Blend membranes based on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) and polysulfone bearing benzimidazole side groups for proton exchange membrane fuel cells
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- Findingreasoning
In the SPEEK/PSf-BIm-190 blend membrane, polarization loss decreases as temperature increases from 80 to 90 °C.
“In the case of the SPEEK/PSf-BIm-190 blend membrane, the polarization loss decreases as the temperature increases from 80 to 90 °C as one would expect due to the increasing proton conductivity as seen in Fig. 2”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The interaction between the sulfonic acid group of SPEEK and the nitrogen of the pendant benzimidazole group is confirmed by FTIR, as shown by a shift of the strong band at 1016 cm-1 attributed to symmetric stretching of the sulfonate S-O group of SPEEK with increasing PSf-BIm content.
“The interaction between the sulfonic acid group and the nitrogen of the pendant benzimidazole group was confirmed by FTIR.”
- Also stated in: § 3. Results and discussion · plain
“A shift of the strong band at 1016 cm À1 , which is attributed to the symmetric stretching of the sulfonate S-O group of SPEEK, occurs with increasing PSf-BIm content in the polymer blends.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 3. Results and discussion · plain
- Findingown data
The C=N stretching at 1630 cm-1, which distinguishes PSf-BIm from CPSf, increases as the degree of carboxylation in the starting CPSf increases.
“More importantly, the C@N stretching at 1630 cm À1 , which distinguishes PSf-BIm from CPSf, increase as the DC in the starting CPSf increases.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The polysulfone bearing benzimidazole side group (PSf-BIm) was synthesized from carboxylated polysulfone by reaction with 1,2-diaminobenzene using triphenylphosphite as a dehydration agent.
“The polysulfone bearing benzimidazole side group (PSf-BIm) was synthesized starting from carboxylated polysulfone (CPSf).”
- Also stated in: § 3. Results and discussion · plain
“Scheme 1 shows the synthesis of polysulfone bearing benzimidazole side group by a reaction between carboxylated polysulfone and 1,2-diaminobenzene using triphenylphosphite (TPP) as a dehydration agent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 3. Results and discussion · plain
- Findingreasoning
Under anhydrous condition, the proton conductivity of SPEEK decreases with increasing temperature.
“While the proton conductivity of SPEEK decreases with increasing temperature as the proton conduction becomes difficult at high temperatures in such acid-based polymers”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
The Nafion membrane shows an increase in polarization loss as temperature increases from 80 to 90 °C due to a decrease in water content.
“which is in contrast to the increase in polarization loss found with the Nafion membrane due to the decrease in water content.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Blend membranes fabricated with SPEEK and PSf-BIm exhibit higher proton conductivity than SPEEK or Nafion membranes at 90 and 100 °C.
“Blend membranes fabricated with sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) and poly(sulfone) bearing benzimidazole side group exhibit higher proton conductivity and better performance in PEMFC at 90 and 100 °Cc ompared to the SPEEK or Nafion membranes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
The decline in performance on going from 90 to 100 °C is drastic in the cases of SPEEK and Nafion membranes compared to the SPEEK/PSf-BIm-190 blend membrane.
“Additionally, the decline in performance on going from 90 to 100 °C is drastic in the cases of SPEEK and Nafion membranes compared to that in the case of the SPEEK/PSf-BIm-190 blend membrane.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
The proton conductivity of SPEEK/PSf-BIm blend membranes increases as the degree of carboxylation of polysulfone to which benzimidazole is tethered increases.
“Also, the proton conductivity increases as the DC of polysulfone to which benzimidazole is tethered increases, confirming the role played by benzimidazole on proton conduction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
The main absorption bands of PSf-BIm indicating the presence of benzimidazole are closely similar to those of PBI or poly(2,5-benzimidazole) (ABPBI).
“The main absorption bands of PSf-BIm indicating the presence of benzimidazole are closely similar to those of PBI or poly(2,5-benzimidazole) (ABPBI) [24].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24] Asensio, 2004, J. Electrochem. Soc. source
- Findingown data
The SPEEK/PSf-BIm-190 blend membrane exhibits better performance with lower polarization loss than both Nafion and SPEEK membranes at 90 or 100 °C in single cell PEMFC.
“Clearly, the SPEEK/ PSf-BIm-190 blend membrane exhibits better performance with lower polarization loss than both the Nafion and SPEEK membranes at 90 or 100 °C.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“The blend membrane exhibits better performance in PEMFC at 90 and 100 °C compared to the pure SPEEK and Nafion 115 membranes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Findingown data
Under anhydrous condition, the proton conductivity of SPEEK/PSf-BIm blend membranes increases with increasing temperature due to the presence of benzimidazole tethered onto polysulfone.
“the conductivity of the SPEEK/PSf-BIm blend membranes increase with increasing temperature due to the presence of benzimidazole tethered onto polysulfone.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
The decline in performance on going from 90 to 100 °C is due to the use of Nafion in the electrodes (cathode and anode).
“The decline in performance on going from 90 to 100 °C is due to the use of Nafion in our electrodes (cathode and anode).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Polymers bearing benzimidazole side groups may become a viable strategy to develop new membranes that could operate at higher temperatures and low relative humidity.
“The study demonstrates that polymers bearing benzimidazole side groups may become a viable strategy to develop new membranes that could operate at higher temperatures and low relative humidity.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“The polymers bearing pendant benzimidazole groups offer a promising strategy to develop new membranes that can operate at higher temperatures and low relative humidity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Interpretationown data
The sulfonic acid group of SPEEK can protonate the nitrogen site of benzimidazole, facilitating proton hopping to another basic site of benzimidazole or to the oxygen of another sulfonate anion group.
“The sulfonic acid group of SPEEK can protonate the nitrogen site of benzimidazole, facilitating the hopping of the proton bound to the other nitrogen of the benzimidazole unit to another basic site of the benzimidazole unit or to the oxygen of another sulfonate anion group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Carboxylic acid groups attached to some aromatic polymers like polysulfone can be easily transformed to benzimidazole units through condensation reactions.
“Moreover, carboxylic acid groups attached to some aromatic polymers like polysulfone [21] can be easily transformed to benzimidazole units through condensation reactions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] Guiver, 1990, Br. Polym. J. source
- Interpretationreasoning
Proton conduction in the blend membrane may occur by a mixed mechanism: a partial vehicle-type mechanism in the domain of sulfonic acid groups and a partial Grotthuss-type mechanism in the domain of benzimidazole groups.
“the blend membrane may occur by a mixed mechanism (a partial vehicle-type mechanism in the domain of sulfonic acid groups and a partial Grotthuss-type mechanism in the domain of benzimidazole groups).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The drastic decline in performance for SPEEK and Nafion from 90 to 100 °C is due to a significant decrease in proton conductivity at 100 °C arising from loss of water.
“This is due to a significant decrease in the proton conductivity at 100 °C with the SPEEK and Nafion membranes, arising from a loss of the proton conducting solvent, water.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The degree of carboxylation per repeat unit of carboxylated polysulfone can be varied from 0.2 to 1.9, providing flexibility to convert carboxylic acid groups to benzimidazole side groups over a wide range.
“The degree of carboxylation (DC) per repeat unit could be varied from 0.2 to 1.9, which provides the flexibility to convert the carboxylic acid groups to benzimidazole side groups over a wide range.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Guiver et al. [21] Guiver, 1990, Br. Polym. J. source
- Interpretationnone given
The ease of swaying of pendant benzimidazole groups could promote long-range proton motion in the polymer system.
“Another advantage of pendant benzimidazole group is the ease of swaying, which could promote long-range proton motion in the polymer system.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The data demonstrate that the benzimidazole group present in PSf-BIm promotes proton conduction at higher temperatures.
“The data demonstrate that the benzimidazole group present in PSf-BIm promotes proton conduction at higher temperatures.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 4
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 1
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe observation of C=O asymmetric stretching and isolated N-H stretching confirms the reaction of only one amino group of 1,2-diaminobenzene and the absence of imidazole ring formation at 100 °C.
“The observation of C@O asymmetric stretching and the isolated N-H stretching confirms the reaction of only one amino group of 1,2diaminobenzene and the absence of the formation of the imidazole ring of benzimidazole at 100 °C.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFT-IR spectra confirm the formation of benzimidazole side groups on polysulfone, with the strong C=O asymmetric stretching absorption at 1740 cm-1 in CPSf almost disappearing in PSf-BIm, indicating conversion of almost all carboxylic acid groups into benzimidazole groups.
“These spectral data confirm the formation of benzimidazole side groups on polysulfone.”
- Also stated in: § 3. Results and discussion · hedged
“The strong absorption at 1740 cm À1 due to the C@O asymmetric stretching in CPSf almost disappeared in PSf-BIm, indicating the conversion of almost all of the carboxylic acid groups into benzimidazole groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § 3. Results and discussion · hedged
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe pendant benzimidazole group acts as a bridge or medium to promote proton conduction between sulfonic acid groups of SPEEK under low relative humidity conditions, supporting a Grotthuss-type mechanism in addition to the vehicle-type mechanism.
“The pendant benzimidazole could act as a 'bridge' to promote proton conduction between sulfonic acid groups under low relative humidity conditions.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“The benzimidazole group tethered to the polysulfone backbone acts as a medium through the basic nitrogen for transfer of protons between the sulfonic acid groups of SPEEK, supporting a Grotthuss-type mechanism in addition to the vehicle-type mechanism present among SPEEK.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe thickness of SPEEK and SPEEK/PSf-BIm-190 membranes were kept the same and the electrodes were fabricated in the same manner for all three MEAs to allow good comparison of the intrinsic properties of the three membranes.
“The thickness of SPEEK and SPEEK/ PSf-BIm-190 membranes were kept the same and the electrodes were also fabricated in the same manner for all the three MEAs to have a good comparison of the intrinsic properties of the three membranes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Tethering of benzimidazole to an aromatic polymer backbone had not been pursued before this study.
“However, tethering of benzimidazole to an aromatic polymer backbone has not been pursued before to our knowledge.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Proton conduction in Nafion occurs only under wet conditions, which limits operating temperatures to below 100 °C.
“However, the proton conduction in Nafion occurs only under wet conditions (vehicle-type mechanism), which limits the operating temperatures to <100 °C and necessitates complex external humidification systems.”
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- Authors
- Fu, Y., Manthiram, A., & Guiver, M. D.
- Affiliations
- Texas Materials Institute (US)
- National Research Council Canada (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Manthiram, Arumugam
- Venue
- Electrochemistry Communications
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-08
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1386-1390
- ISSN
- 1388-2481 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2023275328
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 8.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Electrochemistry Communications (publishedVersion)
- NPARC (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Welch Foundation (F-1254)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Fuel Cells and Related Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Membrane Separation and Gas Transport
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Advancements in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
- Keywords
- proton exchange membranes, sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone), polysulfone, blend membranes, proton transport, Grotthuss mechanism, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, high-temperature operation, low relative humidity, Nafion 115
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