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Multifunctional iron-biochar composites for the removal of potentially toxic elements, inherent cations, and hetero-chloride from hydraulic fracturing wastewater
Open accessAbstract
This paper evaluates a novel sorbent for the removal of potentially toxic elements, inherent cations, and hetero-chloride from hydraulic fracturing wastewater (FWW). A series of iron-biochar (Fe-BC) composites with different Fe/BC impregnation mass ratios (0.5:1, 1:1, and 2:1) were prepared by mixing forestry wood waste-derived BC powder with an aqueous FeCl 3 solution and subsequently pyrolyzing them at 1000 °C in a N 2 -purged tubular furnace. The porosity, surface morphology, crystalline structure, and interfacial chemical behavior of the Fe-BC composites were characterized, revealing that Fe chelated with C O bonds as C O Fe moieties on the BC surface, which were subsequently reduced to a C C bond and nanoscale zerovalent Fe (nZVI) during pyrolysis. The performance of the Fe-BC composites was evaluated for simultaneous removal of potentially toxic elements (Cu(II), Cr(VI), Zn(II), and As(V)), inherent cations (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Ba, and Sr), hetero-chloride (1,1,2-trichlorethane (1,1,2-TCA)), and total organic carbon (TOC) from high-salinity (233 g L −1 total dissolved solids (TDS)) model FWW. By elucidating the removal mechanisms of different contaminants, we demonstrated that Fe-BC (1:1) had an optimal reducing/charge-transfer reactivity owing to the homogenous distribution of nZVI with the highest Fe 0 /Fe 2+ ratio. A lower Fe content in Fe-BC (0.5:1) resulted in a rapid exhaustion of Fe 0 , while a higher Fe content in Fe-BC (2:1) caused severe aggregation and oxidization of Fe 0 , contributing to its complexation/(co-)precipitation with Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ . All of the synthesized Fe-BC composites exhibited a high removal capacity for inherent cations (3.2–7.2 g g −1 ) in FWW through bridging with the C O bonds and cation-π interactions. Overall, this study illustrated the potential efficacy and mechanistic roles of Fe-BC composites for (pre-)treatment of high-salinity and complex FWW.
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“Electron mobility can be effectively improved by graphitic carbon framework and electron-rich sites are evenly distributed over carbon to afford more accessible sites.18”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sun, Y., Yu, I. K. M., Tsang, D. C. W., Cao, X., Lin, D., Wang, L., Graham, N. J. D., Alessi, D. S., Komárek, M., Ok, Y. S., Feng, Y., & Li, X.-D.
- Affiliations
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Zhejiang University (CN)
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (CN)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZ)
- Korea University (KR)
- Harbin Institute of Technology (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Tsang, Daniel C.W.
- Ok, Yong Sik
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environment International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-03
- Volume
- 124
- Pages
- 521-532
- ISSN
- 0160-4120 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2914986679
- Cited by
- 489
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 98 · 2019: 73
- FWCI
- 29.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environment International (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- PolyU (15217818, E-PolyU503/17)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies
- Keywords
- hydraulic fracturing wastewater, nanoscale zero-valent iron, potentially toxic elements, heavy metal removal, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, cation-π interactions, saline wastewater, total organic carbon removal, pyrolysis, co-precipitation
- MeSH terms
- Hydraulic Fracking, Adsorption, Cations, Charcoal, Chlorides, Iron, Oxidation-Reduction, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Wastewater
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