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Urinary metabolite concentrations of organophosphorous pesticides, bisphenol A, and phthalates among pregnant women in Rotterdam, the Netherlands: The Generation R study
Open accessAbstract
Concern about potential health impacts of low-level exposures to organophosphorus (OP) pesticides, bisphenol A (BPA), and phthalates among the general population is increasing. We measured levels of six dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites of OP pesticides, a chlorpyrifos-specific metabolite (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, TCPy), BPA, and 14 phthalate metabolites in urine samples of 100 pregnant women from the Generation R study, the Netherlands. The unadjusted and creatinine-adjusted concentrations were reported, and compared to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and other studies. In general, these metabolites were detectable in the urine of the women from the Generation R study and compared with other groups, they had relatively high-level exposures to OP pesticides and several phthalates but similar exposure to BPA. The median concentrations of total dimethyl (DM) metabolites was 264.0 n mol/g creatinine (Cr) and of total DAP was 316.0 n mol/g Cr. The median concentration of mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) was 222.0 microg/g Cr; the median concentrations of mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) were above 50 microg/g Cr. The median concentrations of the three secondary metabolites of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were greater than 20 microg/g Cr. The data indicate that the Generation R study population provides a wide distribution of selected environmental exposures. Reasons for the relatively high levels and possible health effects need investigation.
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“MEP (222 µg/g CR) was the predominant phthalate metabolite found in urine samples of pregnant women from the Netherlands (Generation R study) [110].”
From A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures (2019) · cites this paper as [110]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ye, X., Pierik, F. H., Hauser, R., Duty, S., Angerer, J., Park, M. M., Burdorf, A., Hofman, A., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Mackenbach, J. P., Steegers, E. A. P., Tiemeier, H., & Longnecker, M. P.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (NL)
- Harvard University (US)
- Simmons University (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- United States Department of Health and Human Services (US)
- Corresponding author
- Longnecker, Matthew P.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-10
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 260-267
- ISSN
- 0013-9351 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2628162
- OpenAlex
- W2094833185
- Cited by
- 307
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 13.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Environmental Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- ZonMw
- Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam
- National Institutes of Health
- Erasmus+
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30ES000002, Z01ES101575)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- organophosphorus pesticides, bisphenol A, phthalates, urinary metabolites, dialkyl phosphate metabolites, chlorpyrifos, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, monoethyl phthalate, mono-isobutyl phthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites, low-level environmental exposure, pregnant women, Generation R Study, Rotterdam
- MeSH terms
- Bisphenol A Compounds, Adolescent, Adult, Benzhydryl Compounds, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Female, Gestational Age, Humans, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Netherlands, Organophosphorus Compounds, Pesticides, Phenols, Phthalic Acids, Pregnancy, Cohort Studies, Maternal Exposure, Tandem Mass Spectrometry
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