Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques for energy and power systems: Review, challenges and opportunities
Open accessAbstract
Despite widespread adoption and outstanding performance, machine learning models are considered as “black boxes”, since it is very difficult to understand how such models operate in practice. Therefore, in the power systems field, which requires a high level of accountability, it is hard for experts to trust and justify decisions and recommendations made by these models. Meanwhile, in the last couple of years, Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques have been developed to improve the explainability of machine learning models, such that their output can be better understood. In this light, it is the purpose of this paper to highlight the potential of using XAI for power system applications. We first present the common challenges of using XAI in such applications and then review and analyze the recent works on this topic, and the on-going trends in the research community. We hope that this paper will trigger fruitful discussions and encourage further research on this important emerging topic.
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The 'black box' nature of complex AI models hinders understanding of their decision-making, a critical barrier in high-stakes energy applications.
“The 'black box' nature of complex AI models hinders understanding of their decisionmaking, a critical barrier in high-stakes energy applications [25,26].”
From Addressing Challenges for the Effective Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in the Energy Sector (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
Poor data quality directly undermines AI model efficacy and erodes operator trust by reducing explainability.
“This directly undermines AI model efficacy, erodes operator trust by reducing explainability (XAI) (Section 3.1.4;[25])”
From Addressing Challenges for the Effective Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in the Energy Sector (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
The focus has been shifting from initial implementation hurdles toward ensuring the Trustworthiness and transparency of deployed systems, as seen in the growing body of work on XAI.
“The focus has been shifting from initial implementation hurdles toward ensuring the Trustworthiness and transparency of deployed systems, as seen in the growing body of work on XAI [25,26].”
From Addressing Challenges for the Effective Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in the Energy Sector (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
Deploying AI into safety-critical energy systems involves technical, operational, and market risks.
“Deploying AI into safety-critical energy systems involves technical, operational, and market risks [25,29].”
From Addressing Challenges for the Effective Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in the Energy Sector (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
An AI system that is opaque or biased cannot be considered trustworthy, regardless of its technical accuracy.
“An AI system that is opaque or biased cannot be considered trustworthy, regardless of its technical accuracy [25].”
From Addressing Challenges for the Effective Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in the Energy Sector (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
Lack of XAI complicates accountability for AI failures.
“Lack of XAI (Section 3.1.4)complicates accountability for AI failures [25].”
From Addressing Challenges for the Effective Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in the Energy Sector (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
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- Authors
- Machlev, R., Heistrene, L., Perl, M., Levy, K. Y., Belikov, J., Mannor, S., & Levron, Y.
- Affiliations
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology (IL)
- Pandit Deendayal Energy University (IN)
- Tallinn University of Technology (EE)
- Corresponding author
- Machlev, R.
- Venue
- Energy and AI
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-08
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 100169
- ISSN
- 2666-5468 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4281572064
- Cited by
- 552
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 190 · 2025: 159 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 8
- FWCI
- 29.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energy and AI (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program
- Eesti Teadusagentuur (1227/18, PRG1463)
- Planning and Budgeting Committee of the Council for Higher Education of Israel
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Power System Optimization and Stability
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Smart Grid and Power Systems
- Keywords
- explainable AI, power systems, energy systems, black-box models, model interpretability
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