Cited by 465Thermochemical Biomass Conversion ProcessesAlgal biology and biofuel productionThermal and Kinetic Analysis

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State of art review on conventional and advanced pyrolysis of macroalgae and microalgae for biochar, bio-oil and bio-syngas production

Lee, Xin Jiat, Ong, Hwai Chyuan, Gan, Yong Yang, Chen, Wei-Hsin, Mahlia, Teuku Meurah Indra·2020·Energy Conversion and Management

DOI 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112707

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RETRACTED: Potential carbon dioxide fixation by industrially important microalgae
Sydney, E. B., Sturm, W., de Carvalho, J. C., Thomaz-Soccol, V., Larroche, C., Pandey, A., & Soccol, C. R. (2010) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.088 · Cited by 520
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Biofuels from Microalgae—A Review of Technologies for Production, Processing, and Extractions of Biofuels and Co-Products
Brennan, L., & Owende, P. (2010) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.009 · Cited by 4,894
Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading
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Lignocellulosic biomass: a sustainable platform for the production of bio-based chemicals and polymers
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An overview of the chemical composition of biomass
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Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis: A review of product properties and effects of pyrolysis parameters
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Cultivation, photobioreactor design and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: A critical review
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Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass: A review of subcritical water technologies
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Effect of process parameters on production of biochar from biomass waste through pyrolysis: A review
Tripathi, M., Sahu, J. N., & Ganesan, P. (2016) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.122 · Cited by 1,759

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Optimization of Process Parameters for Conventional Pyrolysis of Algal Biomass into Bio–Oil and Bio–Char Production
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“Biomass is a more sustainable source of energy, as transportation costs are low, it is easier to handle and there is a better understanding of the product [9].”
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Microalgae consortia cultivation using effluents for bioproduct manufacture
Magro, F. G., Freitag, J. F., Bergoli, A., Cavanhi, V. A. F., & Colla, L. M. (2021) · Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology · doi:10.1007/s11157-021-09587-9 · Cited by 25
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In depth thermokinetic investigation on Co-pyrolysis of low-rank coal and algae consortium blends over CeO2 loaded hydrotalcite (MgNiAl) catalyst
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Bio-fuel production from catalytic microwave-assisted pyrolysis of the microalgae Schizochytrium limacinum in a tandem catalytic bed
Rossi, R. A. D. S., Dai, L., Barrozo, M. A. S., Vieira, L. G. M., Hori, C. E., Cobb, K., Chen, P. L., & Ruan, R. R. (2023) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.147223 · Cited by 24
Pyrolysis of macroalgal biomass: A comprehensive review on bio-oil, biochar, and biosyngas production
Bouaik, H., Madihi, S., Harfi, M. E., Khiraoui, A., Aboulkas, A., & harfi, K. E. (2025) · Sustainable Chemistry One World · doi:10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100050 · Cited by 23
Pyrolysis of microalgae biomass over carbonate catalysts
Ferreira, A. F., & Dias, A. P. S. (2020) · Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1002/jctb.6506 · Cited by 23
Thermokinetics of production of biochar from crop residues: an overview
Len, T., Bressi, V., Balu, A. M., Kulik, T. V., Korchuganova, O., Palianytsia, B. B., Espro, C., & Luque, R. (2022) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d2gc02631g · Cited by 23
Pyrolysis of macroalgae: Insight into product yields and biochar morphology and stability
Petersen, H. I., Deskur, H., Rudra, A., Ørberg, S. B., Krause‐Jensen, D., & Sanei, H. (2024) · International Journal of Coal Geology · doi:10.1016/j.coal.2024.104498 · Cited by 25
Hydrothermal liquefaction − A sustainable technique for present biofuel generation: Opportunities, challenges and future prospects
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Optimal parameters and structural composition of bio-oil and biochar from intermediate pyrolysis of red algal biomass
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Algal biorefinery: a potential solution to the food–energy–water–environment nexus
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Biochar as a Sustainable Adsorbent for Heavy Metal Removal From Polluted Waters: A Comprehensive Outlook
Velusamy, K., Periyasamy, S., Dharneesh, S., Duvakeesh, G. K., Gizaw, D. G., & Vijayashankar, T. (2024) · Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1155/joch/8217730 · Cited by 26
Pyrolytic oil from biomass, plastics, and tires: Production, properties, and tailored upgrading strategies for sustainable application
Lv, S., Wu, Z., Yang, J., Zhao, W., Gao, A., Gao, W., Yu, Y., & Zhang, S. (2025) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2025.116480 · Cited by 23
Microwave catalytic co-pyrolysis of microalgae and high density polyethylene over activated carbon supported bimetallic: Characteristics and bio-oil analysis
Fan, D., Yang, R., Chen, C., Qiu, S., He, S., & Shi, H. (2024) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2024.121323 · Cited by 21
Development of Full-Cycle Utilization of Chlorella sorokiniana Microalgae Biomass for Environmental and Food Purposes
Politaeva, N. A., Smyatskaya, Y. A., Afif, R. A., Pfeifer, C., & Mukhametova, L. R. (2020) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en13102648 · Cited by 22
A comprehensive investigation on Spirulina platensis – Part I: Cultivation of biomass, thermo–kinetic modelling, physico–chemical, combustion and emission analyses of bio–oil blends in compression ignition engine
Nagarajan, R., Dharmaraja, J., Shobana, S., Sermarajan, A., Nguyen, D. D., & Murugavelh, S. (2021) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2021.105231 · Cited by 21
Machine learning-based prediction model for the yield of nitrogen-enriched biomass pyrolysis products: Performance evaluation and interpretability analysis
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Low-carbon biofuels from macroalgae towards a sustainable circular bioeconomy and green future
Joshiba, G. J., Nagarajan, D., Rathinam, B., & Chien, J.-R. C. (2024) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107389 · Cited by 20
A comprehensive review on co-pyrolysis of biomass, plastics, and waste tires: Mechanistic insights, synergistic effects, and optimization strategies
Jena, M. K., Liang, R., Dey, S. D., Gao, W., Prabakar, P. C. J., Yin, Y., Kamal, S., Gangawane, K. M., Sivagami, K., Shakir, M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107829 · Cited by 21
Combined effects of earthworms and biochar on PAHs-contaminated soil remediation: A review
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“Slow heating rate and long residence time in slow pyrolysis achieve a high production yield of biochar, while the fast heating rate (10–200 K s−1) and short residence time (0.5−10 s) in fast pyrolysis favors the production of bio-oil (Perego and Bosetti, 2011; Oni et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluential
Algae-based approaches for Holistic wastewater management: A low-cost paradigm
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Current and Future Perspective of Microalgae for Simultaneous Wastewater Treatment and Feedstock for Biofuels Production
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Influence of graphite/alumina on co-pyrolysis of Chlorella vulgaris and polypropylene for producing bio-oil
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Investigating the synergistic driving action of microwave and char-based multi-catalysts on biomass catalytic pyrolysis into value-added bio-products
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Self-citation
Effects of hydrochloric acid washing on the structure and pyrolysis characteristics of tobacco stalk
Liang, M., Yang, T., Zhang, G., Zhang, K., Wang, L., Li, R., He, Y., Wang, J., & Zhang, J. (2021) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-021-01616-5 · Cited by 18
Improving bio-oil chemical profile of seaweeds through anaerobic fermentation pre-treatment
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Chemometric analysis unravelling the effect of key influencing factors on algal biochar yield
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Exploring the evolution, trends and scope of microalgal biochar through scientometrics
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Diatom Biochar Recovered Au(III) Efficiently from Both Synthetic and Real Electroplating Wastewaters
Wang, L., Li, J., Zhong, G., Li, J., Xiao, L., Wang, S., & Tang, Y. (2023) · ACS ES&T Water · doi:10.1021/acsestwater.3c00066 · Cited by 18
Biochar's Influence on Soil Microorganisms: Understanding the Impacts and Mechanisms
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Net zero emission in circular bioeconomy from microalgae biochar production: A renewed possibility
Wu, G., Tham, P. E., Chew, K. W., Munawaroh, H. S. H., Tan, I. S., Wan‐Mohtar, W. A. A. Q. I., Sriariyanun, M., & Show, P. L. (2023) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129748 · Cited by 18
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“Pyrolysis can also effectively convert raw materials into products such as biogas, biofuel and biochar under anaerobic or harsh pyrolysis condi - tions (Lee et al., 2020).”
Characterization of Biochar from Beach-Cast Seaweed and Its Use for Amelioration of Acid Soils
Cárdenas-Aguiar, E., Gascó, G., Lado, M., Méndez, A., Paz‐Ferreiro, J., & González, A. P. (2024) · Land · doi:10.3390/land13060881 · Cited by 18
“In addition, reviews on algal BC production and on the use of algae for bio-oil production, bioenergy and bio-syngas are available [13,19,20] .”
Background
Co-pyrolysis of algae with other carbon-based materials: a review on synergistic products and molecular reaction pathway
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Management of Plastic Wastes through Recent Advanced Pyrolysis Processes
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Microwave-Assisted Conversion of Carbohydrates
Kustov, L. M., Kustov, A. L., & Salmi, T. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27051472 · Cited by 16
“Pyrolysis of macroalgae or microalgae is now considered a robust source of chemicals and energy carriers [50].”
BackgroundInfluential
RETRACTED: Utilization of the Nannochloropsis microalgae biochar prepared via microwave assisted pyrolysis on the mixed biomass fuel pellets
Lu, H., Xie, R., Almoallim, H. S. M., Alharbi, S. A., Jhanani, G. K., Praveenkumar, T. R., Anderson, A., & Xia, C. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.116078 · Cited by 16
Retracted
Isolation and identification of a novel strain of Heveochlorella sp. and presentation of its capacity as biodiesel feedstock
Cui, N., Feng, Y., Xiao, J., Ding, W., Zhao, Y., Yu, X., Xu, J., Li, T., & Zhao, P. (2020) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2020.102029 · Cited by 16
Cleaner production of bio-oil from macroalgae and low-rank coal mixture by pyrolysis in a microwave reactor integrated with a distillation column
Mahfud, M., Ramadhana, A. H., Novita, N. A., Kurniawansyah, F., Sardi, B., Mirzan, M., Mahmudin, L., Ali, A. A., & Indrawan, N. (2024) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2024.134309 · Cited by 15
Microalgae-Based Strategies for Soil Health and Crop Productivity: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Pathways to Climate-Resilient Agriculture
Kabato, W., Hailegnaw, N. S., Chaffamo, T. E., Samuel, A. D., Silva, A. G. S. D. D., & Molnár, Z. (2025) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy15112669 · Cited by 18
“The rich composition of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and unsaturated fatty acids in both macroalgae and microalgae contributes to the production of high-quality biochar, with its physical and chemical properties determining its overall quality [158].”
Volatile Compounds of Algal Biomass Pyrolysis
López-Aguilar, H. A., Quiroz-Cardoza, D., & Pérez-Hernández, A. (2022) · Journal of Marine Science and Engineering · doi:10.3390/jmse10070928 · Cited by 15
Sustainable enhancement of biogas and methane yield of macroalgae biomass using different pretreatment techniques: A mini-review
Olatunji, K. O., Madyira, D. M., & Amos, J. O. (2023) · Energy & Environment · doi:10.1177/0958305x231193869 · Cited by 15
“26 This variation in the biochemical arrangement of different species of green macroalgae will signi ﬁ cantly in ﬂ uence the pretreatment process and the subsequent biogas yield.”
Background
Co-torrefaction and synergistic effect of spent coffee grounds and tea waste for sustainable waste remediation and renewable energy
Lee, K.-T., Gabriela, S., Chen, W., Ong, H. C., Rajendran, S., & Tran, K. (2024) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2024.121181 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Life cycle assessment of ocean-based carbon dioxide removal approaches: A systematic literature review
Delval, M. H., Thonemann, N., Henriksson, P. J. G., Tanzer, S. E., & Behrens, P. (2025) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2025.116091 · Cited by 17
Bio-Oil Production and Characterization from Corn Cob and Sunflower Stem Pyrolysis
Zubiolo, C., Santana, H. E. P., Pereira, L. L., Ruzene, D. S., Silva, D. P., & Freitas, L. D. S. (2023) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.3c03337 · Cited by 15
Sulfur release behavior and sulfur fixation mechanism during biomass microwave co-pyrolysis of Ascophyllum and rice straw
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Valorization of Algal Biomass to Biofuel: A Review
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“Pyrolysis of algal biomass is a thermochemical process (Figure 8) during which the algal biomass is subjected to moderate temperatures in the absence of oxygen to produce valuable end-products such as bio-oil, biochar, and bio-syngas [149–151]. to produce bio-oil via pyrolysis [144,152].”
Circular bioeconomy approaches for sustainability and carbon mitigation in microalgal biorefinery
Nagarajan, D., Lee, D., & Chang, J. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-89855-3.00009-1 · Cited by 14
ALGLIQOL: A two stage integrated process towards synthesis of renewable transportation fuel via catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of lipid enriched microalgae biomass and distillation
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Valorisation of macroalgae for biofuels in Indonesia: an integrated biorefinery approach
Suhartini, S., Pangestuti, M. B., Elviliana, E., Rohma, N. A., Junaidi, M. A., Paul, R., Nurika, I., Rahmah, N. L., & Melville, L. (2024) · Environmental Technology Reviews · doi:10.1080/21622515.2024.2336894 · Cited by 17
Prediction of product properties and identification of key influencing parameters in microwave pyrolysis of microalgae using machine learning
Hou, C., Zheng, X., Song, Y., Yu, Z., Zhang, K., Wang, J., Zhou, X., Zhang, Y., & Shen, Z. (2024) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2024.103662 · Cited by 13
Oyster shell facilitates the green production of nitrogen-doped porous biochar from macroalgae: a case study for removing atrazine from water
Song, L., Cheng, H., Liu, C., Ji, R., Yao, S., Cao, H., Li, Y., Bian, Y., Jiang, X., Ćwieląg‐Piasecka, I., et al. (2024) · Biochar · doi:10.1007/s42773-024-00372-9 · Cited by 13
“…main types of macroalgae, Enteromorpha prolifera and Ulva lactuca , which have higher content of carbohydrates and proteins than other macroalgae (Lee et al. 2020), were selected and co-pyrolyzed with oyster shell, Ostreidae , to obtain NPBs. Batch sorption experiments were conducted to…”
Potential of pyrolyzed and co-pyrolyzed biomass-derived biochar for the removal of ciprofloxacin
Paul, S., & Selvasembian, R. (2024) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106884 · Cited by 13
Effect of supplementing biochar obtained from different wastes on biochemical and yield response of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): An experimental study
Kumari, S., Kumar, V., Kothari, R., & Kumar, P. (2022) · Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102432 · Cited by 13
Two-stage hydrothermal liquefaction of Spirulina: Experimental observations, energy analysis and techno-economic assessment
Pang, H., Feng, Y., Ma, X., Yang, Q., & Li, Z. (2024) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2024.08.017 · Cited by 12
Membrane and Electrochemical Based Technologies for the Decontamination of Exploitable Streams Produced by Thermochemical Processing of Contaminated Biomass
Koutsonikolas, D., Karagiannakis, G. P., Plakas, K. V., Chatzis, V., Skevis, G., Giudicianni, P., Amato, D., Sabia, P., Boukis, Ν., & Stoll, K. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en15072683 · Cited by 12
“In any case, the different nature of organic components strongly affects the pyrolysis products yields and composition, as well as the presence of inorganic elements catalyzing their decomposition pathways [7,19,20].”
Background
Oleaginous yeast, Rhodotorula paludigena CM33, platform for bio-oil and biochar productions via fast pyrolysis
Poopisut, P., Boonyanan, P., Boontawan, P., Sukjit, E., Promsampao, N., Chollacoop, N., Ketudat‐Cairns, M., Pattiya, A., & Boontawan, A. (2023) · Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts · doi:10.1186/s13068-023-02270-x · Cited by 12
“83 m2/g with increasing pyrolysis temperature [29].”
Background
Study of the interaction mechanism between the components of microalgae by thermal behaviors and pyrolysis characteristics
Tang, Z., Chen, Y., Liu, J., Cheng, W. L., Wang, X., Hu, Q., Yang, Y., Yang, H., & Chen, H. (2023) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2023.106333 · Cited by 13
Algae-inspired innovations in biomaterials, biosensors, and photobioreactors for environmental engineering solutions
Sahu, S., Kaur, A., Singh, G., & Arya, S. K. (2024) · Energy Ecology and Environment · doi:10.1007/s40974-024-00349-1 · Cited by 12
“These metabolic processes are contained within the algal cell wall, highlighting the potential of algae as a renewable resource for biodiesel production biochar, and syngas (Lee et al. 2020; Brindhadevi et al. 2021; Elgarahy et al. 2021; Xia et al. 2022).”
Production of valuable platform chemicals through microalgal routes utilizing waste streams
Devi, A., Patil, K., Kumar, A., Gupta, N., Malik, A., & Pabbi, S. (2022) · Bioresource Technology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2022.101071 · Cited by 12
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Occurrences in Biomass Char and Its Mitigation Approaches: A Mini Review
Azman, N. A. N. M. N., Asmadi, M., Amin, N. A. S., Shamjuddin, A., Zainol, M. M., Phaiboonsilpa, N., & Kawamoto, H. (2023) · ChemBioEng Reviews · doi:10.1002/cben.202200031 · Cited by 12
A Comprehensive exploration of jatropha curcas biodiesel production as a viable alternative feedstock in the fuel industry – Performance evaluation and feasibility analysis
Milano, J., Silitonga, A. S., Tiong, S. K., Ong, M. Y., Masudi, A., Hassan, M. H., Nur, T. B., Nurulita, B., Sebayang, A. H., & Sebayang, A. R. (2024) · Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry · doi:10.31603/mesi.10610 · Cited by 12
Experimental Study of the Corrosiveness of Ternary Blends of Biodiesel Fuel
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“Biooil extraction requires high-energy input and intensification process (Lee et al., 2020).”
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Green catalyst innovation: Enhanced Fischer-Tropsch synthesis using potassium-promoted cobalt catalysts supported on pyrolyzed peanut shells and Cladophora Glomerata modified biochars
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Microalgae and Macroalgae for Third-Generation Bioethanol Production
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Self-citation
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Solar Pyrolysis of Spirulina platensis Assisted by Fresnel Lens Using Hydrocalumite-Type Precursors
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Method
Biofuels production using pyrolysis techniques
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Self-citation
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BackgroundMethod
Rough set-based machine learning for prediction of biochar properties produced through microwave pyrolysis
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“This is owing to the difference in biochemical composition of feedstock where algae contain mostly volatile matter and less fixed carbon content than agro-residues and thereby results in lower yield than later [48].”
Microwave-assisted synthesis and functionalization of biochar for environmental remediation: Regulate strategy and application potential
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Upcycling plastic waste into high-value gases via pulsed joule heating for economic and carbon benefits
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Recent Development of Biomass and Plastic Co-Pyrolysis for Syngas Production
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“[27] found that pyrolysis syngas requires no additional upgrading methods compared to bio-oil and char and can be used to directly fuel gas turbines, gas engines, boilers, etc.”
BackgroundMethod
Review - New prospect of algae for sustainable production of lactic acid: Opportunities and challenges
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Authors: Lee, X. J., Ong, H. C., Gan, Y. Y., Chen, W.-H., & Mahlia, T. M. I.
Affiliations: University of Malaya (MY)
University of Technology Sydney (AU)
Tunghai University (TW)
Corresponding author: Ong, Hwai Chyuan
ORCID: Lee, Xin Jiat
Ong, Hwai Chyuan
Gan, Yong Yang
Chen, Wei-Hsin
Mahlia, Teuku Meurah Indra
Venue: Energy Conversion and Management
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-04
Volume: 210
Pages: 112707
ISSN: 0196-8904 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112707
OpenAlex: W3011277252
Cited by: 465
References: 238
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 31
FWCI: 20.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Energy Conversion and Management (publishedVersion)
UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Thermal and Kinetic Analysis
Keywords: seaweed, microalgae, algal biomass, pyrolysis, biochar, bio-oil, bio-syngas, catalytic pyrolysis, co-pyrolysis, hydropyrolysis, microwave pyrolysis, flash pyrolysis, intermediate pyrolysis, biofuel production, energy content

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