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The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A review of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Indian water bodies

Open access
Balakrishna, Keshava, Rath, Amlan, Praveenkumarreddy, Yerabham, Guruge, Keerthi Siri, Subedi, Bikram·2017·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

Abstract

Little information exists on the occurrence and the ultimate fate of pharmaceuticals in the water bodies in India despite being one of the world leaders in pharmaceutical production and consumption. This paper has reviewed 19 published reports of pharmaceutical occurrence in the aquatic environment in India [conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (WTPs), hospital WTPs, rivers, and groundwater]. Carbamazepine (antipsychoactive), atenolol (antihypertensive), triclocarban and triclosan (antimicrobials), trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (antibacterials), ibuprofen and acetaminophen (analgesics), and caffeine (stimulant) are the most commonly detected at higher concentrations in Indian WTPs that treat predominantly the domestic sewage. The concentration of ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin in Indian WTPs were up to 40 times higher than that in other countries in Europe, Australia, Asia, and North America. A very few studies in Indian rivers reported the presence of ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, ketoprofen, erythromycin, naproxen, ibuprofen, diclofenac and enrofloxacin. Similar compounds were reported in rivers in China, indicating a similar usage pattern in both of these developing countries. In a study reported from an open well in southern India, the groundwater showed the presence of cetirizine, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, citalopram and terbinafine, which was close to a WTP receiving effluents from pharmaceutical production.

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Metadata

Authors
Balakrishna, K., Rath, A., Praveenkumarreddy, Y., Guruge, K. S., & Subedi, B.
Venue
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2017-03
Volume
137
Issue
137
Pages
113-120
ISSN
0147-6513 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2560174550
Cited by
543
References
69
FWCI
14.62
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A review of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Indian water bodies. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.11.014
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Balakrishna, K., Rath, A., Praveenkumarreddy, Y., Guruge, K. S., & Subedi, B. (2017). A review of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Indian water bodies. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.11.014

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