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Cited by 53Schizophrenia research and treatmentMental Health and PsychiatryMental Health Research Topics

Exploring depression in schizophrenia

Maggini, Carlo, Raballo, Andrea·2006·European Psychiatry
DOI 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.07.001
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Abstract

Background: A consistent amount of empirical research suggests that depression, besides interfering with quality of life and social functioning, may influence other symptom dimensions in schizophrenia, thus constituting an important domain for treatment strategies, outcome, and prognosis. Aim. –: This study investigated the factorial structure of the Calgary depression scale for schizophrenia (CDSS) in a sample of schizophrenic patients and explored the relationships between such factors, major symptom dimensions and subjective experiences. Methods: One hundred and sixty-one subjects were examined to assess the severity of schizophrenic symptoms (scored according to the five-dimensional model of Toomey et al. [28]), the distress due to the subjective experience of negative symptoms, and the degree of subjectively-felt cognitive-affective vulnerability (i.e. basic symptoms). Results: Principal component analysis revealed CDSS to include three main factors, namely: “depression-hopelessness” (factor I), “guilty idea of reference-pathological guilt” (factor II) and “early wakening” (factor III). Whereas the last factor did not correlate with any of the other psychopathological domains, the first two factors revealed multiple correlations with both diagnostic symptoms and subjective experiences. Conclusions: The results confirm the threefold factorial structure of the CDSS previously reported by the authors of the scale and could shed further light on the psychopathological nature of the components of depression in schizophrenia. The specific correlation patterns with diagnostic and subjective psychopatholgy substantiate the clinical distinction between a general depression factor (“depression-hopelessness”) and a cognitive-guilt factor (“guilty idea of reference-pathological guilt”).

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  • Depression and anxiety are strongly associated with positive symptoms, negative symptoms, psychotic relapses and impaired social function, and are among the best symptom predictors of quality of life outcomes in people with SSDs.

    “Depression and anxiety are strongly associated with positive symptoms,2,3,5–7,9 negative symptoms,2,8 psychotic relapses3,9 and impaired social function,3,5,9 and are among the best symptom predictors of quality of life outcomes in people with SSDs.2–9”

    From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychotic Symptoms in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: The Mediating Roles of Rumination and Negative Emotion (2022) · cites this paper as [2]

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Authors
Maggini, C., & Raballo, A.
Affiliations
University of Parma (IT)
Corresponding author
Maggini, Carlo
ORCID
Raballo, Andrea
Venue
European Psychiatry
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2006-06
Volume
21
Issue
4
Pages
227-232
ISSN
  • 0924-9338 (ISSN-L)
  • 1778-3585
DOI
10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.07.001
OpenAlex
W2003563174
Cited by
53
References
25
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 4
FWCI
1.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 5068 d)
Locations
  • European Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords
depression in schizophrenia, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia, factor structure, hopelessness, negative symptoms, psychopathological dimensions, subjective experience
MeSH terms
Adult, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Italy, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Severity of Illness Index, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Principal Component Analysis

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