 Supported · 5 Sources not found · 3 Partly supported · 2 Supported so far · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 No full text of the sources · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, the population requiring treatment has been estimated to be much larger than the current treatment capacity (Jones et al., 2015).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Jones et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that, in the United States in 2012, treatment need exceeded even maximum potential opioid agonist medication-assisted treatment capacity by nearly 1 million people. This directly supports the citing sentence’s comparison, though the paper measures capacity specifically for this form of treatment. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Naloxone distribution programs have been shown to reduce opioid mortality rates (Walley et al., 2013).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Walley et al., 2013 source
The Discussion (‘What this study adds’) states that opioid overdose death rates were lower in communities where overdose education and naloxone distribution was implemented than in communities where it was not. The paper describes this as observational evidence, rather than proof from a randomized trial. (LLM, conf=0.92)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“This is a change from previously published estimates, where a large share of costs was attributable to opioid use disorder (Birnbaum et al., 2011; Florence et al., 2016; Rice et al., 2014).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Birnbaum et al., 2011 source
- Supportedcites Florence et al., 2016 source
The Results section reports that almost two-thirds of the estimated $78.5 billion in prescription-opioid-related costs were for health care, substance abuse treatment, and lost productivity in nonfatal cases. The paper estimates those nonfatal costs using the prevalence of opioid abuse and dependence, supporting the claim that a large share was attributable to OUD. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rice et al., 2014 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These HRQOL weights are based on a survey of 1,178 participants from the US population to assess the reduction in quality of life based on whether or not a person with opioid use disorder was currently using opioids either by injection or prescription opioid misuse”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Valuation of Lost Quality of Life and Life Lost
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Wittenberg et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report 1,178 respondents in the individual-focused survey, which assessed opioid-misuse health states. But the survey had 2,054 respondents overall, and the Methods (Study design) say responses from the 876-person spouse-spillover version also supplemented the individual utility data. Thus 1,178 is not the full survey sample underlying the weights. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plainn = 1,178- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using and alternative source of health care cost data has the smallest impact on the estimates (from $1,020.7 billion to $1,020.9 billion).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Costs for opioid use disorder and fatal opioid overdose in 2017 were estimated to be $1.02 trillion.”
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
“The overall economic burden totaled approximately $1,020.7 billion (95% PI $967.2 to $1,075.7 billion) in 2017.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Abstract > Results:
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The sum of health care, criminal justice, lost productivity, and HRQOL/VSL valuations captures the total societal economic burden of OUD and fatal opioid overdose.
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Slightly more than one-half of the cost is associated with fatal overdoses.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lost productivity, for individuals with opioid use disorder ($23.5 billion) and fatal opioid overdose ($68.7 billion), together accounts for over $92 billion.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lost productivity, for individuals with opioid use disorder ($23.5 billion) and fatal opioid overdose ($68.7 billion), together accounts for over $92 billion.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By far the largest components of the overall economic burden, however, are the value of reduced quality of life from opioid use disorder ($390.0 billion) and life lost to opioid overdose ($480.7 billion).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The general-purpose VSL and VSLY values from HHS guidelines reflect the U.S. population's willingness to pay to prevent opioid overdose deaths and morbidity.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Mandatory provider review of prescription drug monitoring programs before prescribing opioids and laws that govern the ownership and operation of pain clinics have been shown to reduce the amount of opioids prescribed and prescription overdose death rates (Dowell et al., 2016).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Dowell et al., 2016 source
The Abstract reports that combined implementation of mandatory PDMP review and pain clinic laws reduced opioid amounts prescribed by 8 percent and prescription opioid overdose death rates by 12 percent. The Study Data and Methods section describes pain clinic laws as governing clinic ownership and operation. The Discussion cautions that the study could not determine which policy drove the observed changes; the citing sentence attributes the result to the policies together. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“We also only value lost HRQL for individuals with opioid use disorder. There is likely a substantial reduction in quality of life for friends and family members who care for loved with use disorder, and lose loved ones to overdose (Wittenberg et al., 2016).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Wittenberg et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The original source study used a matched case-control design to estimate the impact of opioid use disorder diagnoses on health care spending.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Health Care Costs
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Florence et al., 2016 source
The Methods > Health Care Costs section explicitly says the study used a matched case-control design to estimate the impact of opioid abuse diagnoses on health care spending. It also describes comparing costs for patients diagnosed with abuse or dependence against matched comparison patients. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Finally, previous research has shown that both fatal opioid overdose (Ruhm, 2017) and opioid use disorder (Barocas et al., 2018) is likely undercounted in the data sources we used.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Sensitivity Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ruhm, 2017 source
- Supportedcites Barocas et al., 2018 source
Barocas et al. is cited for the OUD portion of the sentence, not the fatal-overdose portion. The Discussion reports that fewer than 50% of people with OUD were known to the health care system and that estimates based only on known cases were nearly half the capture–recapture estimates. Page numbers are not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Opioid use disorder can be undercounted because the NSDUH surveys the noninstitutionalized population, which will exclude incarcerated persons. The homeless population will also likely be missed by household-based surveys.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Sensitivity Analysis
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Barocas et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says survey-based approaches can underreport OUD and reports prevalence estimates higher than national estimates. It does not say that NSDUH excludes incarcerated people or that household surveys likely miss homeless people; searches for those survey-population claims found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.83)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Both of these populations have been shown to have high rates of substance use disorder (Barocas et al., 2018).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Sensitivity Analysis
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Barocas et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods describe identifying opioid use disorder in linked Massachusetts databases, and the Discussion reports prevalence by county and age group. Neither section reports substance use disorder rates specifically among incarcerated or homeless people; searches for “incarcerated” and “homeless” found no relevant passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Matching controlled for basic demographic variables, health status was matched based on the Charlson comorbidity index and health care costs prior to use disorder diagnosis, and regression models controlled for skewness in the expenditure data.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Health Care Costs
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Florence et al., 2016 source
The Methods > Health Care Costs section says propensity-score matching included age, sex, baseline health care costs, and the Charlson comorbidity index. It also says nonlinear regression models accounted for skewed health care expenditure data. The preceding Methods passage identifies the matching baseline as the six months before the diagnosis index date; page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Slightly less than half of these costs were attributable to opioid use disorder ($471.0 billion (95% PI $417.8 to $525.7billion)).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The sum of health care, criminal justice, lost productivity, and HRQOL/VSL valuations captures the total societal economic burden of OUD and fatal opioid overdose.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results are most sensitive to the choice of values for the VSL and VSLY. At the low estimate of a VSL/VSLY from the HHS guidelines, the overall economic burden is $556.0 billion, and at the high value of the VSL/VSLY, the overall burden is over $1,480.4 billion.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The general-purpose VSL and VSLY values from HHS guidelines reflect the U.S. population's willingness to pay to prevent opioid overdose deaths and morbidity.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These costs are also only estimated for diagnosed cases of opioid use disorder in persons age 12+, so we do not estimate costs to other persons, such as in the case of neonatal abstinence syndrome.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Criminal justice costs were apportioned from government budget data and may not reflect the costs of all criminal justice activity related to opioids.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder has been shown to reduce the rate of opioid misuse among patients with opioid use disorder and the rate of fatal opioid overdose (Mattick et al., 2009, 2014; Schwartz et al., 2013).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mattick et al., 2009, 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schwartz et al., 2013 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Health care costs were estimated with a convenience sample of health insurers and public insurance beneficiaries and may not be representative of the U.S. population.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We then conducted a simulation with 10,000 replications and report a 95% prediction interval [PI] that is at the 2.5% and 97.5% cutoffs of the distribution of estimates in the simulation.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Sensitivity Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Calculation of the economic burden in this study uses data from a variety of sources, so it is not possible to directly estimate a traditional confidence interval for the estimates.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Sensitivity Analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This is a broader range of outcomes, and a more comprehensive estimate, than the most recent studies (Davenport et al., 2019).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Davenport et al., 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many of the cost estimation methods used methods from a previous study, so the limitations of that study are also present in these results.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The resulting cost estimate is the increase in annual health care costs associated with opioid use disorder.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Health Care Costs
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This includes all opioid-related overdose deaths regardless of intent (intentional, unintentional, homicide, or undetermined).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Overview
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, the guidelines provide consensus estimates of a VSL, discounted to present value at a rate of 3%.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Valuation of Lost Quality of Life and Life Lost
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Survey weights were used to estimate nationally representative population totals for cases of opioid use disorder.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Overview
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The NSDUH is a nationally representative sample of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population ages 12 and older.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Overview
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite these limitations, these estimates provide an up-to-date understanding of the overall economic impact of the crisis.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We use these alternative measures as a sensitivity analysis, and not as our primary results, because both instruments lacks specificity to the condition being studied, and the populations studied were limited to subsets of the population of persons with opioid use disorder (e.g. only those who use heroin).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Sensitivity Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The guidelines recommend using measures of lost quality of life and the VSL that are specific to the outcome being analyzed, when feasible. The rationale for this is that the preferences of the U.S. population for reducing the risk of morbidity and mortality may differ by the cause and population affected.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Valuation of Lost Quality of Life and Life Lost
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A primary limitation of our methodology is that we only measure the cost of opioid use disorder in a single year.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“The survey collects detailed information on substance use, including a questionnaire that identifies opioid use disorder (opioid abuse or dependence) based on questions similar to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Overview
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites American Psychiatric Association, 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The general-purpose VSL and VSLY values from HHS guidelines reflect the U.S. population's willingness to pay to prevent opioid overdose deaths and morbidity.
“We did not have a VSL value specific to the willingness to pay to prevent an opioid overdose death and instead used a general-purpose set of values based on results from studies that examined the value of risk reduction over a diverse set of risks.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sum of health care, criminal justice, lost productivity, and HRQOL/VSL valuations captures the total societal economic burden of OUD and fatal opioid overdose.
“Our total valuation of economic burden of opioid use disorder and fatal overdose is therefore the sum of the HRQOL/VSL valuation, health care and substance use disorder treatment cost, criminal justice and lost productivity.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cost per case of opioid use disorder ($221,219) was derived by dividing the total U.S. cost of opioid use disorder ($470,975 million) during 2017 by the number of opioid use disorder cases the same year (2.129 million) (3).”
From State-Level Economic Costs of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose — United States, 2017 (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cost per case of fatal opioid overdose ($11.548 million) was derived by dividing the total cost of fatal opioid overdose ($549,691 million) by the number of fatal opioid overdose cases (47,600) (3).”
From State-Level Economic Costs of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose — United States, 2017 (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The economic cost of the U.S. opioid epidemic in 2017 was estimated at $1,021 billion, including cost of opioid use disorder estimated at $471 billion and cost of fatal opioid overdose estimated at $550 billion (3).”
From State-Level Economic Costs of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose — United States, 2017 (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
Citations
Cites
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BackgroundNational and state treatment need and capacity for opioid agonist medication-assisted treatment
Jones, C. M., Campopiano, M., Baldwin, G., & McCance-Katz, E. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302664 · Cited by 668 · cited 1×
“However, the population requiring treatment has been estimated to be much larger than the current treatment capacity (Jones et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSocietal costs of prescription opioid abuse, dependence, and misuse in the United States
Birnbaum, H. G., White, A. G., Schiller, M., Waldman, T., Cleveland, J. M., & Roland, C. L. (2011) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01075.x · Cited by 644 · cited 2×
“This is a change from previously published estimates, where a large share of costs was attributable to opioid use disorder (Birnbaum et al., 2011; Florence et al., 2016; Rice et al., 2014).”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 504
Petrovitch, D., Spinks, J., Yoo, H. B., Kerr, L., Willms, J. O., Jurek, M. K., Wanzor-Box, R., Littlefield, A. K., & McCauley, B. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/f53wp
Risk factors for amputation in opioid-related compartment syndrome
Mun, F., Kim, A. H., Fleuriscar, J., et al. (2024) · Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00402-024-05360-z
The neurological and behavioral effects of opioids
Iriah, S. C. (2023) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20620617
Three Essays on Misinformation, Mistrust and their Influence on Public Health Policy
Kochersperger, E. (2024) · doi:10.33915/etd.12369
Hidden Information as a Source of Misallocation:An Application to the Opioid CrisisPreprint
Dalkhjav, B., & Rubini, L. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4870752
Mohamed, A.-R., Abdelrahman, A., Shah, M., et al. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.64161
Chapter 54. Treatment of Substance Use Disorders
Sherman, B. J., Hartwell, K. J., McRae‐Clark, A. L., Herron, A., & Brady, K. T. (2024) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615375523.as54
Federal Drug Sentencing and the Overdose Epidemic
Feldmeyer, B., Holmes, B., & Sun, D. K. (2024) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-024-09773-9
“In peak years, the U.S. opioid crisis is estimated to have cost as much as $1.02 trillion in healthcare and law enforcement expenses, as well as opportunity costs from lost productivity and human lives (Florence et al., 2016, 2021).”
InfluentialPrescription opioid use in Israel – the tide has risen, but it’s not a tidal wave
Neumark, Y. D., & Rosca, P. (2024) · Israel Journal of Health Policy Research · doi:10.1186/s13584-024-00648-2
“The annual costs associated with OUD and fatal opioid overdoses in the United States are estimated to be over $1 trillion [4, 5].”
BackgroundHaley, D. F., Stein, M. D., Bendiks, S., Karzhevsky, S., Pierce, C., Dunn, A., Herman, D. S., Anderson, B. J., & Weisberg, R. B. (2024) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112472
Himes, K. P., Petrovitch, D., Freiermuth, C. E., Bachmann, D., Bischof, J. J., Braun, R. S., Brown, J. L., Frey, J. A., Lyons, M. S., Pantalon, M. V., et al. (2024) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.11.007
Mehta, R., Dayan-Rosenman, D., Sellinger, D., & Tang, M. H. (2024) · NEJM Catalyst · doi:10.1056/cat.24.0082
Olawole, W., Li, G., Zhou, Z., Wu, Z., & Chen, Q. (2024) · Injury Epidemiology · doi:10.1186/s40621-024-00548-8
How Do Financial Conditions Affect Professional Conduct? Evidence from Opioid PrescriptionsPreprint
Erel, I., Ge, S., & Ma, P. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5041743
“In 2017 alone, the economic cost of opioid use disorder and overdose deaths was estimated at nearly $1.02 trillion (Florence et al., 2021).”
InfluentialMeshberg‐Cohen, S., Martin, A. M. S., Wolkowicz, N. R., et al. (2024) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-024-01428-7
“For instance, in 2017, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated the overall cost of the opioid epidemic to be $1.02 trillion annually (Florence et al., 2021), with fatal overdoses accounting for over half of this cost.”
InfluentialSubstance Abuse in Anesthesiology: Implications for Patients and for Anesthesiologists
Sharakou, D. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-60203-0_41
Elser, H. C., Kiang, M. V., Humphreys, K. N., & Zhang, J. (2025) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaf002
Baker, N., Glenn, M. J., Rice, A. D., Hospodar, J., Bullock, J., Bradley, G. H., Spaite, D. W., Derksen, D., & Gaither, J. B. (2025) · Prehospital Emergency Care · doi:10.1080/10903127.2024.2447566
“An analysis from 2017 estimated the annual financial cost from fatal and nonfatal opioid use during that year at $1.02 Trillion (9).”
InfluentialStuedemann, A., Schwend, R. M., Shaw, K. A., Saddler, N., Huston, M., Benvenuti, M. A., Leamon, J., Sherman, A., & Anderson, J. T. (2025) · North American Spine Society Journal (NASSJ) · doi:10.1016/j.xnsj.2025.100582
“The 2017 National Survey of Drug Use and Health estimates the cost related to opioid use disorder and fatal overdose to be $1.02 trillion [ 9 ], including the costs of healthcare, lost productivity, reduced quality of life, and criminal justice participation.”
InfluentialPiña, D., Shahzad, H., Boozé, Z. L., Seidu, M., Wick, J. B., Shen, T., Javidan, Y., Roberto, R. F., Klineberg, E. O., & Le, H. V. (2025) · Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons · doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-24-00746
Assessing barriers to meditation in patients with substance use disorder
Champagne‐Langabeer, T., Cohen, A. S., Lopez, A., Bakos‐Block, C., Campbell, A., Gopal, B., Cárdenas-Turanzas, M., Poudel, A., Ratcliff, C. G., Malik, A., et al. (2025) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2025.101957 · Cited by 1
Bounthavong, M., Suh, K., Sepassi, A., Stottlemyer, B. A., Spoutz, P. M., Hart, L. A., & Li, M. (2025) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-025-02413-6
Hidden information as a source of misallocation: An application to the opioid crisis
Dalkhjav, B., & Rubini, L. (2025) · Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control · doi:10.1016/j.jedc.2025.105081
Chintapalli, R., Heesen, P., & Desai, A. M. (2025) · American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® · doi:10.1177/10499091251341450
“…opioid use is also useful to understand as an indicator of postoperative recovery and given the associated health and economic implications 26-28 A recent study did develop a high-performed model to predict prolonged postoperative prolonged opioid use, 17 but focused on patients…”
Wetzel, M. W., Howard, D. H., Giordano, N. A., Patrick, S. W., & Yarbrough, C. R. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.25328258
Pace, S. R. (2025) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2025.2520304
“Substance abuse is a major social problem, contributing to homelessness, job loss, psychological and medical issues, and family conflict (Cohen et al. 2007; Seabra et al. 2024), creating an economic cost to society of over $1.02 trillion (Florence et al. 2021).”
InfluentialHigh-Frequency Stimulation of the Ventral Tegmental Area Rescues Respiratory FailurePreprint
Shin, H., Vettleson-Trutza, S. A., Cabrera, J. R., et al. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6740056/v1
“Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a major public health crisis in the United States (US) 1 , 2 .”
The American fentanyl epidemic: geographic variation in mortality and policy implications
Wickizer, T. M., Goldstein, E. V., Mason, R. E., & Sharareh, N. (2025) · Health Affairs Scholar · doi:10.1093/haschl/qxaf124
“17 Another study by Florence et al. 18 at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) examined the national economic burden of opioid use disorder and opioid fatal overdose for 2017.”
Howard, K., Stover, P., & Suchocki, A. (2025) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2025.209744
Mo, B., Sacks, S., & Markar, J. (2025) · Clinical Case Reports · doi:10.1002/ccr3.70713
“…use is associated with a doubling of all-cause mortality, increased susceptibility to infection, and impaired fracture healing, likely mediated through opioid-induced immunosuppression, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation, and direct suppression of osteoblast activity [7, 9, 15–17].”
Fair allocation strategies for opioid settlements
Chen, Q., Newton, R., & Griffin, P. (2025) · Health Care Management Science · doi:10.1007/s10729-025-09716-8
“Beyond the devastating fatal burden on society, the opioid epidemic had deleterious impacts on healthcare, criminal justice, and productivity [4], with an estimated cost to the US of $1.5 trillion in 2020 [5].”
InfluentialDevelopment of a Sham Smartphone App for Opioid Use Disorder: Acceptability and Suitability Study
Gallegos, K. S., Potter, J. S., King, V. L., Siegel, G., Siegel, L. H., & Marino, E. N. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/71105
“In 2017, the estimated total economic burden of opioid use disorder (OUD) and opioid-related overdose deaths in the United States was US $1.02 trillion [1,2].”
InfluentialPostmarketing Research for Opioid Abuse-Deterrent Formulations: A Narrative Review
Webster, L. R., Gudin, J., Green, J. L., & Argoff, C. E. (2025) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s519421
“50 The contributions that ADF opioids provide to offset the economic burden are therefore important to assess.”
Bounthavong, M., Li, M., Sepassi, A., Stottlemyer, B. A., Spoutz, P. M., Hart, L. A., & Suh, K. (2025) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.08.004
López, A. D. Q., Cohen, A. S., Vega, F. R., & Champagne‐Langabeer, T. (2025) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports · doi:10.1016/j.dadr.2025.100375
“In the United States alone, the economic cost of opioid use disorder and fatal opioid overdose in 2017 was estimated at $1.02 trillion (Florence et al., 2021).”
InfluentialKameg, B., Lepore, M., & Mitchell, A. M. (2025) · Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1097/jxx.0000000000001159
Local Delivery of Non-opioid Analgesic Microparticles to Modulate Post-surgical Pain
Mohan, P., Sobhanan, J., Gaffney, C. M., et al. (2025) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-025-03903-6
“In the United States alone, the healthcare cost of opioid overdose and addiction-related treatments exceeds $78.5 billion/year [10–12].”
InfluentialOpioid agonist and antagonist pharmacology: A comprehensive overview for clinicians and scientists
Kaye, A. D., Roberts, C. J., Green, A. M., Hollande, A. V., Nguyen, A., Shekoohi, S., & Kaye, A. M. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26504-4.00001-6
Chang, J. E., López, W. O. C., Párraga, R. G., Monterrosa, J. T., Salazar, L. M., & Lovo, E. E. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.95307
“Socioeconomic burden due to substance use is extremely high; for instance, the economic cost of opioid use disorder (OUD) and fatal opioid overdoses was estimated to be $1,020.7 billion in a thorough study conducted in 2017 [3].”
InfluentialTaylor, A. R., McCormick, N., Phillippe, H. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1016/j.japh.2025.102976
Pharmacologic and Clinical Considerations of Morphine
Kataria, S., Roberts, C. J., Dupaquier, M. M., Arya, P., Sharpe, M., Shekoohi, S., & Kaye, A. D. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-07407-2_7
Gong, J., & Wu, X. (2025) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies (CHASE) · doi:10.1145/3721201.3725436
“The opioid epidemic is a major public health crisis with severe social and economic consequences, including diminished quality of life, involvement in criminal justice, and a surge in fatal overdoses, estimated to cost an estimated $1.02 trillion in 2017 alone[4].”
InfluentialPalacios, J. E., Sherrick, R. C., Janssen, T., Deuble, E., Lorenzen, S., Schaefer, M., & Tregarthen, J. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/83346 · Cited by 1
“Opioid use disorder (OUD) remains a significant public health challenge, characterized by high morbidity, mortality, and substantial societal costs [1,2].”
Jaimes-Buitron, P. A., Zhang, K., Gong, Y., Guo, Y., Bauer, C., & Vivas-Valencia, C. (2025) · BMJ Public Health · doi:10.1136/bmjph-2025-003767 · Cited by 1
Dash, G. F., Slutske, W. S., Nguyen, C. L., & Langdon, K. J. (2025) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-025-00699-8
“…declining deaths attributable to opioid overdose between 2023 and 2024, opioid use, opioid use disorder (OUD), and related mortality remain significant concerns in the United States (US), with 54,743 opioid-involved over-dose deaths in 2024 [1] and estimated annual costs of over $1 trillion [2].”
Hjaltadottir, B. E., Blöndal, A. B., & SÁÁ group (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.87724
Patino-Murillo, M., & Osman, M. S. (2025) · doi:10.1109/intcec65580.2025.11255907
“The per-case cost was approximately $221,219 for nonfatal OUD and $11.548 million for fatal overdoses [12].”
InfluentialKedia, S., Schmidt, M., Entwistle, C., Ahuja, N. A., Mahmood, A., & Dillon, P. (2025) · Substance Use Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/29768357251384774
Kabra, M., Ali, S., Sadeghian, M., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-025-01605-z
“In addition, OUD has a significant impact on patients’ quality of life (QoL) and incurs an economic burden (Dydyk et al., 2023; Florence et al., 2021).”
McGrath, R. (2025) · Legislative Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/lsq.70052
“11 And, while calculating economic impacts is quite difficult, an estimate from 2017 puts aggregated healthcare costs, lost productivity, and criminal justice costs at $1.02 trillion dollars (Florence et al. 2021).”
InfluentialTackling synthetic opioid misuse: an impending crisis
Dar, K., Ahmed, N., & Thom, B. (2025) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/bja.2025.10182
“Synthetic opioid exposure has been demonstrated to confer nearly twice the risk of fatal overdose relative to prescription opioids or heroin (Florence 2021; Manchikanti 2022).”
Animal Models of Prenatal Opioid Exposure: Insights into Impaired Neurodevelopment
Valery, C. B., Madurai, N. K., & Jantzie, L. L. (2026) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-12741-9_11 · Cited by 1
Feng, Z., Chen, Q., Griffin, P. M., & Bao, L. (2026) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.70707
“In addition to the devastating mortality burden, the opioid epidemic has had a sub - stantial economic burden on healthcare, criminal justice, and lost productivity [ 6, 7], with the total economic toll of the opioid epidemic estimated to reach nearly $1.5 trillion in 2020 alone [ 8].”
InfluentialSirohiya, P., Maurya, P., Varshney, H., Gupta, N., Ratre, B. K., Kumar, B., Vig, S., Pandit, A., Bhopale, S. A., Gupta, R., et al. (2026) · Pain Management · doi:10.1080/17581869.2026.2622901
Predictors of Opioid Use among Active-Duty Soldiers Following Postoperative Prescription
Moorhead-Beardsley, B., Morgan, J. K., Rethman, M. P., et al. (2026) · Pain Studies and Treatment · doi:10.4236/pst.2026.142003
Jorgenson, T. L., Tran, T. H., & Bratberg, J. P. (2026) · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy · doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxag024 · Cited by 2
McLean, K. D., Suiter, E. A., Shneibaum, N., & Miller, B. L. (2026) · Health & Justice · doi:10.1186/s40352-026-00401-8
“In addition to the cost to human life, opioid use disorder has a very real financial cost and was estimated to cost the United States $1.02 trillion in the year 2017 alone (Florence et al., 2021).”
InfluentialEconomic Evaluation of Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement for the Treatment of Opioid MisusePreprint
Wilson, F. A., & Garland, E. L. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.26346912
Clinical and methodological uncertainty in the economic evaluation of suzetrigine
Montero, A. A. (2026) · Journal of Medical Economics · doi:10.1080/13696998.2026.2633944
Faysal, J. A., Lo‐Ciganic, W., Gellad, W. F., et al. (2026) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/79482
“Opioid use disorder (OUD) and overdose affect millions of Americans, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and health care costs [1,2] In 2022, more than 6 million individuals experienced OUD, imposing significant societal and economic burdens exceeding US $78 billion annually [1,3,4].”
Godden, T. P., Menneer, T., Bennett, S., Kim Hager, B. A., & Sharpe, R. A. (2026) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2026.113143
Postoperative Effects of Celecoxib on Opioid Use and Pain Control After Benign Oropharyngeal Surgery
Platukus, A., Kaki, P. C., Kaffenes, A., et al. (2026) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.70530
“Beyond the devastating effects on people, the opioid crisis carries significant economic consequences, with the U.S. Congress Joint Economic Committee estimating a $1.5 trillion burden in 2020 attributable to the opioid epidemic as a whole, an increase of 37% since 2017 [2, 3].”
InfluentialCraving : an early and predictive marker of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis addiction
Baillet, E. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/770d5ac0zd1fez4ad5z871azaa232b411793
Sustainable investing and market governance
Chen, A., Gupta, D., & Starmans, J. (2026) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2026.104273 · Cited by 2
López, A. D. Q., Cohen, A., Vega, F. R., et al. (2026) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/10901981261438663
Gellad, W. F., Chen, Y., Park, T. W., Yang, Q., Arnold, J. D., Kuza, C. C., Fedro-Byrom, S. N., Diiulio, J., Militello, L. G., Whitlock, M., et al. (2026) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/94007
“The economic and societal burden of opioid use disorder (OUD) and fatal opioid overdose exceeds US $1 trillion annually, including health care expenditures, lost productivity, premature mortality, reduced quality of life, and criminal justice involvement [2].”
Ramdeen, S. L., Shah, S. S., Rajakumar, C. J., et al. (2026) · Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery · doi:10.1186/s13019-026-04061-5
“IVDA-associated infective endocarditis causes significant financial burden to the United States healthcare system [1, 2, 25].”
Schoenfeld, A. J., Jeyakumar, S., Geiger, J. M., Princic, N., Moynihan, M., Varker, H., Shi, L., & Menzie, A. M. (2026) · Journal of Medical Economics · doi:10.1080/13696998.2026.2655086
Paolino, V., Paolini, A., Fabbri, M. C., et al. (2026) · Anesthesia Research · doi:10.3390/anesthres3020012
Deschenau, A., Melin, P., Azuar, J., et al. (2026) · Substance Use & Addiction Journal · doi:10.1177/29767342261433342
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Toward Proactive Overdose Prevention Through Spatiotemporal Cluster Prediction
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“…illicitly manufactured fentanyl (IMF), and polysubstance combinations, the crisis has claimed more than half a million lives over two decades and imposed an economic toll estimated at over one trillion dollars in lost productivity, healthcare expenditures, and criminal justice system costs [1].”
Clinician perspectives on the feasibility of a pain management protocol in kidney transplant
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“In 2017, costs for opioid use disorder and fatal overdose from prescription and illicit opioids were estimated to be $1.02 trillion USD [2].”
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“Costs associated with OUD and fatal opioid overdoses were estimated at nearly $1 trillion in 2017 [8] and continued to escalate, with the U.S. Joint Economic Committee estimating the total economic impact at approximately $1.5 trillion in 2020 [9].”
InfluentialHackworth, J. C., Schneider, J. E., Valle, M. L. D., Fam, D. S., Ohsfeldt, R. L., Offidani, E., & Potenziano, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1824038
“…that the total economic burden of OUD and opioid-related fatal overdoses, which are only a subset of the problems caused by opioids, was approximately $1 trillion, including $92 billion from lost productivity and $23 billion from criminal justice-related expenditures in the U.S. in 2017 (28).”
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Economic Evaluation of Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement for the Treatment of Opioid Misuse
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Blunted light exposure amplitudes in patients with opioid use disorder
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“Although more recent national estimates of the broader opioid crisis are available [13,14], updated analysis on economic impact isolating the direct medical cost of medically prescribed opioids remain limited.”
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“$1.02 trillion, with the majority of costs resulting from reduced quality of life (i.e., lost productivity, incarceration) and the value of life lost due to fatal overdoses, which accounted for more than half this amount [6].”
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Validation of Medicaid claim-based opioid treatment program retention quality measures
Burke, K., Mark, T. L., Dowd, W. N., Barch, D. H., Montgomery, B. W., Katz, C. L., DeLisle, D. E., & Zarkin, G. A. (2026) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2026.210109 · Cited by 1
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Metadata
- Authors
- Florence, C., Luo, F., & Rice, K.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Florence, Curtis
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 218
- Pages
- 108350
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8091480
- OpenAlex
- W3095492073
- Cited by
- 511
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 122 · 2024: 103 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 36
- FWCI
- 40.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Healthcare Policy and Management
- Keywords
- opioid use disorder, economic burden, social costs, health care costs, criminal justice costs, productivity loss, quality of life, opioid epidemic, public policy
- MeSH terms
- Opioid Epidemic, Opiate Overdose, Analgesics, Opioid, Criminal Law, Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Opioid-Related Disorders, Quality of Life, United States, Prevalence, Cost of Illness, Drug Overdose
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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