The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Awareness and Use of ChatGPT and Large Language Models: A Prospective Cross-sectional Global Survey in Urology
Abstract
Background Since its release in November 2022, ChatGPT has captivated society and shown potential for various aspects of health care.Objective To investigate potential use of ChatGPT, a large language model (LLM), in urology by gathering opinions from urologists worldwide.Design, setting, and participants An open web-based survey was distributed via social media and e-mail chains to urologists between April 20, 2023 and May 5, 2023. Participants were asked to answer questions related to their knowledge and experience with artificial intelligence, as well as their opinions of potential use of ChatGPT/LLMs in research and clinical practice.Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Data are reported as the mean and standard deviation for continuous variables, and the frequency and percentage for categorical variables. Charts and tables are used as appropriate, with descriptions of the chart types and the measures used. The data are reported in accordance with the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES).Results and limitations A total of 456 individuals completed the survey (64% completion rate). Nearly half (47.7%) reported that they use ChatGPT/LLMs in their academic practice, with fewer using the technology in clinical practice (19.8%). More than half (62.2%) believe there are potential ethical concerns when using ChatGPT for scientific or academic writing, and 53% reported that they have experienced limitations when using ChatGPT in academic practice.Conclusions Urologists recognise the potential of ChatGPT/LLMs in research but have concerns regarding ethics and patient acceptance. There is a desire for regulations and guidelines to ensure appropriate use. In addition, measures should be taken to establish rules and guidelines to maximise safety and efficiency when using this novel technology.Patient summary A survey asked 456 urologists from around the world about using an artificial intelligence tool called ChatGPT in their work. Almost half of them use ChatGPT for research, but not many use it for patients care. The resonders think ChatGPT could be helpful, but they worry about problems like ethics and want rules to make sure it's used safely.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Recent international surveys indicate that more than 80% of university students have used generative AI tools for academic purposes”
From From adoption to interaction: examining human-GenAI engagement patterns, ethical tensions, and educational trade-offs in nursing education (2026) · cites this paper as [20]
Citations
Cites
ChatGPT for Good? On Opportunities and Challenges of Large Language Models for Education
Kasneci, E., Seßler, K., Küchemann, S., Bannert, M., Dementieva, D., Fischer, F., Gasser, U., Groh, G., Günnemann, S., Hüllermeier, E., et al. (2023) · doi:10.35542/osf.io/5er8f · Cited by 7,552
ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education
Kasneci, E., Sessler, K., Küchemann, S., Bannert, M., Dementieva, D., Fischer, F., Gasser, U., Groh, G., Günnemann, S., Hüllermeier, E., et al. (2023) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102274 · Cited by 7,326
Kung, T. H., Cheatham, M., Medenilla, A., Sillos, C., De Leon, L., Elepaño, C., Madriaga, M., Aggabao, R., Diaz-Candido, G., Maningo, J., et al. (2023) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000198 · Cited by 4,115
ChatGPT: five priorities for research
van Dis, E. A. M., Bollen, J., Zuidema, W., van Rooij, R., & Bockting, C. L. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-023-00288-7 · Cited by 1,842
Benefits, Limits, and Risks of GPT-4 as an AI Chatbot for Medicine
Lee, P., Bubeck, S., & Petro, J. (2023) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsr2214184 · Cited by 1,738
Social media and health care professionals: benefits, risks, and best practices.
(2014) · PubMed Central · Cited by 1,011
ChatGPT and other large language models are double-edged swords
Shen, Y., Heacock, L., Elias, J., Hentel, K. D., Reig, B., Shih, G., & Moy, L. (2023) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.230163 · Cited by 1,008
What ChatGPT and generative AI mean for science
Stokel-Walker, C., & Van Noorden, R. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-023-00340-6 · Cited by 828
Social Media: A Review and Tutorial of Applications in Medicine and Health Care
Grajales III, F. J., Sheps, S., Ho, K., Novak-Lauscher, H., & Eysenbach, G. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2912 · Cited by 737
Generating scholarly content with ChatGPT: Ethical challenges for medical publishing
Liebrenz, M., Schleifer, R., Buadze, A., Bhugra, D., & Smith, A. (2023) · The Lancet Digital Health · doi:10.1016/s2589-7500(23)00019-5 · Cited by 594
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Cacciamani, 2021, Asking “Dr. Google” for a second opinion: the devil is in the details. Eur Urol, Focus, 7, 479
- Cacciamani GE, Eppler MB, Ganjavi C, et al. Development of the ChatGPT, Generative Artificial Intelligence and Natural Large Language Models for Accountable Reporting and Use (CANGARU) guidelines. arXiv preprint. https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.08974. · arXiv
Cited by
Sorted by citations
ChatGPT awareness, acceptance, and adoption in higher education: The role of trust as a cornerstone
Shahzad, M. F., Xu, S., & Javed, I. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-024-00478-x · Cited by 274
“In the context of ChatGPT, awareness encompasses understanding its capabilities, applications, and limitations (Eppler et al., 2023).”
BackgroundKıyak, Y. S., & Emekli, E. (2024) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1093/postmj/qgae065 · Cited by 169
Miao, J., Thongprayoon, C., Suppadungsuk, S., Garcia Valencia, O. A., Qureshi, F., & Cheungpasitporn, W. (2023) · Clinics and Practice · doi:10.3390/clinpract14010008 · Cited by 111
“%) thinking there are potential ethical concerns when using ChatGPT for scientific or academic writing [38].”
BackgroundHershenhouse, J. S., Mokhtar, D., Eppler, M., Rodler, S., Ramacciotti, L. S., Ganjavi, C., Hom, B. M., Davis, R. J., Tran, J., Russo, G. I., et al. (2024) · Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases · doi:10.1038/s41391-024-00826-y · Cited by 102
“…attendings and residents through social media channels and to those who had previously given their consent to be contacted for future research after participating in a survey on the use of GPT in urology, fi ndings of which were published in European Urology [16] available Sep 8-Oct 22, 2023.”
Self-citationLarge language model use in clinical oncology
Carl, N., Schramm, F., Haggenmüller, S., Kather, J. N., Hetz, M. J., Wies, C., Michel, M. S., Wessels, F., & Brinker, T. J. (2024) · npj Precision Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41698-024-00733-4 · Cited by 85
“TrustintheaccuracyofLLM-generatedinformationissplit,with 29.6%ofparticipantsexpressingbothtrustandscepticism 65 .”
InfluentialBalaskas, S., Tsiantos, V., Chatzifotiou, S., & Rigou, M. (2025) · Information · doi:10.3390/info16020082 · Cited by 81
“Usani Joseph Ofem et al. [43] and Michael Eppler et al. [44] turn their attention to ethical considerations, studying the positive perceptions of ChatGPT in its use for purposes of deception in Nigeria and the ethical considerations raised by urologists worldwide.”
Ganjavi, C., Eppler, M., O’Brien, D., Ramacciotti, L. S., Ghauri, M. S., Anderson, I., Choi, J., Dwyer, D., Stephens, C., Shi, V., et al. (2024) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000596 · Cited by 73
Self-citationHuang, Y., Wu, R., He, J., & Xiang, Y. (2024) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.14.04070 · Cited by 72
“Consequently, it has been widely applied and researched across various domains [3–5], including academic research [6–8], health care analytics [9–11], and education [12,13].”
BackgroundDevelopment and Evaluation of a Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Model Framework for Ophthalmology
Luo, M.-J., Pang, J., Bi, S., Lai, Y., Zhao, J., Shang, Y., Cui, T., Yang, Y., Lin, Z., Zhao, L., et al. (2024) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2024.2513 · Cited by 70
Mishra, T., Sutanto, E., Rossanti, R., Pant, N., Ashraf, A., Raut, A., Uwabareze, G., Oluwatomiwa, A., & Zeeshan, B. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-81370-6 · Cited by 54
“This is in contrast to Eppler et al.‘s earlier study 16 , where nearly half of the respondents reported having used LLMs in their academic practice.”
InfluentialQuality of information and appropriateness of Open AI outputs for prostate cancer
Lombardo, R., Gallo, G., Stira, J., Turchi, B., Santoro, G., Riolo, S., Romagnoli, M., Cicione, A. M., Tema, G., Pastore, A. L., et al. (2024) · Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases · doi:10.1038/s41391-024-00789-0 · Cited by 54
“…Pretrained Transformer), a natural language processing (NLP) tool created by Open-AI, can potentially be used as a quick source for obtaining information related to various medical conditions due to its potential to ef fi ciently handle extensive data and generate comprehensive outputs [6].”
Ahn, S. (2024) · The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology · doi:10.4196/kjpp.2024.28.5.393 · Cited by 51
Kim, S.-J. (2024) · Science Editing · doi:10.6087/kcse.343 · Cited by 42
Dai, Q., Li, M., Yang, M., Shi, S., Wang, Z., Liao, J., Li, Z., Weinan, E., Tao, L., & Tang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/75343 · Cited by 58
“Recent multinational surveys reported that approximately 40% of researchers and urologists had used AI chatbots [10,40].”
Embracing the future: Integrating ChatGPT into China’s nursing education system
Ni, Z., Peng, R., Zheng, X., & Xie, P. (2024) · International Journal of Nursing Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijnss.2024.03.006 · Cited by 35
“A large language model (LLM) is a deep learning model with a sizable number of parameters that can produce natural language text after automatically learning a language ’ s grammar and semantic rules [2,3].”
BackgroundChatGPT in Academic Writing: A Scientometric Analysis of Literature Published Between 2022 and 2023
Lendvai, G. F. (2025) · Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics · doi:10.1177/15562646251350203 · Cited by 56
Tosun, B., & Yilmaz, Z. S. (2025) · Journal of Dental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jds.2025.01.025 · Cited by 33
“34 Further efforts are needed to enhance LLMs’ performance on knowledge-based questions and improve their contextual understanding and clinical reasoning for case-based scenarios.”
Niño, A. P., Perez, V. G., Secco, S., Nunzio, C. D., Lombardo, R., Tikkinen, K. A. O., & Elterman, D. (2024) · Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases · doi:10.1038/s41391-024-00847-7 · Cited by 32
“A survey, conducted among urologists between April and May 2023, revealed that ~20% had utilized ChatGPT in clinical settings, 56% believed in its potential to aid in clinical decision-making, and more than half suspected that this might be used by their patients for self-management [8].”
Rodler, S., Cei, F., Ganjavi, C., Checcucci, E., BACKER, P. D., BELENCHON, I. R., Taratkin, M. S., Puliatti, S., Veccia, A., Piazza, P., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0324175 · Cited by 31
Self-citationAttitude and utilization of ChatGPT among registered nurses: A cross‐sectional study
Lin, H., Liao, L., Wang, Y., & Chang, L. (2024) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/inr.13012 · Cited by 31
Baumgärtner, K., Byczkowski, M., Schmid, T., Muschko, M., Woessner, P., Gerlach, A., Bonekamp, D., Schlemmer, H., Hohenfellner, M., & Görtz, M. (2024) · European Urology Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.euros.2024.08.022 · Cited by 27
“Recently, ChatGPT, a large language model (LLM) developed by OpenAI, gained increasing attention from urologists and has the potential to be a source of information for health issues [14–16].”
BackgroundSuitability of GPT-4o as an evaluator of cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills examinations
Wang, L., Mao, Y., Wang, L., Sun, Y., Song, J., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110404 · Cited by 29
Estimating the quality of published medical research with ChatGPT
Thelwall, M. A., Jiang, X., & Bath, P. A. (2025) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2025.104123 · Cited by 32
“Although ChatGPT is now widely used to support academic research (Eppler et al., 2024; Owens, 2023), and it has been systematically evaluated for natural language processing tasks like question answering, sentiment analysis, and text summarisation ( Kocoń et al., 2023 ) it has sometimes been…”
How is ChatGPT acknowledged in academic publications?
Kousha, K. (2024) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-024-05193-y · Cited by 23
“From 456 urologists questioned, 82% used ChatGPT for brainstorming and 58% for writing (Eppler et al., 2024) and from 229 medical journal authors, a quarter (24”
Yan, Z., Fan, K.-Q., Zhang, Q., Wu, X., Chen, Y., Wu, X., Yu, T., Su, N., Zou, Y., Chi, H., et al. (2025) · World Journal of Urology · doi:10.1007/s00345-025-05757-4 · Cited by 24
ChatGPT and generative AI in urology and surgery—A narrative review
Qin, S., Chislett, B., Ischia, J. J., Ranasinghe, W. K. B., Silva, D. D., Coles‐Black, J., Woon, D. T. S., & Bolton, D. M. (2024) · BJUI Compass · doi:10.1002/bco2.390 · Cited by 25
“22 Our group has used AI technology in developing similar chatbots in urologic surgery.”
Evaluating interactions of patients with large language models for medical information
Carl, N., Haggenmüller, S., Wies, C., Nguyen, L., Winterstein, J. T., Hetz, M. J., Mangold, M. H., Hartung, F. O., Grüne, B., Holland‐Letz, T., et al. (2025) · British Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/bju.16676 · Cited by 25
“Speci fi cally, half of urologists surveyed believe that LLMs could enhance patient education and support clinical decision-making [9].”
Visual extended reality tools in image-guided surgery in urology: a systematic review
Checcucci, E., Piana, A., Volpi, G., Quarà, A., CILLIS, S. D., Piramide, F., Burgio, M., Mézière, J., Cisero, E., Colombo, M., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-024-06699-6 · Cited by 23
Self-citationGökçimen, T., & Daş, B. (2025) · Alexandria Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.aej.2025.03.030 · Cited by 25
Tsai, C.-Y., Hsieh, S.-J., Huang, H.-H., Deng, J., Huang, Y., & Cheng, P. (2024) · World Journal of Urology · doi:10.1007/s00345-024-04957-8 · Cited by 24
“A global survey indicated that while nearly half of the urologists use Chat-GPT for research, fewer apply it to patient care [8].”
Robinson, E. J., Qiu, C. X., Sands, S., Khan, M. I., Vora, S., Oshima, K., Nguyen, K., DiFronzo, L. A., Rhew, D. C., & Feng, M. I. (2024) · World Journal of Urology · doi:10.1007/s00345-024-05399-y · Cited by 23
Role of artificial intelligence in medical image analysis
Wang, L., Zhang, S., Xu, N., He, Q., Zhu, Y., Chang, Z., Wu, Y., Wang, H., Qi, S., Zhang, L., et al. (2025) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/cm9.0000000000003824 · Cited by 20
“[78] Furthermore, the sensitive nature of patient data, including protected health information and unpublished data, presents a significant risk of information leakage when data are used as input for LLMs.”
Registered Nurses' Attitudes Towards ChatGPT and Self‐Directed Learning: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Chang, L., Wang, Y., Lin, H., & Liao, L. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.16519 · Cited by 21
A survey analysis of the adoption of large language models among pathologists
Laohawetwanit, T., Pinto, D. G., & Bychkov, A. (2024) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1093/ajcp/aqae093 · Cited by 18
Pinto, V. B. P., de Azevedo, M. F., Wroclawski, M. L., Gentile, G., Jesus, V. L. M., de Bessa, J., Nahas, W. C., Sacomani, C. A. R., Sandhu, J. S., & Gomes, C. M. (2024) · Neurourology and Urodynamics · doi:10.1002/nau.25442 · Cited by 15
“11 The advent of ChatGPT has marked a significant advancement in the application of AI in the medical field, where rapid access to accurate information can be critical.”
BackgroundSelf-citationOpen E-survey on the Use and Perception of Chatbots in Vascular Surgery
Lareyre, F., D’Oria, M., Caradu, C., Jongkind, V., Lorenzo, G. D., Smeds, M. R., Nasr, B., Raffort, J., Enzmann, F., de Borst, G. J., et al. (2024) · EJVES Vascular Forum · doi:10.1016/j.ejvsvf.2024.07.037 · Cited by 17
Generative AI in Critical Care Nephrology: Applications and Future Prospects
Cheungpasitporn, W., Thongprayoon, C., Ronco, C., & KASHANI, K. B. (2024) · Blood Purification · doi:10.1159/000541168 · Cited by 19
“Generative AI is promising in assisting with literature reviews and academic writing [17, 18].”
Transitioning from “Dr. Google” to “Dr. ChatGPT”: the advent of artificial intelligence chatbots
Checcucci, E., Rodler, S., Piazza, P., Porpiglia, F., & Cacciamani, G. E. (2024) · Translational Andrology and Urology · doi:10.21037/tau-23-629 · Cited by 12
“Currently, there is a notable and rapid uptake of LLMs by urologists, primarily for research purposes but also increasingly in clinical practice (19).”
Self-citationRinderknecht, E., von Winning, D., Kravchuk, A. P., Schäfer, C., Schnabel, M. J., Siepmann, S., Mayr, R., Grassinger, J., Goßler, C., Pöhl, F., et al. (2024) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol31110520 · Cited by 10
“Nonetheless, 56% of respondents believed that ChatGPT and other LLMs hold potential value for clinical decision-making, with approximately 20% having already incorporated ChatGPT into their workflows [7].”
InfluentialGenerative artificial intelligence in oncology
Ganjavi, C., Melamed, S., Biedermann, B. M., Eppler, M., Rodler, S., Layne, E., Cei, F., Gill, I. S., & Cacciamani, G. E. (2025) · Current Opinion in Urology · doi:10.1097/mou.0000000000001272 · Cited by 10
“These strengths extend across urologic oncology and lay the groundwork for future developments in healthcare.”
Self-citationAsker, Ö. F., Recai, M. S., Genç, Y. E., Dogan, K. A., Şener, T. E., & Şahin, B. (2025) · British Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/bju.16873 · Cited by 11
“It has been reported that medical students and urologists across various levels of seniority, ranging from fi rst-year residents to consultants, utilise LLMs as tools for acquiring medical information [2,3].”
MED-ChatGPT CoPilot: a ChatGPT medical assistant for case mining and adjunctive therapy
Liu, W., Kan, H., Jiang, Y., Geng, Y., Nie, Y., & Yang, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1460553 · Cited by 11
“Additionally, LLMs have demonstrated potential in various medical fields such as radiology, ophthalmology, medical insurance, and urology (15–18).”
BackgroundRinderknecht, E., Schmelzer, A., Kravchuk, A. P., Goßler, C., Breyer, J., Gilfrich, C. P., Burger, M., Engelmann, S. U., Saberi, V., Kirschner, C., et al. (2025) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol32020102 · Cited by 9
“As highlighted in previous studies [13,14,20], even the most advanced LLMs require human validation to mitigate potential inaccuracies or biases.”
Generative artificial intelligence powered chatbots in urology
Khawaja, Z., Adhoni, M. Z. U., & Byrnes, K. G. (2025) · Current Opinion in Urology · doi:10.1097/mou.0000000000001280 · Cited by 9
Cei, F., Ganjavi, C., Layne, E., Hussari, T., Gevorkyan, R., Eppler, M., Piazza, P., Rodler, S., Checcucci, E., Rivas, J. G., et al. (2025) · Minerva Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.23736/s2724-6051.25.06133-6 · Cited by 10
Self-citationA typology of physician input approaches to using AI chatbots for clinical decision-making
Siden, R., Kerman, H. M., Gallo, R. J., Cool, J. A., Hom, J., Goh, E., Ahuja, N. K., Heidenreich, P. A., Shieh, L. Y., Yang, D. X., et al. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02184-y · Cited by 11
Jaber, S. A., Hasan, H. E., Alzoubi, K. H., & Khabour, O. F. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41331 · Cited by 9
“In a global study conducted on 456 urologists, about half of participants have reported using ChatGPT in their research [31].”
Wang, Y., Yang, S., Zeng, C., Xie, Y. C., Shen, Y., Li, J., Huang, X., Wei, R.-L., & Chen, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1546706 · Cited by 8
Grossmann, N. C., Panthier, F., Afferi, L., Kallidonis, P. S., & Somani, B. K. (2025) · Current Opinion in Urology · doi:10.1097/mou.0000000000001271 · Cited by 7
“With increasing complexity conditions [ 36].”
Self-citationGallo, M. L., Moriconi, M., & Phé, V. (2025) · Minerva Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.23736/s2724-6051.25.06195-6 · Cited by 7
May, M., Körner-Riffard, K., Kollitsch, L., Burger, M., Brookman-May, S. D., Rauchenwald, M., Marszalek, M., & Eredics, K. (2024) · Urologia Internationalis · doi:10.1159/000537854 · Cited by 9
“An investigation into the current landscape of LLM utilization among urologists delves into the usage, opinions, and experiences of practitioners worldwide regarding ChatGPT [20].”
Lei, P., Liang, R., Zhao, A., Sun, R., Yi, F., Zhong, J., Li, R., Zhu, S., Zhang, S., & Wu, S. (2024) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000001775 · Cited by 7
“While there are reports of individuals relying on ChatGPT for medical diagnosis, there are also studies exhibiting that LLMs can generate mis-leading information that impacts the accuracy of physicians ’ diagnoses [45 – 47] .”
Kousha, K., & Thelwall, M. (2026) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-026-05601-5 · Cited by 10
Liu, H., Peng, J., Li, L., Deng, A., Huang, X., Yin, G., & Luo, H. (2025) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/66429 · Cited by 6
“Although the responses of the LLMs in this study did not inadvertently leak sensitive information and were based on general medical knowledge and standardized recommendations, some studies have shown that LLMs may inadvertently memorize and disclose original data in their responses [28,29].”
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Men’s Health Clinic Efficiency and Clinic Billing
Kinachtchouk, N., & Canes, D. (2024) · Current Urology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11934-024-01252-2 · Cited by 6
“In a recent survey of 456 Urologists from around the world, fewer than 20% reported using ChatGPT/LLM in their clinical practice [38].”
Self-citationRamacciotti, L. S., Cei, F., Hershenhouse, J. S., Mokhtar, D., Rodler, S., Gill, K. S., Strauss, D., Medina, L. G., Cai, J., Abreu, A. L., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1097/ju.0000000000004199 · Cited by 6
Self-citationLarge Language Models in der Wissenschaft
Kowalewski, K., & Rodler, S. (2024) · Die Urologie · doi:10.1007/s00120-024-02396-2 · Cited by 5
Self-citationGÜRBÜZ, T., Gokmen, O., Devranoğlu, B., Yurci, A., & MADENLİ, A. A. (2024) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-024-04031-8 · Cited by 4
“By employing sophisticated algorithms, AI can provide rapid, comprehensive analyses of existing guidelines, identify gaps in knowledge, and suggest evidence-based updates [12, 13].”
Artificial Intelligence in Surgical Research: Transformative Impacts and Evolving Ethical Challenges
Morris, M. X., Rustom, F., Chun, B. D., Limon, D., Raghavan, N., Guo, L., & Rajesh, A. (2025) · The American Surgeon · doi:10.1177/00031348251409740 · Cited by 4
“32,33 For surgeon-investigators, the meaningful impact of AI lies not in abstract technological potential but in its practical applications to common study formats, as with retrospective cohort analyses, National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (NSQIP) reviews, institutional EMR studies, and…”
Beyond the hype: Unveiling the challenges of large language models in urology
Kwong, J. C. C., Nguyen, D., Khondker, A., & Li, T. (2024) · Canadian Urological Association Journal · doi:10.5489/cuaj.8987 · Cited by 4
The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Urologic Oncology: Current Insights and Challenges
Cicchetti, R., Amparore, D., Tamborino, F., Tătaru, O. S., Ferro, M., Digiacomo, A., Litterio, G., Orsini, A., Granata, S., Campi, R., et al. (2025) · Research and Reports in Urology · doi:10.2147/rru.s526184 · Cited by 4
Trust and Trustworthiness: Privacy Protection in the ChatGPT Era
Yu, S., Carroll, F., & Bentley, B. L. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-76473-8_6 · Cited by 4
Zhao, Z., Li, Z., & Yu, N. (2023) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2023.12.006 · Cited by 4
Tudy, R. A., Chin, C. K., Gabales, B., & Tudy, I. (2025) · The Palawan Scientist · doi:10.69721/tps.j.2025.17.2.02 · Cited by 4
Gu, J., Liu, J., Zeng, L., Yu, Y., Qiu, Y., Yue, Y., Tong, M., Yang, F., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-06358-2 · Cited by 5
Liao, L., Lai, I., & Chang, L. (2025) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.70108 · Cited by 3
Safety and security of large language models in healthcare
Clusmann, J., Freyer, O., Ostermann, M., Ferber, D., Laleh, N. G., Hilgers, L., Kolbinger, F. R., Schneider, C. V., Downing, A., Wekenborg, M., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10687-1 · Cited by 5
The Current State of Artificial Intelligence for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Murad, L., Layne, E., Ganjavi, C., Gill, I. S., Desai, M., Zorn, K. C., & Cacciamani, G. E. (2025) · European Urology Focus · doi:10.1016/j.euf.2025.07.004 · Cited by 3
Self-citationEppler, M., Ganjavi, C., Abreu, A. L., Gill, I. S., & Cacciamani, G. E. (2024) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2023.12.007 · Cited by 3
Self-citationSong, Y., & Xu, T. (2024) · World Journal of Urology · doi:10.1007/s00345-024-05256-y · Cited by 3
Miller, H. A., Goodin, D. A., & Frieboes, H. B. (2025) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2025.109096 · Cited by 2
The Use and Perceptions of AI Chatbots in Medical Research: An International Cross-Sectional Survey
Alturaiki, H. M., Khamees, M. M. A., Alradhi, H. A., Alharbi, O. T., Kefi, F. Z., Alali, G. A., Bello, F., Shahzad, T., & Ramadan, A. H. A. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.100908 · Cited by 2
“Studies highlight both promise and limitations: ChatGPT-generated texts often score lower on plagiarism checks and produce coherent writing, yet semantic errors, fabricated references, and concerns about accuracy and ethics persist [7-11].”
InfluentialDuwe, G., Moench, K., Kauth, V., Angeloni, M., Eckhoff, J., Görtz, M., Hoefert, S., Kocar, T. D., Kollitsch, L., Mehralivand, S., et al. (2026) · Die Urologie · doi:10.1007/s00120-026-02778-8 · Cited by 2
Santarelli, V., Lombardo, R., Romagnoli, M., Sequi, M. B., Coppola, L. M., Rosato, E., CILLIS, S. D., Checcucci, E., Amparore, D., Ragonese, M., et al. (2026) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdag041 · Cited by 2
Self-citationGao, H., Kumar, J., Kumari, J., Huang, J., & Kumar, D. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-46175-9 · Cited by 3
“For AI tools, awareness is about knowing or understanding their capabilities, uses, and limitations 41 .”
Opportunities and challenges of human large language models in surgery: a bibliometric analysis
Luo, Z., Wei, J., & Zhou, R. (2023) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000000970 · Cited by 2
“Ethical guidelines and legal regulations must govern their use in surgical decision-making, ensuring patient informed consent and data con fi dentiality [5] .”
BackgroundImplications of using conversational robots (chatbots) in uro-oncology
NIEVA-POSSO, D. A., Nieva‐Posso, D. A., & García‐Perdomo, H. A. (2024) · Canadian Urological Association Journal · doi:10.5489/cuaj.8762 · Cited by 3
“%) believe there are ethical limitations to using ChatGPT, especially as support in research[38].”
BackgroundInfluentialArtificial Intelligence in Urology—A Survey of Urology Healthcare Providers
Ho, Y.-T., Dhalas, R. R., Zohair, M., Deb, S., Shoaib, M., Elmer, S., Tareq, A. H. M. I., Fareed, T., Zico, N. R., Hamid, A. R. A. H., et al. (2025) · Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal · doi:10.3390/siuj6040053 · Cited by 2
Self-citationChatGPT promotes healthcare: current applications and potential challenges – correspondence
Li, J., Bao, Y.-Y., Yang, Y., & Mao, C. (2024) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000001354 · Cited by 1
“It has been reported that ChatGPT is widely discussed and used in medical fi elds such as urology and psychiatry [5,6] , where it contributes to enhancing the work experience of healthcare professionals.”
BackgroundRinderknecht, E., Alexa, R., Carl, N., Goertz, M., Wessels, F., & Borgmann, H. (2025) · Die Urologie · doi:10.1007/s00120-025-02651-0 · Cited by 1
Use of and confidence in YouTube and ChatGPT in surgical teaching and training
Tajsic, S., Stjern-Vik, I., Meknas, D., & Harbitz, M. B. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-07992-0 · Cited by 3
“59% of the participants felt that ChatGPT could not be used in clinical care due to the lack of validation [19].”
Determinants of ChatGPT adoption and educational level gap: evidence from Bangladesh
Akter, M. S., Yeasmin, F., Golder, U., & Islam, M. T. (2026) · Asian Education and Development Studies · doi:10.1108/aeds-10-2025-0531 · Cited by 1
Wang, Z., Dai, Q., Yang, M., Shi, S., Liao, J., Li, Z., Dai, X., & Tao, L. (2026) · JAMIA Open · doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooag154 · Cited by 1
Panthier, F., Crawford‐Smith, H., Alvarez, E., Melchionna, A., Velinova, D., Mohamed, I., Price, S., Choong, S. K. S., Arumuham, V., Allen, S., et al. (2024) · World Journal of Urology · doi:10.1007/s00345-024-05311-8 · Cited by 1
Expanding the horizons of OpenAI's Sora: Unleashing potential in urology
Li, R., Liang, R., Song, W. C., & Zhang, S. (2024) · Asian Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.asjsur.2024.11.171 · Cited by 1
Transforming Digital Education: ChatGPT in Personalizing Learning and Intelligent Tutoring
Pérez, G. A. J., & Gamboa, A. J. P. (2025) · Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98476-1_12 · Cited by 1
Yang, M., Long, J., He, Y., Meng, R., Ling, C., Long, Q., & Wen, J. (2026) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-026-05132-7
“…80% of university students have used generative AI tools for academic purposes, while healthcare and nursing students increasingly utilize large language models for literature searches, concept clarification, assignment preparation, clinical reasoning exercises, and examination review [20, 23, 28].”
Europeas, C. D. L. C. (1994) · Boletín económico de ICE, Información Comercial Española
Adoption of AI-Powered Chatbots with Large Language Models by PathologistsPreprint
Bychkov, A., Laohawetwanit, T., & Pinto, D. G. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.04.05.24305405
Chaoyang, C., Bao, Y.-Y., Yang, Y., & Mao, C. (2024) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2024.02.029
Ortegón, J. D. C., Serrano, S., & Cortes, D. R. (2024) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2024.02.033
Assessing state‐of‐the‐art online large language models for patient education regarding prostatitis
Zhang, P., Wang, H., Li, P., Fu, X., Yuan, H., Ji, H., & Niu, H. (2024) · The Prostate · doi:10.1002/pros.24746
Artificial Intelligence Modeling and Priapism
Pozzi, E., Velasquez, D. A., Varnum, A. A., Kava, B., & Ramasamy, R. (2024) · Current Urology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11934-024-01221-9
“In the field of urology, AI has begun to show promise in enhancing diagnostics and treatment across a range of conditions [5, 9–11].”
杨, 达., 宣, 建., 蒋, 维., & 白, 春. (2024) · 元宇宙医学. · doi:10.61189/010512hlgveq
Transforming Urologic Care: Physician and Patient Insights on AI IntegrationPreprint
Evancho, P., Khan, A. M., Xu, K., Wolinsky, H., & Siddiqui, M. M. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6280598/v1
Siden, R., Kerman, H. M., Gallo, R. J., Cool, J. A., Hom, J., Goh, E., Ahuja, N. K., Heidenreich, P. A., Shieh, L. Y., Yang, D. X., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.07.23.25332002
MacNevin, W., Brown, J., Dawe, N. J., Spooner, J. T. R., Paterson, N. R., Keefe, D. T., & Bell, D. (2025) · UroPrecision · doi:10.1002/uro2.70028
Unveiling the Rise of Artificial Intelligence Studies in Brazil (2021–2025)
Felizardo, L. F., da Silva, L. E., Frogeri, R. F., Prado, L. Á., & Carvalho, E. G. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-1169-3_77
Gabriel, A., Antonoglou, G., Langley, S. E. M., & Gabriel, J. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.103457 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Eppler, M., Ganjavi, C., Ramacciotti, L. S., Piazza, P., Rodler, S., Checcucci, E., Gomez Rivas, J., Kowalewski, K. F., Belenchón, I. R., Puliatti, S., Taratkin, M., Veccia, A., Baekelandt, L., Teoh, J. Y.-C., Somani, B. K., Wroclawski, M., Abreu, A., Porpiglia, F., Gill, I. S., Murphy, D. G., Canes, D., & Cacciamani, G. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico di Sant'Orsola (IT)
- LMU Klinikum (DE)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute (IT)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (IT)
- Sechenov University (RU)
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (IT)
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (BE)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (BR)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Lahey Hospital and Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cacciamani, Giovanni E.
- ORCID
- Eppler, Michael
- Ganjavi, Conner
- Ramacciotti, Lorenzo Storino
- Piazza, Pietro
- Rodler, Severin
- Checcucci, Enrico
- Kowalewski, Karl F.
- Puliatti, Stefano
- Taratkin, Mark
- Veccia, Alessandro
- Baekelandt, Loïc
- Teoh, Jeremy Y.-C.
- Somani, Bhaskar K.
- Wroclawski, Marcelo
- Abreu, Andre
- Porpiglia, Francesco
- Gill, Inderbir S.
- Murphy, Declan G.
- Canes, David
- Cacciamani, Giovanni E.
- Venue
- European Urology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-02
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 146-153
- ISSN
- 0302-2838 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4388347957
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 50
- FWCI
- 4.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Urology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Artificial Intelligence Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Keywords
- ChatGPT, large language models, urologists, artificial intelligence in healthcare, AI use in research, ethical considerations, scientific writing, patient acceptance, urology
- MeSH terms
- Artificial Intelligence, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Language, Prospective Studies, Urology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
