Greenspace and human microbiota: a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Potential effect of greenspace exposure on human microbiota have been explored by a number of observational and interventional studies, but the results remained mixed. We comprehensively synthesized these studies by performing a systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. METHODS: Comprehensive literature searches in three international databases (PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science) and three Chinese databases (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and China Biology Medicine disc) were conducted from inception to November 1, 2023. Observational and interventional studies that evaluated associations between greenspace exposure and human microbiota at different anatomical sites were included. Studies were assessed using the National Toxicology Program's office of Health Assessment and Translation risk of bias tool and certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework. Two authors independently performed study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment, and evidence grading. Study results were synthesized descriptively. RESULTS: Twenty studies, including 11 observational studies and 9 interventional studies, were finally included into the systematic review. The microbiota of the included studies was from gut (n = 13), skin (n = 10), oral cavity (n = 5), nasal cavity (n = 5) and eyes (n = 1). The majority of studies reported the associations of greenspace exposure with increased diversity (e.g., richness and Shannon index) and/or altered overall composition of human gut (n = 12) and skin microbiota (n = 8), with increases in the relative abundance of probiotics (e.g., Ruminococcaceae) and decreases in the relative abundance of pathogens (e.g., Streptococcus and Escherichia/Shigella). Due to limited number of studies, evidence concerning greenspace and oral, nasal, and ocular microbiota were still inconclusive. CONCLUSION: The current evidence suggests that greenspace exposure may diversify gut and skin microbiota and alter their composition to healthier profiles. These findings would be helpful in uncovering the potential mechanisms underlying greenspace and human health and in promoting a healthier profile of human microbiota.
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Lifestyle behaviors such as dietary habits, physical activity, and exposure to natural environments modulate the adult microbiome and thereby influence mental well-being.
“In parallel, lifestyle behaviors such as dietary habits (Aslam et al., 2026), physical activity (Min et al., 2024), and exposure to natural environments (Zhang et al., 2024) act as powerful modulators of the adult microbiome, thereby influencing mental well-being.”
From Psychobiotics in mental health: insights from human clinical trials via the gut-brain axis (2026) · cites this paper as Zhang et al., 2024
The review reports associations between greenspace exposure and changes in human microbiota (Abstract, p. 1) and describes possible mechanisms (Section 4.3, pp. 14–15). It does not establish that those microbiota changes influence mental well-being; its proposed pathway instead runs from reduced psychological stress to altered gut microbiota. The Zhang citation attaches to natural-environment exposure, not the separately cited diet and physical-activity claims. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Zhang, Y.-D., Zhou, G.-L., Wang, L., Browning, M. H. E. M., Markevych, I., Heinrich, J., Knibbs, L. D., Zhao, T., Ding, Y., Chen, S., Liu, K.-K., Dadvand, P., Dong, G.-H., & Yang, B.-Y.
- Affiliations
- Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
- Clemson University (US)
- Jagiellonian University (PL)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Helmholtz Munich (DE)
- Texas A&M University (US)
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Yang, Bo-Yi
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environment International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-05
- Volume
- 187
- Pages
- 108662
- ISSN
- 0160-4120 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4394858101
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 1.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environment International (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PuSH - Publication Server of Helmholtz Zentrum München (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Centres de Recerca de Catalunya (CEX2018-000806-S)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81872582, 81972992)
- Generalitat de Catalunya (CEX2018-000806-S)
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2019-2023, CEX2018-000806-S)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Urban Green Space and Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- green space exposure, human microbiota, gut microbiota, skin microbiome, oral microbiota, nasal microbiota, ocular microbiome, microbial diversity, probiotics, pathogenic bacteria, Ruminococcaceae, Streptococcus, Escherichia-Shigella
- MeSH terms
- Environmental Exposure, Humans, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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