Jevons’ Paradox revisited: The evidence for backfire from improved energy efficiency
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Economy-wide rebound effects can be particularly large for general-purpose technologies such as electricity, the steam engine, and the Internet because they can have global spillover effects on industries and labor markets.
“These types of rebound effects can be particularly large for so-called 'general-purpose technologies' such as electricity, the steam engine and the Internet, since these can have global spillover effects on industries and labor markets [111, 112].”
From From Efficiency Gains to Rebound Effects: The Problem of Jevons' Paradox in AI's Polarized Environmental Debate (2025) · cites this paper as [111]
Greater efficiency may increase the production of goods and thus GHG emissions via rebound effects unless industrial actors have sufficient incentives to reduce overall emissions.
“However, it is worth noting that greater efficiency may increase the production of goods and thus GHG emissions (via rebound effects) unless industrial actors have sufficient incentives to reduce overall emissions [748].”
From Tackling climate change with machine learning (2023) · cites this paper as [748]
Aggregate demand continues to rise, confirming the persistence of rebound effects.
“However, aggregate demand continues to rise, confirming the persistence of rebound effects (Sorrell 2009).”
From The ecology of artificial intelligence: energy, water, materials, and land limits of digital systems (2025) · cites this paper as Sorrell 2009
A recurring pattern across the reviewed literature is the contradiction between technological efficiency and aggregate environmental load, often captured by the Jevons paradox.
“A recurring pattern across the reviewed literature is the contradiction between technological efficiency and aggregate environmental load, a dynamic often captured by the Jevons paradox (Sorrell 2009).”
From The ecology of artificial intelligence: energy, water, materials, and land limits of digital systems (2025) · cites this paper as Sorrell 2009
This rebound effect illustrates why efficiency-enabling growth remains inadequate when sustainability strategies focus solely on technological optimization.
“This rebound effect, which illustrates why efficiency-enabling growth remains inadequate when sustainability strategies focus solely on technological optimization (Sorrell 2009), is a key example.”
From The ecology of artificial intelligence: energy, water, materials, and land limits of digital systems (2025) · cites this paper as Sorrell 2009
Governance through efficiency metrics may reproduce rebound effects if not coupled with absolute limits on consumption.
“As Sorrell (2009) warns, governance through efficiency metrics may reproduce rebound effects if not coupled with absolute limits on consumption.”
From The ecology of artificial intelligence: energy, water, materials, and land limits of digital systems (2025) · cites this paper as Sorrell (2009)
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“These types of rebound effects can be particularly large forso-called“general-purposetechnologies” such aselectricity, the steam engine and the Internet, since these can have global spillover effects on industries and labor markets [111, 112].”
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“As Sorrell (2009) warns, governance through efficiency metrics may reproduce rebound effects if not coupled with absolute limits on consumption.”
Influential
- Authors
- Sorrell, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Sorrell, Steve
- ORCID
- Sorrell, Steve
- Venue
- Energy Policy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-04
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1456-1469
- ISSN
- 0301-4215 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1987671618
- Cited by
- 801
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 126 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 11.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- Locations
- Energy Policy (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/G007748/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Energy, Environment, and Transportation Policies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Energy, Environment, Economic Growth
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Climate Change Policy and Economics
- Keywords
- Jevons paradox, rebound effect, energy efficiency, energy consumption, biophysical economics, ecological economics, economic growth, productivity, energy and economic growth, climate policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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