Multiple environmental chemical exposures to lead, mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls among childbearing-aged women (NHANES 1999–2004): Body burden and risk factors
Open accessAbstract
Background Lead, mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are neurotoxicants with intergenerational health consequences from maternal body burden and gestational exposures. Little is known about multiple chemical exposures among childbearing-aged women.Objectives To determine the percentage of women aged 16-49 of diverse races and ethnicities whose body burdens for all three xenobiotics were at or above the median; to identify mixed exposures; and to describe those women disproportionately burdened by two or more of these chemicals based on susceptibility- and exposure-related attributes, socioeconomic factors and race-ethnicity.Methods Secondary data analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2004).Results The best-fit logistic regression model without interactions contained 12 variables. Four risk factors associated with body burden were notable (P≤0.05). An exponential relationship was demonstrated with increasing age. Any fish consumption in past 30 days more than doubled the odds. Heavy alcohol consumption increased the relative risk. History of breastfeeding reduced this risk. These women were more likely to have two xenobiotics at or above the median than one. More than one-fifth of these childbearing-aged women had three xenobiotic levels at or above the median.Conclusions These findings are among the first description of US childbearing-aged women's body burden and risk factors for multiple chemical exposures. This study supports increasing age, any fish consumption and heavy alcohol consumption as significant risk factors for body burden. History of breastfeeding lowered the body burden. Limited evidence was found of increased risk among minority women independent of other risk factors.
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Even lower levels of exposure to NDL PCBs might adversely influence neuronal connectivity in the developing brain of genetically susceptible individuals, such as those with heritable deficiencies in MeCP2, FRMP, or miR132-dependent signaling.
“However, in light of recently published reports documenting widespread exposure of childbearing-aged women living in the United States to PCBs (Thompson and Boekelheide, 2013), even lower levels of exposure to NDL PCBs might adversely influence neuronal connectivity in the developing brain of genetically susceptible individuals, such as those with heritable deficiencies in MeCP2, FRMP, or miR132-”
From The Environmental Neurotoxicant PCB 95 Promotes Synaptogenesis via Ryanodine Receptor-Dependent miR132 Upregulation (2014) · cites this paper as Thompson and Boekelheide, 2013
Environmental chemicals that have been implicated as risk factors for ASD include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), lead, bisphenol A (BPA), mercury, and pesticides.
“Environmental chemicals that have been implicated as risk factors for ASD include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), lead, bisphenol A (BPA), mercury, and pesticides ( Tables 1–2 ) [ 52–62 ].”
From DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders? (2016) · cites this paper as [58]
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“However, in light of recently published reports documenting widespread exposure of childbearing-aged women living in the United States to PCBs (Thompson and Boekelheide, 2013), even lower levels of exposure to NDL PCBs might adversely influence neuronal connectivity in the developing brain of…”
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- Authors
- Thompson, M. R., & Boekelheide, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Rhode Island (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Thompson, Marcella Remer
- Venue
- Environmental Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 121
- Pages
- 23-30
- ISSN
- 0013-9351 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3578119
- OpenAlex
- W2073799941
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 3.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Environmental Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Journal of Media Literacy Education (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
- Delta
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Mercury impact and mitigation studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Keywords
- lead, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, multiple chemical exposure, body burden, prenatal exposure, fish consumption, alcohol consumption, breastfeeding, age, race and ethnicity, socioeconomic factors, neurotoxicants, intergenerational health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Body Burden, Breast Feeding, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Ethnicity, Female, Fish Products, Food Contamination, Humans, Lead, Mercury, Middle Aged, Minority Groups, Nutrition Surveys, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Xenobiotics, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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