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Cited by 148Urban Green Space and HealthChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentEnvironmental Justice and Health Disparities

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The role of public and private natural space in children's social, emotional and behavioural development in Scotland: A longitudinal study

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Richardson, Elizabeth A., Pearce, Jamie, Shortt, Niamh K., Mitchell, Richard·2017·Environmental Research
DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.038PMC PMC5571194
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Abstract

Introduction Poor mental health in childhood has implications for health and wellbeing in later life. Natural space may benefit children's social, emotional and behavioural development. We investigated whether neighbourhood natural space and private garden access were related to children's developmental change over time. We asked whether relationships differed between boys and girls, or by household educational status. Methods We analysed longitudinal data for 2909 urban-dwelling children (aged 4 at 2008/9 baseline) from the Growing Up in Scotland (GUS) survey. The survey provided social, emotional and behavioural difficulty scores (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)), and private garden access. Area (%) of total natural space and parks within 500 m of the child's home was quantified using Scotland's Greenspace Map. Interactions for park area, total natural space area, and private garden access with age and age 2 were modelled to quantify their independent contributions to SDQ score change over time. Results Private garden access was strongly related to most SDQ domains, while neighbourhood natural space was related to better social outcomes. We found little evidence that neighbourhood natural space or garden access influenced the trajectory of developmental change between 4 and 6 years, suggesting that any beneficial influences had occurred at younger ages. Stratified models showed the importance of parks for boys, and private gardens for the early development of children from low-education households. Conclusion We conclude that neighbourhood natural space may reduce social, emotional and behavioural difficulties for 4–6 year olds, although private garden access may be most beneficial.

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Fig. 1 The predicted trajectory of SDQ Total Difficulties score change between ages 4 and 6 for children from high education families, with and without garden access.
Fig. 1 The predicted trajectory of SDQ Total Difficulties score change between ages 4 and 6 for children from high education families, with and without garden access.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Authors
Richardson, E. A., Pearce, J., Shortt, N. K., & Mitchell, R.
Affiliations
  • University of Edinburgh (GB)
  • University of Glasgow (GB)
Corresponding author
Richardson, Elizabeth A.
ORCID
Venue
Environmental Research
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2017-10
Volume
158
Pages
729-736
ISSN
0013-9351 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.038
PMC
PMC5571194
OpenAlex
W2739715552
Cited by
148
References
43
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 2
FWCI
5.31
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Environmental Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
  • Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
European Research Council (ERC, 2010, StG, Grant, 263501)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Green Space and Health
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Environmental Justice and Health Disparities
Keywords
social, emotional and behavioural difficulties, parks, urban green space, child mental health, sex differences
MeSH terms
Child Behavior, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Emotions, Environment, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Residence Characteristics, Scotland, Sex Factors, Social Class

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