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The Role of Mindfulness in Positive Reappraisal
Open accessAbstract
Mindfulness meditation is increasingly well known for therapeutic efficacy in a variety of illnesses and conditions, but its mechanism of action is still under debate in scientific circles. In this paper, we propose a hypothetical causal model that argues for the role of mindfulness in positive reappraisal coping. Positive reappraisal is a critical component of meaning-based coping that enables individuals to adapt successfully to stressful life events. Mindfulness, as a metacognitive form of awareness, involves the process of decentering, a shifting of cognitive sets that enables alternate appraisals of life events. We review the concept of positive reappraisal in transactional stress and coping theory, then describe research and traditional literature related to mindfulness and positive reappraisal, and detail the central role of mindfulness in the reappraisal process. With this understanding, we present a causal model explicating the proposed mechanism. The discussion has implications for clinical practice, suggesting how mindfulness-based integrative medicine interventions can be designed to support adaptive coping processes.
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“For example, mindfulness may allow one to clear the contents of working memory in preparation for positively reappraising a distressing situation”
From Mindfulness Training Alters Emotional Memory Recall Compared to Active Controls: Support for an Emotional Information Processing Model of Mindfulness (2012) · cites this paper as Garland et al., 2009
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“Earlier, we (2007; Garland et al., 2009) asserted that disengagement from negative appraisals of aversive stimuli in favor of attending to the raw sensorium of present moment experience allows for the generation of new, more adaptive appraisals rather than reprocessing an existing cognitive set already tainted by negative emotional judgments.”
From Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations. (2012) · cites this paper as Garland et al., 2009
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“According to the mindfulness-to-meaning theory [81, 82], this observational stance fosters an expanded attentional space, facilitating reframing situations from novel perspectives through reappraisal [34].”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [82]
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“Based on this framework, the decentered perspective inherent in mindfulness facilitates a shift from automatic, habitual appraisals to more adaptive and flexible interpretations.”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [82]
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“Further, disengaging from the emotional response elicited by these ways of thinking might be eased by the practice of mindfulness [70].”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [70]
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Relationship among Mindfulness, Well-Being and Attention Regulation
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Experienced meditators show greater forward travelling cortical alpha wave strengthsPreprint
Bailey, N. W., Hill, A. T., Godfrey, K. E. M., Perera, M. P. N., Hohwy, J., Corcoran, A. W., Rogasch, N. C., Fitzgibbon, B. M., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.06.09.598110 · Cited by 3
Mindfulness, Competition, and Sports Psychology: A Phenomenological Perspective
Mahalingam, R. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190060800.013.25 · Cited by 2
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“The same may be true for acceptance, which is often considered an important prerequisite for reappraising a situation (Garland et al., 2009, 2017).”
A Reductive Account of Mindfulness as Metacognitive Control
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“…their environment or body in constructive ways, because this explicit training enables them to make constructive implicit appraisals when they face these events outside of training (see, for example, mindfulness and reappraisal protocols for chronic pain; Garland et al. 2014; Garland et al. 2009).”
Spataro, P., Messina, I., Saraulli, D., & Longobardi, E. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104805 · Cited by 2
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Reconciling Cognitive Reappraisal and Body Awareness in a Digital Mindfulness Experience
Vacca, R. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58700-4_51 · Cited by 2
Cain, G. H., Yang, Y., McKee, L. G., Parent, J. M., & Jones, D. J. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02322-9 · Cited by 2
“Indeed, other work has shown that dispo-sitional mindfulness improves positive reappraisal, positive affect, and positive cognitions, each of which likely impacts parents’ positive interactions with their children (Garland et al., 2009, 2015).”
Pham, T. V., Kincade, M., & Vranceanu, A. (2023) · PubMed · Cited by 3
Ayele, F. A., & Barchard, K. A. (2024) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-024-00229-z · Cited by 2
“They also experience more flexible and broad attention so that they are aware of previously unattended contextual information about the stressful event (as shown on the bottom right; [15, 29, 35, 41, 42]).”
Demirhan, O., & Solmaz, S. (2024) · Journal of Human Sciences · doi:10.14687/jhs.v21i4.6508 · Cited by 2
Chua, J. Y. X., Choolani, M. A., Chee, C. Y. I., Yi, H., Lalor, J., Chong, Y. S., & Shorey, S. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/64882 · Cited by 7
“The mindful coping model suggests that practicing mindfulness could help parents to positively reappraise their stressors by viewing previously threatening situations as beneficial [40], thereby helping them to manage their perinatal-related stressors [41] and improve their psychological well-being.”
Zheng, G., Sheng, J., Wang, H., & Xu, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1631792 · Cited by 9
“Cognitive reappraisal and work addiction are negatively related because cognitive reappraisal involves changing one ’ s interpretation of a situation to regulate emotions, helping individuals reframe stressful situations in a more adaptive manner (60).”
Xu, Y., & Tsai, W. (2025) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2025.113355 · Cited by 2
Azad, E., & Ahmadi, T. (2019) · Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia · doi:10.5114/nan.2019.89786 · Cited by 2
“Mindfulness might protect a person against mood dysfunction related to stress, which is one of the quality of life factors, by increasing the cognitive confrontation processes such as positive re-evaluation and enhancing emotion regulation skills such as distress tolerance (Garland et al. 2009).”
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The effect of perceived overqualification on job crafting
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Binary Model of the Dynamics of Active versus Passive Mindfulness in Managing Depression
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“A somewhat different model of mindfulness emphasizes the role of ‘positive reappraisal’ of conditions which pose either a stressor or a threat to an individual [74].”
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Hubungan Trait Mindfulness dan Keterikatan Kerja dengan Melibatkan Peran Mediasi Modal Psikologis
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“Dengan mempersepsikan ulang kejadiankejadian negatif yang dialami, kejadian tersebut dapat dipersepsi secara lebih positif dan bermakna, sehingga individu dapat lebih merasa berharap dan tertantang (Montani dkk, 2016; Garland, Gaylord, & Park, 2009).”
BackgroundPassionate Love Addiction: An Evolutionary Survival Mechanism That Can Go Terribly Wrong
Bolshakova, M., Fisher, H. E., Aubin, H., & Sussman, S. Y. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.026 · Cited by 2
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Parent Stress and Social Skills Development in Children with Developmental Delays
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Mindfulness in the Peacebuilding Process
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Exploring the Relationships Between Mindfulness, Self-compassion, and Ethnic Identity Development
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Exploring the potential relationship between mindfulness and ratings of perceived exertion.
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‘It’s (not) all in the mind’: PhD students’ experiences, well-being, and mindfulness
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Langé, A. (2019) · Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) · doi:10.15126/thesis.00852508 · Cited by 2
Sugiura, M., Katamori, Y., Muratsubaki, T., Shiratori, M., Hanawa, S., Nejad, K. K., Tamura, D., Kawashima, R., & Fukudo, S. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/jketf · Cited by 2
A qualitative study of patient perspectives for a mindfulness-based intervention in lung cancer.
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Kulakaç, N. (2023) · Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1275719 · Cited by 1
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“16 As a positive coping style, and emotion regulation strategy, self-acceptance includes self-evaluation, and the resulting self-experience and attitude, 17 which encompass both psychological and physical attributes.”
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“The Mindful Coping Model (Garland et al., 2009) posits that mindfulness promotes adaptive emotional regulation, particularly cognitive reappraisal, through”
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“This process of disidentification and change of perspective, named re-perceiving, was what Garland et al. (2009) alluded to as the naturally occurring phenomenon preceding the actualization of any cognitive reappraisal.”
Zhu, D.-F., Yu-feng, Y., Wen, J., & Liu, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1589931 · Cited by 1
“Empirical applications of this model span multiple domains: mental health outcomes (Brown et al., 2015), emotion regulation processes (Garland et al., 2009), occupational burnout interventions (Liu et al., 2021), and interpersonal relationship dynamics (Dong et al., 2020).”
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“By cultivating a non-evaluative state, mindfulness enhances cognitive flexibility, thereby improving emotion regulation through reappraisal (Garland, 2007; Garland et al., 2009; Garland et al., 2013; Garland et al., 2010, 2011).”
Bernuzzi, C., Mukerjee, J., Setti, I., O’Shea, D., & Sommovigo, V. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02711-8 · Cited by 1
“…et al., 2017), which helps them feel more in control of external events and prevents them from identifying with negative emotions triggered by stressful events (Garland et al., 2009; Luberto et al., 2014), thereby promoting a focus on concrete and operational solutions (Liang et al., 2022).”
Tung, D. D., & Ramasamy, V. (2026) · Problems and Perspectives in Management · doi:10.21511/ppm.24(1).2026.24 · Cited by 1
Alfayez, H. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1738432 · Cited by 1
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Amalia, F., & Masrukhin, A. R. (2026) · Al Musyrif Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam · doi:10.38073/almusyrif.v9i1.4334 · Cited by 1
“This supports previous research indicating that ritual compliance, while valuable, may remain superficial without reflective engagement (Garland et al., 2009; O. Yousaf et al., 2022).”
Psychological Flexibility in Dementia Caregiving: The Adaptive Support Model
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Feng, J., Ma, K., & Pan, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1834233 · Cited by 4
“Other research has also demonstrated that cognitive regulation mechanisms like positive reappraisal have the ability to change meaning-making and have buffering effects on anxiety and depression (Garland et al., 2009; Kivity and Huppert, 2016).”
Xing, C., Zainal Abidin, N. E., & Aman, M. S. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04825-7 · Cited by 2
“This process is closely related to cognitive reappraisal, as reappraisal requires individuals to modify the meaning assigned to emotionally charged situations before negative emotions become fully intensified [17].”
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Mrazek, A. J., Mrazek, M. D., Morseth, B. K., Mrazek, K. L., Mooneyham, B. W., Cole, S. W., & Schooler, J. W. (2021) · Psychoneuroimmunology Journal · doi:10.32371/pnij/246115 · Cited by 2
“Meta-analytic evidence suggests that mindfulness training—which entails the systematic training of attention—is a particularly promising strategy for reducing stress [9,10].”
BackgroundMindfulness and Emotional Self-Regulation
Sklad, M. J., Irrmischer, M., Park, E., Versteegt, I., & Wignand, J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85921-3_5 · Cited by 1
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Setiawan, Y. Y., & Pramadi, A. (2023) · Intuisi : Jurnal Psikologi Ilmiah · doi:10.15294/intuisi.v15i1.40545 · Cited by 1
“Mindfulness yang meningkat juga membuat individu mampu untuk menyadari pemikiran yang muncul serta mengambil jarak dari pemikiran tersebut (Garland, Gaylord & Park, 2009).”
Luo, S., Luo, B., Wei, Z., & Liao, X. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-99147-w · Cited by 1
“According to the response model of mindfulness 55 , it can be seen that when facing negative life events, the positive cognitive reappraisal of mindfulness plays a key role in helping individuals adopt a decentered adaptive approach, and further mitigating the negative effects of rumination…”
Examining the Temporal Dynamics of Emotion Regulation via Cognitive Reappraisal
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“Many of the features of mindfulness line up with aspects of positive reappraisal, which is an intentional switch away from focusing on a situation as negative and a construction of more adaptive way of viewing life events (Garland et al., 2009).”
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David, E., Bernal, E., & García, C. C. (2017) · Frontiers in Management Research · doi:10.22606/fmr.2017.12004 · Cited by 2
“…Publishing As a consequence of Mindfulness, Mindful leadership process generates several elements as Compassion, Clarity, Creativity, Resilience and Ethical focus (Hollis-Walker & Colosimo (2011); Stanley (2012); Keng et al (2011); Garland et al. (2009); Ly & Spezio (2009); Carson et al. (2004)).”
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“There is mounting evidence of the role mindfulness can play in reducing stress and improving anxiety, depression, anger, cancer, substance abuse, fibromyalgia, and psoriasis.(17) In fact, meditation has become so mainstream in the scientific literature that it has caught the attention of the National Institutes of Hea…”
BackgroundAdolescent Drug Misuse Prevention: Challenges in School-Based Programming
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“Individuals evaluate stress events by expanding metacognition and positive cognition, reconstruct or redefine stress events, and finally produce positive emotions, thus alleviating stress [9].”
BackgroundLaboratory Investigation of Mindfulness and Reappraisal As Emotion Regulation Strategies
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The Stress Process Model for Community-Dwelling Adults with Mental Disorders
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Mindfulness, Mindful Coping, Burnout, and Work Engagement
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Metadata
- Authors
- Garland, E., Gaylord, S., & Park, J.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Garland, Eric
- Venue
- EXPLORE
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 37-44
- ISSN
- 1550-8307 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2719560
- OpenAlex
- W2073980075
- Cited by
- 595
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 1.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- EXPLORE (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- Triangle Community Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (AT003378)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (T32AT003378)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- mindfulness meditation, positive reappraisal, meaning-based coping, decentering, metacognition, causal models, stress adaptation, mindfulness-based interventions, integrative medicine
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Internal-External Control, Models, Psychological, Psychotherapy, Group, Quality of Life, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Meditation, Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical
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