Gender difference in the association between Framingham Risk Score with cardio-metabolic risk factors and psychological distress in patients with metabolic syndrome
Abstract
Background In the current study we aimed to evaluate the gender-specific associations between metabolic and psychological risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Framingham Risk Score (FRS) in patients with metabolic syndrome. Methods In a cross-sectional study of 256 patients with metabolic syndrome (157 men, 99 women), the cardiovascular disease risk was evaluated using the FRS scoring system by a pre-defined computerized algorithm. Psychological distress was also assessed by general health questionnaire (GHQ)-12. Evaluation of the biochemical parameters including fasting serum glucose (FSG), lipid profile, liver enzymes and adiponectin concentrations were also performed using the enzymatic methods. Results The prevalence of low, intermediate and high risk of CVD in men was significantly higher than women (P < 0.05). Both genders in high risk of CVD had significantly higher age, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and FSG concentrations compared with male and females in intermediate and low risk of CVD (P < 0.05). In multiple logistic regression, being single was in the highest relationship with high psychological distress values compared with married or divorced/separated marital status. Moreover, high SBP and low high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations were also potent determinants of high psychological distress (P < 0.05). Conclusions In the current study, the prevalence of CVD risk factors were higher in men compared with women. Moreover, higher age, SBP and FSG were potent determinants of FRS in both genders. Marital status and serum HDL were in relation with psychological distress among patients with metabolic syndrome.
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The lower predicted cardiovascular risk observed among female participants than males is consistent with existing literature and reflects the sex-specific structure of the Framingham risk equation and distribution of CV risk factors.
“The lower predicted cardiovascular risk observed among female participants than males is consistent with existing literature31,32 and reflects the sex-specific structure of the Framingham risk equation and distribution of CV risk factors.”
From Tirzepatide compared with semaglutide and 10-year cardiovascular disease risk reduction in obesity: <i>post-hoc</i> analysis of the SURMOUNT-5 trial (2025) · cites this paper as [31]
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- Authors
- Farhangi, M. A., & Jahangiry, L.
- Affiliations
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Farhangi, Mahdieh Abbasalizad
- Venue
- Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-03
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 71-75
- ISSN
- 1871-4021 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2996782607
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 1.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Keywords
- metabolic syndrome, Framingham risk score, cardiovascular risk, psychological distress, sex differences, systolic blood pressure, fasting serum glucose, HDL cholesterol, marital status, adiponectin, liver enzymes, lipid profile
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Iran, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Sex Characteristics, Stress, Psychological, Metabolic Syndrome
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