Does WEEE recycling make sense from an environmental perspective?
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Materials contained in EEE usually include base metals, precious metals, critical raw materials, and plastics, most of which are very valuable.
“Materials contained in EEE usually include base metals, such as aluminum and copper; precious metals, such as silver and gold; critical raw materials, such as rare earths, gallium, indium; and plastics [184], most of which are very valuable [185][186][187][188].”
From Material efficiency strategies to reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with buildings, vehicles, and electronics—a review (2019) · cites this paper as [185]
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“However, recycling always has a lower ecological impact than landfilling of incinerated E-waste (Hischier et al., 2005).”
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“These fees are cascaded to the distributors, the retailers and finally to the consumers, who pay an ARF with the purchase of any EEE (Streicher-Porte, 2006).”
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“For example, in Switzerland, Hischier et al. (2005) studied the environmental impacts of the Swiss take-back and recycling systems for e-waste.”
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“…two different e-waste systems: Swiss Association for Information, Communication and Organization Technology (SWICO) for office, dental, graphic and telecommunication equipment and Swiss Foundation for Waste Management (SENS) for household appliances (Hischier et al., 2005; Streicher-Porte, 2005).”
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“For example, in Europe the expected growth rate of WEEE is at least 3 to 5% per year (Hischier et al. 2005).”
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“Hischier et al. (2005) studied the complete Swiss WEEE recycling and disposal activities including the processing of all resulting fractions and compared the environmental impacts of recycling to the impact of avoided primary production of the various raw materials.”
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“Life cycle analysis of the environmental impacts of recycling of EoL WEEE in Switzerland using state-of-the-art recycling facilities, showed that throughout the complete recycling chain, the sorting and dismantling activities are of minor interest; instead the main impact occurs during the treatment applied further do…”
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“Regardless of assumptions, all studies recommended that recycling of WEEE, metals and C&D waste was preferable over incineration (e.g. Hischier et al., 2005; Ortiz et al., 2010; Scharnhorst et al., 2006; Wäger et al., 2011).”
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“Also approximately 75,000 tonnes of WEEE have been collected, classified, disassembled and then processed in Switzerland in 2004 (Hischier et al., 2005), compared with the collection of approximately 68,000 tonnes in 2003 (SinhaKhetriwal et al., 2005) which corresponds to about 11 kg/capita and 9…”
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“Derived from EUROSTAT [36] and rounded to 1 Mg. Early initiatives Some countries were early to address WEEE issues, e.g. Japan, Switzerland, Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany.”
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“Compared to the Swiss study for the year 2004 (Hischier et al., 2005), several factors whichmight affect the environmental loads and benefits of the Swiss WEEE collection and recovery systems have changed significantly.”
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“During the EoL step assuming a state-of-theart recycling (like e.g. the current Swiss WEEE recycling systems, Hischier et al., 2005), substantial environmental benefits are even generated.”
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“, Switzerland, have developed a strategy of take-back and recycling, making sense from an environmental perspective as proved by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (Hischier et al., 2005; Wäger et al., 2011).”
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“Contrary to previous studies (Hischier et al., 2005;Wager et al., 2011), the analysis was carried out on each of the fi ve WEEE categories, as well as on the overall WEEE management system An extensive collection of primary data was carried out to assess the mass balance of the treat-ment plants;…”
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“Many studies have been made of e-waste management and environmental impacts (Hischier et al. 2005; Barba-Gutiérrez et al. 2008; Robinson 2009; Duan et al. 2009; Chancerol et al. 2009; Umair et al. 2013).”
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The birth of the flexible mine: Changing geographies of mining and the e-waste commodity frontier
Knapp, F. (2016) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1177/0308518x16652398 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“…scrap materials takes orders of magnitude less energy, produces fewer greenhouse gas releases (Navazo et al., 2013; Simoni et al., 2015; Wernick and Themelis 1998), and brings other environmental benefits (Bigum et al., 2012; Hischier et al., 2005) due to the relative ‘‘richness’’ of this ore.”
BackgroundThe Energy Demand of ICT: A Historical Perspective and Current Methodological Challenges
Aebischer, B., & Hilty, L. M. (2014) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09228-7_4 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“An LCA study of e-waste recycling showed that the energy needed for industrial electronic waste recycling is clearly more than offset by avoided environmental impact, mainly due to the avoided primary production of the metals recovered [105].”
BackgroundElectronic waste management practices in Nigeria
Nnorom, I. C., & Odeyingbo, O. A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817030-4.00014-0 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Impact assessment and policy learning in the European Commission
Ruddy, T. F., & Hilty, L. M. (2007) · Environmental Impact Assessment Review · doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2007.05.001 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“For instance, the assessment of the environmental impacts of proposed regulatory actions could include Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA, see e.g. Hischier et al., 2005) or Technology Assessment (e.g. Hilty et al., 2004, 2006) wherever the regulation has an influence on technological development and the…”
BackgroundGhodrat, M., Rhamdhani, M. A., Brooks, G. A., Rashidi, M., & Samali, B. (2017) · Environmental Development · doi:10.1016/j.envdev.2017.07.001 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
A review on e-waste contamination, toxicity, and sustainable clean-up approaches for its management
Kumar, P., Singh, S., Gacem, A., Yadav, K. K., Bhutto, J. K., Alreshidi, M. A., Kumar, M., Kumar, A., Yadav, V. K., Soni, S., et al. (2024) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2024.153904 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Muñoz, I., Gazulla, C., Bala, A., Puig, R., & Fullana–i–Palmer, P. (2008) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-008-0044-6 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Demajorovic, J., Augusto, E., & de Souza, M. T. S. (2016) · Ambiente & sociedade · doi:10.1590/1809-4422asoc141545v1922016 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Application of Life Cycle Assessment on Electronic Waste Management: A Review
Xue, M., & Xu, Z. (2016) · Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/s00267-016-0812-1 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“The papers reviewed in this study were described in Table 1, among which the first three LCA papers focusing on electronic waste management were published in 2005 (Andreola et al. 2005; Hischier et al. 2005; Mayers et al. 2005).”
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Life-cycle modeling framework for electronic waste recovery and recycling processes
Jaunich, M. K., DeCarolis, J. F., Handfield, R., Kemahlıoğlu‐Ziya, E., Ranjithan, S. R., & Moheb-Alizadeh, H. (2020) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104841 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Streicher‐Porte, M., Marthaler, C., Böni, H. W., Schluep, M., Camacho, Á., & Hilty, L. M. (2009) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.06.002 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Earlier studies have shown that these benefits can reduce the impacts considerably, under the condition that environmental standards are fulfilled (Hischier et al., 2005).”
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“For example, to manage end-of-life electrical and electronic products in EU producers are obligated to collect their WEEE products from customers for recovery, recycling and reuse [52,53].”
BackgroundEvolution of the electronic waste management system in Spain
Queiruga, D., Benito, J. G., & Lannelongue, G. (2011) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.11.043 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Studies have concluded that Switzerland’s significant experience applying the extended producer responsibility (EPR) concept in WEEE management provides a compelling example for other countries (Streicher-Porte, 2005; Hischier et al., 2005).”
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Waste management Life Cycle Assessment: the case of a reciprocating air compressor in Brazil
Zanghelini, G. M., Cherubini, E., Orsi, P., & Soares, S. R. (2014) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.02.034 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
A study on the environmental aspects of WEEE plastic recycling in a Brazilian company
Campolina, J. M., Sigrist, C. S. L., de Paiva, J. M. F., Nunes, A. O., & Moris, V. A. D. S. (2017) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-017-1282-2 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Comparative life cycle assessments: The case of paper and digital media
Bull, J. G., & Kozak, R. A. (2013) · Environmental Impact Assessment Review · doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2013.10.001 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hischier, R., Wäger, P., & Gauglhofer, J.
- Affiliations
- Empa (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Hischier, R.
- Venue
- Environmental Impact Assessment Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-07
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 525-539
- ISSN
- 0195-9255 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2003055493
- Cited by
- 301
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 32.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Impact Assessment Review (publishedVersion)
- DORA Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa)) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Recycling and Waste Management Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Municipal Solid Waste Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Keywords
- electronic waste, e-waste recycling, take-back systems, recycling fees, household appliances, secondary raw materials, environmental impact of recycling, material flow analysis, life cycle assessment
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