Prenatal air pollution exposure is associated with inflammatory, cardiovascular, and metabolic biomarkers in mothers and newborns
Open accessAbstract
Background Prenatal air pollution exposure has been associated with individual inflammatory, cardiovascular, and metabolic biomarkers in mothers and neonates. However, studies of air pollution and a comprehensive panel of biomarkers across maternal and cord blood samples remain limited. Few studies used data-driven methods to identify biomarker groupings that converge biomarkers from multiple biological pathways. This study aims to investigate the impacts of prenatal air pollution on groups of biomarkers in maternal and cord blood samples. Methods In the Maternal And Developmental Risks from Environmental and Social Stressors (MADRES) cohort, 87 biomarkers were quantified from 45 trimester 1 maternal blood and 55 cord blood samples. Pregnancy and trimester 1-averaged concentrations of particulate matter ≤2.5 μm and ≤10 μm in diameter (PM 2.5 and PM 10), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), and ozone (O 3) were estimated, using inverse distance squared weighted spatial interpolation from regulatory air monitoring stations. Traffic-related NO x was assessed using California Line Source Dispersion Model: freeway/highway roads, non-freeway major roads, non-freeway minor roads, and their sum as total NOx. Elastic Net (EN) regression within the rexposome R package was used to group biomarkers and assess their associations with air pollution. Results In maternal samples, trimester 1-averaged PM 10 was associated with elevated inflammation biomarkers and lowered cardiovascular biomarkers. NO 2 exhibited positive associations with cardiovascular and inflammation markers. O 3 was inversely associated with inflammation, metabolic, and cardiovascular biomarkers. In cord blood, pregnancy-averaged PM 2.5 was associated with higher cardiovascular biomarkers and lower metabolic biomarkers. PM 10 was associated with lower inflammation and higher cardiovascular biomarkers. Total and major road NOx was associated with lower cardiovascular biomarkers. Conclusion Prenatal air pollution exposure was associated with changes in biomarkers related to inflammation, cardiovascular, metabolic, cancer, and neurological function in both mothers and neonates. This study shed light on mechanisms by which air pollution can influence biological function during pregnancy.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Maternal inflammatory and endothelial pathways may affect placental perfusion and fetal vascular development.
“In trimester-specific analyses, prenatal air pollution was associated with inflammatory, cardiovascular and metabolic biomarkers in mothers and newborns, supporting maternal inflammatory and endothelial pathways that may affect placental perfusion and fetal vascular development [86].”
From Placental Pathophysiology and Developmental Programming of Adult Cardiometabolic Risk: A Narrative Review of Pregnancy Exposures (2026) · cites this paper as [86]
Prenatal air pollution is associated with inflammatory, cardiovascular and metabolic biomarkers in mothers and newborns.
“In trimester-specific analyses, prenatal air pollution was associated with inflammatory, cardiovascular and metabolic biomarkers in mothers and newborns, supporting maternal inflammatory and endothelial pathways that may affect placental perfusion and fetal vascular development [86].”
From Placental Pathophysiology and Developmental Programming of Adult Cardiometabolic Risk: A Narrative Review of Pregnancy Exposures (2026) · cites this paper as [86]
Cites
Regularization and Variable Selection Via the Elastic Net
Zou, H., & Hastie, T. (2005) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9868.2005.00503.x · Cited by 20,957 · see citing works
Macrophage Cytokines: Involvement in Immunity and Infectious Diseases
Arango Duque, G., & Descoteaux, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00491 · Cited by 2,708 · see citing works
Racial/ethnic disparities in pregnancy-related deaths — United States, 2007–2016
Petersen, E. E., Davis, N. L., Goodman, D., Cox, S., Syverson, C., Seed, K., Shapiro-Mendoza, C., Callaghan, W. M., & Barfield, W. (2019) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6835a3 · Cited by 880 · see citing works
Oxidative stress and air pollution exposure
Lodovici, M., & Bigagli, E. (2011) · Journal of Toxicology · doi:10.1155/2011/487074 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
Neuron-Specific Enolase as a Biomarker: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects
Isgrò, M. A., Bottoni, P., & Scatena, R. (2015) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_9 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Oxidative stress pathways of air pollution mediated toxicity: Recent insights
Gangwar, R. S., Bevan, G. H., Palanivel, R., Das, L. M., & Rajagopalan, S. (2020) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2020.101545 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Effect of Particulate Matter Air Pollution on Cardiovascular Oxidative Stress Pathways
Rao, X., Zhong, J., Brook, R. D., & Rajagopalan, S. (2017) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2017.7394 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Johnson, N. M., Hoffmann, A. R., Behlen, J. C., Lau, C., Pendleton, D., Harvey, N., Shore, R., Li, Y., Chen, J., Tian, Y., et al. (2021) · Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12199-021-00995-5 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Ambient Air Pollution and Pregnancy-Induced Hypertensive Disorders
Pedersen, M., Stayner, L. T., Slama, R., Sørensen, M., Figueras, F., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Raaschou‐Nielsen, O., & Dadvand, P. (2014) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03545 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
A review of inflammatory mechanism in airway diseases
Aghasafari, P., George, U. Z., & Pidaparti, R. M. V. (2018) · Inflammation Research · doi:10.1007/s00011-018-1191-2 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Matrix Metalloproteinases in Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia
Chen, J., & Khalil, R. A. (2017) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.04.001 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Mantzoros, C. S., Rifas‐Shiman, S. L., Williams, C. J., Fargnoli, J. L., Kelesidis, T., & Gillman, M. W. (2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0343 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
A review of the development and application of the CALINE3 and 4 models
Benson, P. E. (1992) · Atmospheric Environment Part B Urban Atmosphere · doi:10.1016/0957-1272(92)90013-i · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Tumor Markers In Biological Fluids Associated With Pregnancy
Sarandakou, A., Protonotariou, E., & Rizos, D. (2007) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.1080/10408360601003143 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Air pollution exposure during pregnancy and spontaneous abortion and stillbirth
Grippo, A., Zhang, J., Chu, L., Guo, Y., Qiao, L., Zhang, J., Myneni, A. A., & Mu, L. (2018) · Reviews on Environmental Health · doi:10.1515/reveh-2017-0033 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Preterm birth and exposure to air pollutants during pregnancy
Llop, S., Ballester, F., Estarlich, M., Esplugues, A., Rebagliato, M., & Íñiguez, C. (2010) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2010.09.009 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Prenatal Exposure to Traffic-related Air Pollution and Risk of Early Childhood Cancers
Ghosh, J. K., Heck, J. E., Cockburn, M., Su, J. G., Jerrett, M., & Ritz, B. R. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwt129 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Baïz, N., Slama, R., Béné, M. C., Charles, M.-A. A., Kolopp‐Sarda, M., Magnan, A., Thiébaugeorges, O., Faure, G. C., & Annesi‐Maesano, I. (2011) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/1471-2393-11-87 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Environmental exposures and development
Mattison, D. R. (2010) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0b013e32833779bf · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Decreased Cord-Blood Phospholipids in Young Age–at–Onset Type 1 Diabetes
Torre, D. L., Seppänen‐Laakso, T., Larsson, H. E., Hyötyläinen, T., Ivarsson, S. A., Lernmark, Å., Orešič, M., & and the DiPiS Study Group (2013) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-0215 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Molecular and cellular mechanisms linking air pollution and bone damage
Prada, D., López, G., Solleiro-Villavicencio, H., García-Cuellar, C., & Baccarelli, A. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109465 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Bastain, T. M., Chavez, T., Habre, R., Girguis, M. S., Grubbs, B. H., Toledo‐Corral, C. M., Amadeus, M., Farzan, S. F., Al-Marayati, L. A., Lerner, D. L., et al. (2019) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2330-7 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationAir pollution exposure in association with maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy
Zhao, Y. M., Cao, Z., Li, H., Su, X., Yang, Y., Liu, C., & Hua, J. (2018) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.078 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Kim, D. H., Lim, H., Lee, D., Choi, S. J., Oh, W., Yang, Y. S., Oh, J. S., Hwang, H. H., & Jeon, H. B. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18542-0 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Increased Myeloperoxidase in the Placenta and Circulation of Women With Preeclampsia
Gandley, R. E., Rohland, J. R., Zhou, Y., Shibata, E., Harger, G. F., Rajakumar, A., Kagan, V. E., Marković, N., & Hubel, C. A. (2008) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.107532 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Nobles, C. J., Williams, A., Ouidir, M., Sherman, S. J., & Mendola, P. (2019) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.12731 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Gheissari, R., Liao, J., Garcia, E., Pavlovic, N., Gilliland, F. D., Xiang, A. H., & Chen, Z. (2022) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics10080458 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Friedman, C., Dabelea, D., Thomas, D. S. K., Peel, J. L., Adgate, J. L., Magzamen, S. L., Martenies, S. E., Allshouse, W. B., & Starling, A. P. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111165 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Mozzoni, P., Iodice, S., Persico, N., Ferrari, L., Pinelli, S., Corradi, M., Rossi, S., Miragoli, M., Bergamaschi, E., Bollati, V., et al. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.113216 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Ozone Exposure During Pregnancy and Risk of Gestational Hypertension or Preeclampsia in China
Cheng, Y., Wang, P., Zhang, L., Shi, H., Li, J., Meng, X., Xiao, X., Dai, H., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.6347 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Comprehensive study of the exposome and omic data using rexposome Bioconductor Packages
Hernandéz-Ferrer, C., Wellenius, G. A., Tamayo, I., Basagaña, X., Sunyer, J., Vrijheid, M., & González, J. R. (2019) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btz526 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Matrix Metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 Occupy a New Role in Severe Preeclampsia
Владимировна, Т. Е., Strizhakov, A. N., Ibragimova, S., Gitel, E. P., Игнатко, И. В., Belousova, V. S., & Zafiridi, N. (2020) · Journal of Pregnancy · doi:10.1155/2020/8369645 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Buxton, M. A., Meraz‐Cruz, N., Sánchez, B. N., Gronlund, C. J., Foxman, B., Vadillo‐Ortega, F., & O’Neill, M. S. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.041 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Miron-Celis, M., Talarico, R., Villeneuve, P. J., Crighton, E., Stieb, D. M., Stanescu, C., & Lavigne, É. (2023) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-023-00974-z · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Myeloperoxidase in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Its Relation With Nitric Oxide
Rocha-Penha, L., Caldeira-Dias, M., Tanus-Santos, J. E., Cavalli, R. D. C., & Sandrim, V. C. (2017) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08854 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Lower circulation levels and activity of α-1 Antitrypsin in pregnant women with severe preeclampsia
Twina, G., Sheiner, E., Shahaf, G., Salem, S. Y., Madar, T., Baron, J., Wiznitzer, A., Mazor, M., Holcberg, G., & Lewis, E. C. (2012) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.3109/14767058.2012.705397 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Low levels of circulating alpha-1 antitrypsin are associated with spontaneous abortions
Madar, T., Shahaf, G., Sheiner, E., Brazg, J., Levinson, J. B., Salem, S. Y., Twina, G., Baron, J., Mazor, M., Holcberg, G., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.3109/14767058.2013.801955 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Coagulation abnormalities and bleeding in pregnancy: an anesthesiologist's perspective
Yoon, H.-J. (2019) · Anesthesia and Pain Medicine · doi:10.17085/apm.2019.14.4.371 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Avery's Diseases of the Newborn
(2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2020-0-02133-x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Colicino, E., Cowell, W., Pedretti, N. F., Joshi, A., Oulhote, Y., Just, A. C., Kloog, I., Petrick, L. M., Niedzwiecki, M. M., Wright, R. O., et al. (2022) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107320 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Perrin, E. M., O’Shea, T. M., Skinner, A. C., Bose, C. L., Allred, E. N., Fichorova, R. N., van der Burg, J. W., & Leviton, A. (2017) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/pr.2017.313 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Zhang, D., Du, Q., Djemli, A., Julien, P., Fraser, W. D., & Luo, Z. (2018) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.13671 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Critical windows of perinatal particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and preadolescent kidney function
Rosa, M. J., Politis, M. D., Tamayo‐Ortiz, M., Colicino, E., Pantic, I., Estrada‐Gutiérrez, G., Tolentino‐Dolores, M., Espejel-Núñez, A., Solano-González, M., Kloog, I., et al. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.112062 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ashley‐Martin, J., Karaceper, M. D., Dodds, L. A., Arbuckle, T. E., Ettinger, A. S., Fraser, W. D., Muckle, G., Monnier, P., Fisher, M. M., & Kuhle, S. (2019) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12587 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Santos, J. X., Sampaio, P., Rasga, C., Martiniano, H., Faria, C., Café, C., Oliveira, A., Duque, F., Oliveira, G., Sousa, L., et al. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.115795 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ambient Air Pollution and Preeclampsia
Hu, H. Z., Bian, J., & Zhao, J. (2020) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13269 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ambient air pollution during pregnancy and cardiometabolic biomarkers in cord blood
Friedman, C., Dabelea, D., Bloemsma, L. D., Thomas, D. S. K., Peel, J. L., Adgate, J. L., Magzamen, S., Martenies, S. E., Allshouse, W. B., & Starling, A. P. (2022) · Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ee9.0000000000000203 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
CA125: a novel cardiac biomarker for infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Schroeder, L., Pugnaloni, F., Dolscheid‐Pommerich, R., Geipel, A., Berg, C., Holdenrieder, S., Mueller, A., & Kipfmueller, F. (2022) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-022-02130-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Yen, H.-C., Lin, C., Lin, M., Hsu, Y.-C., & Lin, Y.-H. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2022.837101 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Leptin as a Predictor of Incident Asthma in Offspring of Obese Mothers
Rastogi, D., & Lang, J. E. (2020) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.202008-1000ed · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Laskowska, M. (2017) · MOJ Women s Health · doi:10.15406/mojwh.2017.04.00099 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Neonatal cord serum alpha 2-macroglobulin and fetal size at birth
Cliver, S., Goldenberg, R. L., Neel, N. R., Tamura, T., Johnston, K. E., & Hoffman, H. J. (1993) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/0378-3782(93)90146-l · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 56 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Syama, K. P., Blais, E., & Kumarathasan, P. (2025) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178999 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Chen, P., & Hanlon, B. (2025) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2025.105320 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Air pollution, metabolic signatures, and the risk of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Wang, Y., Tian, F., Qian, Z. M., Feng, J., Wang, X., McMillin, S. E., Howard, S. W., & Lin, H. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178409 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kahroba, H., Krauskopf, J., Briedé, J. J., Nawrot, T. S., & de Kok, T. M. C. M. (2025) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-025-01238-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Shi, C., Li, L., Sun, Y., Liu, S., & Zhou, Y. (2026) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202503819r · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Itziou, A., Michou, V., Lakioti, E., & Karayannis, V. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16041898 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Yu, Y., Li, Y., Gao, X., Fan, W., Bai, X., Li, X., Zhou, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, Q., et al. (2025) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.123623 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Panteris, E., Kakatsaki, I., Koukou, Z., Kolvatzis, C., Papanikolaou, S., & Hatzidaki, E. (2026) · Pathophysiology · doi:10.3390/pathophysiology33030067
Gong, X., Xu, Y., Tu, Y., Yuan, C., Zheng, Z., Song, F., Rao, M., Liu, Y., & Wang, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1625071
Shen, J., Wei, Q., Wang, L., Jin, Y., Qin, Y., Meng, R., Hu, Z., Hu, Q., Han, Z., Wei, Q., et al. (2026) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5c16521
Oh, J., Lee, J. H., Kim, H., Jeong, K. S., Kim, Y., Hong, Y.-C., Park, C., & Ha, E. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142225
Shajravi, A., Chamani, A., Sobhanardakani, S., & Zamanpour, Z. (2026) · International Journal of Environmental Health Research · doi:10.1080/09603123.2026.2701102
Environmental Pollution, Maternal Mental Health, and Pregnancy Outcomes in Low-Resource Communities
Kim, D. (2026) · American journal of student research. · doi:10.70251/hyjr2348.44356363
Wei, S., Wu, X., Li, G., Xue, W., Xu, Q., Shi, X., Guo, J., Zhao, J., Wang, X., Fang, M., et al. (2026) · Environment & Health · doi:10.1021/envhealth.6c00293
Nakhaee, N., & Samari, M. (2026) · Journal of Translational Medical Research · doi:10.66224/jbums.33.48
- Authors
- Ji, N., Eckel, S. P., Foley, H., Yang, T., Lurmann, F., Grubbs, B. H., Habre, R., Bastain, T. M., Farzan, S. F., & Breton, C. V.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Breton, Carrie V.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-07
- Volume
- 252
- Issue
- Pt 1
- Pages
- 118797
- ISSN
- 0013-9351 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11156540
- OpenAlex
- W4393282992
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6
- FWCI
- 2.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 277 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Environmental Research (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- US Environmental Protection Agency (83615801\u20130)
- National Institutes of Health (R01ES027409, UH3OD023287, P50MD015705, P50 ES026086, P30ES007048)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Environmental Justice and Health Disparities
- Keywords
- prenatal air pollution exposure, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, inflammatory markers, cardiovascular biomarkers, metabolic biomarkers, umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, pregnancy, neonates, MADRES cohort
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, California, Female, Fetal Blood, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Inflammation, Nitrogen Dioxide, Ozone, Pregnancy, Biomarkers, Maternal Exposure, Particulate Matter, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review