The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 11 of the 22 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The economic burden of opioid use disorder and fatal opioid overdose in the United States, 2017
Open accessAbstract
Background The United States (U.S.) is experiencing an ongoing opioid crisis. Economic burden estimates that describe the impact of the crisis are needed when considering federal and state resources devoted to addressing overdoses. In this study, we estimate the societal costs for opioid use disorder and fatal overdose from all opioids in 2017. Methods We estimated costs of fatal overdose from all opioids and opioid use disorder based on the incidence of overdose deaths and the prevalence of past-year opioid use disorder for 2017. Incidence of fatal opioid overdose was obtained from the National Vital Statistics System; prevalence of past-year opioid use disorder was estimated from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health. Costs were estimated for health care, criminal justice and lost productivity. Costs for the reduced quality of life for opioid use disorder and life lost due to fatal opioid overdose were valued using U.S. Department of Health and Human Services guidelines for valuing reductions in morbidity and mortality. Results Costs for opioid use disorder and fatal opioid overdose in 2017 were estimated to be $1.02 trillion. The majority of the economic burden is due to reduced quality of life from opioid use disorder and the value of life lost due to fatal opioid overdose. Conclusions These estimates can assist decision makers in understanding the magnitude of opioid use disorder and fatal overdose. Knowing the magnitude and distribution of the economic burden can inform public policy, clinical practice, research, and prevention and response activities.
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Claims the paper makes
19 Own result · 13 Own method · 6 Own interpretation · 5 Supported · 5 Sources not found · 3 Partly supported · 2 Supported so far · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 No full text of the sources · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, the population requiring treatment has been estimated to be much larger than the current treatment capacity (Jones et al., 2015).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Jones et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that, in the United States in 2012, treatment need exceeded even maximum potential opioid agonist medication-assisted treatment capacity by nearly 1 million people. This directly supports the citing sentence’s comparison, though the paper measures capacity specifically for this form of treatment. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Naloxone distribution programs have been shown to reduce opioid mortality rates (Walley et al., 2013).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Walley et al., 2013 source
The Discussion (‘What this study adds’) states that opioid overdose death rates were lower in communities where overdose education and naloxone distribution was implemented than in communities where it was not. The paper describes this as observational evidence, rather than proof from a randomized trial. (LLM, conf=0.92)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“This is a change from previously published estimates, where a large share of costs was attributable to opioid use disorder (Birnbaum et al., 2011; Florence et al., 2016; Rice et al., 2014).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Birnbaum et al., 2011 source
- Supportedcites Florence et al., 2016 source
The Results section reports that almost two-thirds of the estimated $78.5 billion in prescription-opioid-related costs were for health care, substance abuse treatment, and lost productivity in nonfatal cases. The paper estimates those nonfatal costs using the prevalence of opioid abuse and dependence, supporting the claim that a large share was attributable to OUD. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rice et al., 2014 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These HRQOL weights are based on a survey of 1,178 participants from the US population to assess the reduction in quality of life based on whether or not a person with opioid use disorder was currently using opioids either by injection or prescription opioid misuse”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Valuation of Lost Quality of Life and Life Lost
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Wittenberg et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report 1,178 respondents in the individual-focused survey, which assessed opioid-misuse health states. But the survey had 2,054 respondents overall, and the Methods (Study design) say responses from the 876-person spouse-spillover version also supplemented the individual utility data. Thus 1,178 is not the full survey sample underlying the weights. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plainn = 1,178- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using and alternative source of health care cost data has the smallest impact on the estimates (from $1,020.7 billion to $1,020.9 billion).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Costs for opioid use disorder and fatal opioid overdose in 2017 were estimated to be $1.02 trillion.”
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
“The overall economic burden totaled approximately $1,020.7 billion (95% PI $967.2 to $1,075.7 billion) in 2017.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Abstract > Results:
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The sum of health care, criminal justice, lost productivity, and HRQOL/VSL valuations captures the total societal economic burden of OUD and fatal opioid overdose.
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Slightly more than one-half of the cost is associated with fatal overdoses.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lost productivity, for individuals with opioid use disorder ($23.5 billion) and fatal opioid overdose ($68.7 billion), together accounts for over $92 billion.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lost productivity, for individuals with opioid use disorder ($23.5 billion) and fatal opioid overdose ($68.7 billion), together accounts for over $92 billion.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By far the largest components of the overall economic burden, however, are the value of reduced quality of life from opioid use disorder ($390.0 billion) and life lost to opioid overdose ($480.7 billion).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The general-purpose VSL and VSLY values from HHS guidelines reflect the U.S. population's willingness to pay to prevent opioid overdose deaths and morbidity.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Mandatory provider review of prescription drug monitoring programs before prescribing opioids and laws that govern the ownership and operation of pain clinics have been shown to reduce the amount of opioids prescribed and prescription overdose death rates (Dowell et al., 2016).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Dowell et al., 2016 source
The Abstract reports that combined implementation of mandatory PDMP review and pain clinic laws reduced opioid amounts prescribed by 8 percent and prescription opioid overdose death rates by 12 percent. The Study Data and Methods section describes pain clinic laws as governing clinic ownership and operation. The Discussion cautions that the study could not determine which policy drove the observed changes; the citing sentence attributes the result to the policies together. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“We also only value lost HRQL for individuals with opioid use disorder. There is likely a substantial reduction in quality of life for friends and family members who care for loved with use disorder, and lose loved ones to overdose (Wittenberg et al., 2016).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Wittenberg et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The original source study used a matched case-control design to estimate the impact of opioid use disorder diagnoses on health care spending.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Health Care Costs
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Florence et al., 2016 source
The Methods > Health Care Costs section explicitly says the study used a matched case-control design to estimate the impact of opioid abuse diagnoses on health care spending. It also describes comparing costs for patients diagnosed with abuse or dependence against matched comparison patients. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Finally, previous research has shown that both fatal opioid overdose (Ruhm, 2017) and opioid use disorder (Barocas et al., 2018) is likely undercounted in the data sources we used.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Sensitivity Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ruhm, 2017 source
- Supportedcites Barocas et al., 2018 source
Barocas et al. is cited for the OUD portion of the sentence, not the fatal-overdose portion. The Discussion reports that fewer than 50% of people with OUD were known to the health care system and that estimates based only on known cases were nearly half the capture–recapture estimates. Page numbers are not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Opioid use disorder can be undercounted because the NSDUH surveys the noninstitutionalized population, which will exclude incarcerated persons. The homeless population will also likely be missed by household-based surveys.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Sensitivity Analysis
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Barocas et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says survey-based approaches can underreport OUD and reports prevalence estimates higher than national estimates. It does not say that NSDUH excludes incarcerated people or that household surveys likely miss homeless people; searches for those survey-population claims found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.83)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Both of these populations have been shown to have high rates of substance use disorder (Barocas et al., 2018).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Sensitivity Analysis
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Barocas et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods describe identifying opioid use disorder in linked Massachusetts databases, and the Discussion reports prevalence by county and age group. Neither section reports substance use disorder rates specifically among incarcerated or homeless people; searches for “incarcerated” and “homeless” found no relevant passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Matching controlled for basic demographic variables, health status was matched based on the Charlson comorbidity index and health care costs prior to use disorder diagnosis, and regression models controlled for skewness in the expenditure data.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Health Care Costs
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Florence et al., 2016 source
The Methods > Health Care Costs section says propensity-score matching included age, sex, baseline health care costs, and the Charlson comorbidity index. It also says nonlinear regression models accounted for skewed health care expenditure data. The preceding Methods passage identifies the matching baseline as the six months before the diagnosis index date; page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Slightly less than half of these costs were attributable to opioid use disorder ($471.0 billion (95% PI $417.8 to $525.7billion)).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The sum of health care, criminal justice, lost productivity, and HRQOL/VSL valuations captures the total societal economic burden of OUD and fatal opioid overdose.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results are most sensitive to the choice of values for the VSL and VSLY. At the low estimate of a VSL/VSLY from the HHS guidelines, the overall economic burden is $556.0 billion, and at the high value of the VSL/VSLY, the overall burden is over $1,480.4 billion.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The general-purpose VSL and VSLY values from HHS guidelines reflect the U.S. population's willingness to pay to prevent opioid overdose deaths and morbidity.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These costs are also only estimated for diagnosed cases of opioid use disorder in persons age 12+, so we do not estimate costs to other persons, such as in the case of neonatal abstinence syndrome.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Criminal justice costs were apportioned from government budget data and may not reflect the costs of all criminal justice activity related to opioids.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder has been shown to reduce the rate of opioid misuse among patients with opioid use disorder and the rate of fatal opioid overdose (Mattick et al., 2009, 2014; Schwartz et al., 2013).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mattick et al., 2009, 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schwartz et al., 2013 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Health care costs were estimated with a convenience sample of health insurers and public insurance beneficiaries and may not be representative of the U.S. population.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We then conducted a simulation with 10,000 replications and report a 95% prediction interval [PI] that is at the 2.5% and 97.5% cutoffs of the distribution of estimates in the simulation.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Sensitivity Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Calculation of the economic burden in this study uses data from a variety of sources, so it is not possible to directly estimate a traditional confidence interval for the estimates.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Sensitivity Analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This is a broader range of outcomes, and a more comprehensive estimate, than the most recent studies (Davenport et al., 2019).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Davenport et al., 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many of the cost estimation methods used methods from a previous study, so the limitations of that study are also present in these results.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The resulting cost estimate is the increase in annual health care costs associated with opioid use disorder.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Health Care Costs
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This includes all opioid-related overdose deaths regardless of intent (intentional, unintentional, homicide, or undetermined).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Overview
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, the guidelines provide consensus estimates of a VSL, discounted to present value at a rate of 3%.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Valuation of Lost Quality of Life and Life Lost
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Survey weights were used to estimate nationally representative population totals for cases of opioid use disorder.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Overview
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The NSDUH is a nationally representative sample of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population ages 12 and older.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Overview
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite these limitations, these estimates provide an up-to-date understanding of the overall economic impact of the crisis.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We use these alternative measures as a sensitivity analysis, and not as our primary results, because both instruments lacks specificity to the condition being studied, and the populations studied were limited to subsets of the population of persons with opioid use disorder (e.g. only those who use heroin).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Sensitivity Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The guidelines recommend using measures of lost quality of life and the VSL that are specific to the outcome being analyzed, when feasible. The rationale for this is that the preferences of the U.S. population for reducing the risk of morbidity and mortality may differ by the cause and population affected.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Valuation of Lost Quality of Life and Life Lost
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A primary limitation of our methodology is that we only measure the cost of opioid use disorder in a single year.”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“The survey collects detailed information on substance use, including a questionnaire that identifies opioid use disorder (opioid abuse or dependence) based on questions similar to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).”
§ The Economic Burden of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose in the United States, 2017 > Methods > Overview
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites American Psychiatric Association, 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The general-purpose VSL and VSLY values from HHS guidelines reflect the U.S. population's willingness to pay to prevent opioid overdose deaths and morbidity.
“We did not have a VSL value specific to the willingness to pay to prevent an opioid overdose death and instead used a general-purpose set of values based on results from studies that examined the value of risk reduction over a diverse set of risks.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sum of health care, criminal justice, lost productivity, and HRQOL/VSL valuations captures the total societal economic burden of OUD and fatal opioid overdose.
“Our total valuation of economic burden of opioid use disorder and fatal overdose is therefore the sum of the HRQOL/VSL valuation, health care and substance use disorder treatment cost, criminal justice and lost productivity.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cost per case of opioid use disorder ($221,219) was derived by dividing the total U.S. cost of opioid use disorder ($470,975 million) during 2017 by the number of opioid use disorder cases the same year (2.129 million) (3).”
From State-Level Economic Costs of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose — United States, 2017 (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cost per case of fatal opioid overdose ($11.548 million) was derived by dividing the total cost of fatal opioid overdose ($549,691 million) by the number of fatal opioid overdose cases (47,600) (3).”
From State-Level Economic Costs of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose — United States, 2017 (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The economic cost of the U.S. opioid epidemic in 2017 was estimated at $1,021 billion, including cost of opioid use disorder estimated at $471 billion and cost of fatal opioid overdose estimated at $550 billion (3).”
From State-Level Economic Costs of Opioid Use Disorder and Fatal Opioid Overdose — United States, 2017 (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
Citations
Cites
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Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
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Self-citationDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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“Naloxone distribution programs have been shown to reduce opioid mortality rates (Walley et al., 2013).”
BackgroundNational and state treatment need and capacity for opioid agonist medication-assisted treatment
Jones, C. M., Campopiano, M., Baldwin, G., & McCance-Katz, E. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302664 · Cited by 668 · cited 1×
“However, the population requiring treatment has been estimated to be much larger than the current treatment capacity (Jones et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSocietal costs of prescription opioid abuse, dependence, and misuse in the United States
Birnbaum, H. G., White, A. G., Schiller, M., Waldman, T., Cleveland, J. M., & Roland, C. L. (2011) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01075.x · Cited by 644 · cited 2×
“This is a change from previously published estimates, where a large share of costs was attributable to opioid use disorder (Birnbaum et al., 2011; Florence et al., 2016; Rice et al., 2014).”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 504
Fighting Abuse with Prescription Tracking: Mandatory Drug Monitoring and Intimate Partner Violence
Dave, D., Erten, B., Hummel, D., Keskin, P., & Zhang, S. (2024) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w32563 · Cited by 3
Sustainable Investing and Market GovernancePreprint
Starmans, J., Gupta, D., & Chen, A. (2026) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5025025
Establishing Buprenorphine for Acute Postoperative Pain Management
Abelleira, A., & Hickey, T. R. (2025) · Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/15360288.2025.2524688 · Cited by 2
“Taking a broader view, the overall economic burden of OUD and fatal opioid overdose was estimated to be $1.02 trillion in 2017 (59).”
InfluentialPre-training SBIRT knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of social work students and medical residents
Ting, L. A., Sacco, P., Gavin, L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions · doi:10.1080/1533256x.2023.2185993 · Cited by 1
“The economic costs of substance use are substantial, with the costs of opioid use disorder alone estimated to be more than $1 trillion in 2017 (Florence et al., 2021).”
BackgroundMatthews, D. E., & Rella, R. T. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.39833 · Cited by 1
Tsai, P., Oliveto, A. H., Landes, R. D., & Mancino, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Opioid Management · doi:10.5055/jom.2023.0790 · Cited by 1
Doronio, G. M., & Lee, A. S. D. (2023) · AORN Journal · doi:10.1002/aorn.14038 · Cited by 1
Prepacked Take-Home Analgesia in Outpatient Hand Surgery Reduces Opioid Dispensation
Lundqvist, E., MOUSA, S., Wallén, S., Hurtig, I., & REISER, D. E. (2024) · Acta chirurgiae orthopaedicae et traumatologiae Cechoslovaca · doi:10.55095/achot2024/018 · Cited by 1
State‐level racial and ethnic disparities in buprenorphine treatment duration in the United States
Dong, H., Stringfellow, E. J., & Jalali, M. S. (2024) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.13638 · Cited by 1
Pezzulo, J. D., Farronato, D. M., Juniewicz, R. C., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons · doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-24-00051 · Cited by 1
Ghobadi, A., Hanna, M., Tovar, S., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open · doi:10.1002/emp2.13236 · Cited by 1
Foreman, J. K., Knisely, M. R., Layton, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Addictions Nursing · doi:10.1097/jan.0000000000000599 · Cited by 1
Baclofen and opioid interactions in mice could inform pain treatment methods
Totsch, S. K., Meir, R., Landis, A. R., Quinn, T. L., & Sorge, R. E. (2024) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.jpet.2024.100531 · Cited by 1
Patent review of novel compounds targeting opioid use disorder (2018–2024)
Obeng, S., McMahon, L. R., & Ofori, E. (2025) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents · doi:10.1080/13543776.2024.2446230 · Cited by 1
“Opioid overdose and OUD have a huge economic burden which were estimated to cost the United States $1.02 trillion in 2017 [7].”
InfluentialBuprenorphine: New Challenges and Opportunities
da Costa, S. C., Ghafouri, M., Jorandby, L., Rummans, T. A., & Gold, M. S. (2025) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-025-00626-x · Cited by 1
Medications for opioid use disorder in traditional medicare beneficiaries: associations with age
Ganz, D. A., Lai, J., Cantor, J., Agniel, D. M., Simon, K. I., Stein, B. D., & Taylor, E. A. (2025) · Health Affairs Scholar · doi:10.1093/haschl/qxaf036 · Cited by 1
Implementation of a novel pain coach educator program in a safety-net emergency department
LeLaurin, J. H., Montague, M., Curtis, M. E., Salloum, R. G., Sheikh, S., & Hendry, P. L. (2025) · Implementation Research and Practice · doi:10.1177/26334895251330511 · Cited by 1
“Opioid addiction in the United States has resulted in over 500,000 deaths and cost the economy an estimated $1 trillion in 2017 alone (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021; Florence et al., 2021).”
Pericot‐Valverde, I., Heo, M., Ortiz, E. G., King, A. C., Perez, A., Sivaraj, L. B., Lopes, S. S., Byrne, K. A., & Litwin, A. H. (2025) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000001578 · Cited by 1
Vasko, J. M., Orey, E. S., Wartman, C. C., Rowlett, J. K., Parker, J. D., Platt, D. M., & Schumacher, J. A. (2025) · Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100653 · Cited by 1
Kuklinski, M. R., Gibbons, B., H, D. B. M. P., McCollister, K. E., Smart, R., Dunlap, L. J., Shenkar, E., Bonar, E. E., Pendergrass, T. M., Campbell, M. R., et al. (2025) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-025-01835-6 · Cited by 1
“Racial and ethnic disparities in opioid morbidity, mortality, and service access are also found across young adult-hood (Florence et al., 2021; Friedman et al., 2022; Gold-stein et al., 2023).”
Mapping the overdose crisis: 6 locations using open medical examiner data
Harris, D. R., Anthony, N., Keyes, K. A., et al. (2025) · JAMIA Open · doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooaf140 · Cited by 1
Wetzel, M. W., Howard, D. H., Giordano, N. A., Patrick, S. W., & Yarbrough, C. R. (2025) · Medical Care Research and Review · doi:10.1177/10775587251386197 · Cited by 1
“Opioid use disorder is also common and costly, affecting 5.7 million people in the United States over age 12 (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2024), with an estimated economic impact over $1 trillion annually (Florence et al., 2021).”
InfluentialKameg, B., Lindsay, D. L., Lepore, M., et al. (2025) · Nurse Educator · doi:10.1097/nne.0000000000002038 · Cited by 1
Knudsen, H. K., Batty, E. J., Staton, M., Traxler, H. K., & Oser, C. B. (2026) · Substance Use & Addiction Journal · doi:10.1177/29767342251401705 · Cited by 1
Allen, B., & Harocopos, A. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0341062 · Cited by 1
“The annual economic toll of the epidemic is in excess of $1 trillion [12], including an estimated $14.8 billion annually in criminal justice costs [13].”
InfluentialYatsco, A. J., Vega, F. R., Cohen, A. S., Cárdenas-Turanzas, M., Langabeer, J. R., & Champagne‐Langabeer, T. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16010122 · Cited by 1
“Criminal justice costs related to opioid overdose, misuse, and dependence exceed USD 14 billion annually, driven primarily by enforcement rather than treatment (Florence et al., 2021).”
Kurtin, D. L., Herlinger, K., Hayes, A., Hand, L. J., Fonville, L., Hill, R. G., Nutt, D. J., Lingford-Hughes, A. R., & Paterson, L. M. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-03845-6 · Cited by 1
Wang, W. Y., Copley, M., Qiu, Q., Fong, C. T., Mills, B. M., Curatolo, M., Lele, A. V., & Vavilala, M. S. (2026) · Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open · doi:10.1136/tsaco-2025-001811 · Cited by 1
Loeffel, L. B., Kwak, H. R., Shin, J., Lee, M., Jester, D. J., Dawes, M. A., Kudler, H. S., Jeste, D. V., & Na, P. J. (2026) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.70133 · Cited by 1
The Buprenorphine Paradox: How Buprenorphine Triggers and Resolves Opioid Withdrawal
Haghdoost, M., LaBranche, J., Roberts, M., Li, V. W., Kim, J. J., Wong, J. S. H., & Wong, J. S. H. (2026) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.70126 · Cited by 1
Nataraj, N., Chen, Y., Stewart, A., Rikard, S. M., Zhang, K., Rice, K., Jiang, X., Mattson, C. L., Ko, J. Y., Guy, G. P., et al. (2026) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2026.101435 · Cited by 1
“17,19 We compared economic burden in the two hypothetical scenarios to the baseline assuming status quo.”
Self-citationToma, M., Burnett, R., Debroy, P., Dimant, E., Liu, J. Y., Safran, E., Saya, U. Y., & Schultz, B. (2026) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.70085 · Cited by 2
“In 2017, the “monetized burden” for opioid overdose, abuse, and dependence was estimated to be $1.02 trillion (Florence et al. 2021).”
InfluentialHurley, R. W., Guth, D., Hill, E., & Adams, M. C. B. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0347943 · Cited by 1
“[1–3] Long-term opioid therapy (LTOT) is associated with substantially increased risk of the development of OUD, with risk increasing by dose and duration of exposure.”
Clinical Efficacy and Risks of Clonidine Infusion for Sedation and Analgesia: A Narrative Review
Feeney, J. M., Noble, R. K., Bautista, T. B., et al. (2026) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-026-01506-3 · Cited by 1
“Thus, there is a need for efficacious anal - gesics that have a lower potential for misuse than opioids in pain management [8–10].”
Taking the role of marketing in consumer well-being seriously: It is about time—the PACT framework
Eisingerich, A. B., MacInnis, D. J., Duffek, B., & Tam, W. (2026) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-026-01179-9 · Cited by 2
“The first are engagement-maximizing social-media ; Wakeman & Rich, 2018 ); Economic (>$1T in U.S. costs in recent years; Florence et al., 2021).”
Dawson, B. J., Frost, M. P., Budilovsky-Kelley, N. R., Fiore, G. J., Friedman, A., Kaempfer, C., & Cohen, J. M. (2026) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2026.210095 · Cited by 1
An overview of buprenorphine prescribing for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse
Kameg, B., Fradkin, D., & Lepore, M. (2022) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.13030 · Cited by 1
Han, X., Li, H., Tang, Y., Palfrey, J. S., & Zhu, J. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13862 · Cited by 1
Designing a Digital Mental Health App for Opioid Use Disorder Using the UX Design Thinking Framework
Coziahr, K., Stanley, L., Perez, A., Lundberg, C., & Litwin, A. H. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-05900-1_7 · Cited by 1
Short, V. L., Hand, D. J., Pyfer, L., Steiger, H., Gannon, M. A., Jaffe, G., & Abatemarco, D. J. (2022) · Women s Health Reports · doi:10.1089/whr.2022.0057 · Cited by 1
“Age in years, median (range) 34 (26–63) Age in years 26–29 11 (13) 30–39 60 (68) 40–49 16 (18) ‡50 2 (2)”
Pehrson, A., Solla, C. A., Buehler, J. M., & Vance, M. (2023) · Journal of Public Health Policy · doi:10.1057/s41271-022-00385-3 · Cited by 1
Pain management: A deeper look at rural and urban nurses’ perceptions and experiences
Schuller, K. A., & Dunson‐Dillard, T. (2023) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/jrh.12742 · Cited by 3
Bhenderu, L. S. S., Lyon, K. A., Soto, J. M., et al. (2023) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2023.05.091 · Cited by 1
Opioid prescribing and use in the Military Health System: a framework synthesis, FY2016–FY2021
Madsen, C., Korona-Bailey, J., Janvrin, M. L., Schoenfeld, A. J., & Koehlmoos, T. P. (2023) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnad072 · Cited by 1
“02 trillion, according to 2017 data.(7) The health care system is often seen as the source of misused opioids, either through patients becoming long-term users after treatment for pain or through diversion of opioids outside of official legal channels.”
Differential risks of syringe service program participants in Central Ohio: a latent class analysis
Moon, K. J., Bryant, I., Trinh, A., Hasenstab, K. A., Carter, B., Barclay, R., & Nawaz, S. (2023) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-023-00824-8 · Cited by 1
“Data indicate that 2021 was the deadliest year on record, with an estimated 107,622 lives lost to overdose [3], presenting a noteworthy economic burden [4].”
BackgroundThe association between exercise and prescription opioid misuse: A scoping review.
Córdoba-Grueso, W. S., Mattey-Mora, P. P., Chen, C. X., Galaviz, K. I., & Parker, M. A. (2023) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000675 · Cited by 1
The Opioid Overdose Epidemic and Response
Weleff, J., Knio, L., & Capurso, N. A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95702-1.00025-7 · Cited by 1
Opioids and school leaders: bricolage leadership in Appalachian Ohio
Lowery, C. L., Hess, M. E., Ramsey, C. K. G., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Leadership in Education · doi:10.1080/13603124.2023.2275642 · Cited by 1
Treatments for Substance Use Disorders
da Costa, S. C., Moustafa, Y., Vasquez, A., & Rummans, T. A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95702-1.00047-6 · Cited by 1
DOVE: Shoulder-based Opioid Overdose Detection and Reversal Device
Lingamoorthy, A., Watson, A., Gordon, D., Mandal, A. S., Henderson, K., Ma, X., Weimer, J. E., Brenner, J. S., & Kandasamy, N. (2023) · IEEE/ACM Conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies · doi:10.1145/3580252.3586973 · Cited by 2
“The economic burden on the U.S caused by OUD and fatal opioid overdose during 2017 totaled close to $1 trillion [20].”
BackgroundTennakoon, L., Ko, A., Knight, A. W., et al. (2024) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2024.02.007 · Cited by 1
Lewis, K. N., Zhang, D., Corrales, G., Eswaran, H., Hayes, C. J., & Gressler, L. E. (2024) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2024.0122 · Cited by 1
Barbosa, C., Dowd, W. N., Buell, N., Allaire, B. T., & Bobashev, G. (2024) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104449 · Cited by 1
The Implications of the Opioid Epidemic for the Treatment of Perioperative Pain
Xiang, N., Courtney, D., Ramsingh, S., Donald, R., & Potru, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-67648-2_4 · Cited by 1
Vagus nerve stimulation for the management of addiction disorders
Washburn, S. N., Khodaparast, N., & Covalin, A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816996-4.00005-8 · Cited by 1
Mahmoud, K. F., Finnell, D. S., Sereika, S. M., Lindsay, D. L., & Mitchell, A. M. (2025) · Journal of Nursing Regulation · doi:10.1016/j.jnr.2025.03.003 · Cited by 1
Evaluating diversion and treatment policies for opioid use disorder
White, V. M., & Albert, L. A. (2025) · IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering · doi:10.1080/24725579.2025.2523273 · Cited by 2
“The loss in productivity due to incarceration makes up about 25% of the total productivity loss due to opioids (Florence et al., 2021).”
Gual-González, L., Boehme, H. M., Leasure, P., Baker, P. A., & Nolan, M. S. (2025) · Health & Justice · doi:10.1186/s40352-025-00356-2 · Cited by 1
“…all US states between 2010 and 2015, holds an age-adjusted mortality rate for drug over-dose of 44.7 deaths per 100,00 (ranking 11th nationally) and recorded more than 100,000 overdose deaths in 2023 (Arnold et al., 2019; Florence et al., 2021; Sahebi-Fakhrabad et al., 2024; Tori & Galardi, 2024).”
InfluentialStereotactic Radiosurgery to the Nucleus Accumbens: A Dosimetric Feasibility Study
Byrd, H. F., Luo, G., Crosswhite, B., Emeka-Ibe, G., Davis, T., & Whitaker, R. M. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.88231 · Cited by 1
“Financially, opioid-use-related disorders and fatal opioid overdoses were estimated to cost the United States $1.02 trillion in 2017 alone, with billions budgeted by the US government to combat the issue [1,3].”
InfluentialPour, M. Z., Taghian, F., & Dehkordi, K. J. (2025) · Advanced Biomedical Research · doi:10.4103/abr.abr_631_24 · Cited by 1
“Treatments with herbal supplements and aerobic exercise showed separate improvements in spatial learning compared with the morphine‑addicted group ( P 0.01), with the highest improvement observed in the combined treatment group ( P 0.001) [see Figure 2].”
InfluentialWeiss, N. H., Newberger, N. G., Raudales, A. M., Thomas, E. D., Bhuptani, P. H., Mahoney, C. T., & Contractor, A. A. (2025) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2025.2559173 · Cited by 1
“Further, OUD and fatal opioid overdose cost the United States more than $1 trillion in 2017 (Florence et al., 2021).”
The National Drug Crisis - What Have We Learned from the Regional Science Disciplines?
Cushing, B. J., Erfanian, E., & Peters, D. J. (2020) · Review of Regional Studies · doi:10.52324/001c.18236 · Cited by 1
“Costs for opioid use disorder and fatal opioid overdose in 2017 were estimated to be $1.02 trillion (Florence et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialStratégies face à la crise des opioïdes : analyse des revues systématiques
Savard, I., Little, R., Benoît, M., Charette, S., Deschamps, A., & Bissonnet, H. (2021) · Drogues santé et société · doi:10.7202/1085170ar · Cited by 1
Park, E., Ware, O. D., & Cheon, J. H. (2022) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1080/01488376.2022.2156972 · Cited by 1
“The economic burden of OUD also overwhelms society with health-related costs, employment-related losses, and criminal justice costs, which were estimated to be $471 billion in 2017 (Florence et al., 2021).”
BackgroundJones, H. E. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2023.2165909 · Cited by 1
Leventelis, C., Tasoulis, S. K., Kouretas, D., Metsios, G. S., & Veskoukis, A. S. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3226908/v1 · Cited by 2
Neuropsychology of chronic back pain managed with long-term opioid usePreprint
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“It should be reiterated that, other than reduced quality of life and the value of life lost ( both of which are difficult to measure ), lost productivity is the largest economic cost of drug-related morbidity and mortality ( Florence et al. 2021; Luo et al. 2021; Rogers et al. 2013 ).”
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“This ongoing opioid epidemic in the US has resulted in over 500,000 deaths and cost the economy an estimated $1 trillion in 2017 alone (3, 4).”
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“Opioid overdose and OUD accounted for more than $1.02 trillion in 2017 in the United States (Florence et al., 2021).”
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“Labor productivity loss estimates due to opioid-related deaths have been previously reported by Florence et al., (28).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Florence, C., Luo, F., & Rice, K.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Florence, Curtis
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 218
- Pages
- 108350
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8091480
- OpenAlex
- W3095492073
- Cited by
- 511
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 122 · 2024: 103 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 36
- FWCI
- 40.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Healthcare Policy and Management
- Keywords
- opioid use disorder, economic burden, social costs, health care costs, criminal justice costs, productivity loss, quality of life, opioid epidemic, public policy
- MeSH terms
- Opioid Epidemic, Opiate Overdose, Analgesics, Opioid, Criminal Law, Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Opioid-Related Disorders, Quality of Life, United States, Prevalence, Cost of Illness, Drug Overdose
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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