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The Role of Mindfulness in Positive Reappraisal
Open accessAbstract
Mindfulness meditation is increasingly well known for therapeutic efficacy in a variety of illnesses and conditions, but its mechanism of action is still under debate in scientific circles. In this paper, we propose a hypothetical causal model that argues for the role of mindfulness in positive reappraisal coping. Positive reappraisal is a critical component of meaning-based coping that enables individuals to adapt successfully to stressful life events. Mindfulness, as a metacognitive form of awareness, involves the process of decentering, a shifting of cognitive sets that enables alternate appraisals of life events. We review the concept of positive reappraisal in transactional stress and coping theory, then describe research and traditional literature related to mindfulness and positive reappraisal, and detail the central role of mindfulness in the reappraisal process. With this understanding, we present a causal model explicating the proposed mechanism. The discussion has implications for clinical practice, suggesting how mindfulness-based integrative medicine interventions can be designed to support adaptive coping processes.
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“For example, mindfulness may allow one to clear the contents of working memory in preparation for positively reappraising a distressing situation”
From Mindfulness Training Alters Emotional Memory Recall Compared to Active Controls: Support for an Emotional Information Processing Model of Mindfulness (2012) · cites this paper as Garland et al., 2009
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“Earlier, we (2007; Garland et al., 2009) asserted that disengagement from negative appraisals of aversive stimuli in favor of attending to the raw sensorium of present moment experience allows for the generation of new, more adaptive appraisals rather than reprocessing an existing cognitive set already tainted by negative emotional judgments.”
From Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations. (2012) · cites this paper as Garland et al., 2009
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“According to the mindfulness-to-meaning theory [81, 82], this observational stance fosters an expanded attentional space, facilitating reframing situations from novel perspectives through reappraisal [34].”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [82]
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“Based on this framework, the decentered perspective inherent in mindfulness facilitates a shift from automatic, habitual appraisals to more adaptive and flexible interpretations.”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [82]
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“Further, disengaging from the emotional response elicited by these ways of thinking might be eased by the practice of mindfulness [70].”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [70]
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Vago, D. R., & Silbersweig, D. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00296 · Cited by 1,310
Garland, E. L., Fredrickson, B., Kring, A. M., Johnson, D. P., Meyer, P. S., & Penn, D. L. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.002 · Cited by 1,035
“Although randomized controlled trials are needed to test this hypothesis, empirical data and theoretical rationale (for a review, see Garland et al., 2009) support the proposed relationship between mindfulness practice, positive reappraisal, and clinical outcomes.”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe psychological effects of meditation: a meta-analysis
Sedlmeier, P., Eberth, J., Schwarz, M., Zimmermann, D., Haarig, F., Jaeger, S., & Kunze, S. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0028168 · Cited by 910
Garland, E. L., Farb, N. A., R. Goldin, P., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.1064294 · Cited by 810
Self-citationPositive Reappraisal Mediates the Stress-Reductive Effects of Mindfulness: An Upward Spiral Process
Garland, E. L., Gaylord, S. A., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2011) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0043-8 · Cited by 572
“1 a The mindful coping model: cross-sectional view (Garland et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRosenzweig, S., Greeson, J. M., Reibel, D. K., Green, J. S., Jasser, S. A., & Beasley, D. (2010) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.03.010 · Cited by 517
“Sixth, mindfulness may buffer against stress-related mood dysfunction and psychophysiological activation by enhancing cognitive coping processes, such as positive reappraisal [46], and by strengthening emotion regulation skills, such as distress tolerance [47].”
BackgroundCutuli, D. (2014) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00175 · Cited by 484
“…on anxiety, depression or other pathologies innovative clinical interventions could be designed training clients to cognitive reappraisal or even positive reappraisal, a recent trying to incorporate meditation mindfulness into cognitive therapy (Garland et al., 2009; Hanley and Garland, 2014).”
BackgroundMindfulness on-the-go: Effects of a mindfulness meditation app on work stress and well-being
Bostock, S., Crosswell, A. D., Prather, A. A., & Steptoe, A. (2019) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000118 · Cited by 465
Mindfulness: Top–down or bottom–up emotion regulation strategy?
Chiesa, A., Serretti, A., & Jakobsen, J. C. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.006 · Cited by 470
“On the other hand, according to some modern mindfulness instructors, mindfulness could be best described as a practice specifically aimed at reappraise negative events in a more adaptive way (e.g. Garland et al., 2009 and Gilpin, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialMindfulness treatment for substance misuse: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Li, W., Howard, M. O., Garland, E. L., McGovern, P., & Lazar, M. (2017) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2017.01.008 · Cited by 446
Self-citationIntensive meditation training, immune cell telomerase activity, and psychological mediators
Jacobs, T. L., Epel, E. S., Lin, J., Blackburn, E. H., Wolkowitz, O. M., Bridwell, D. A., Zanesco, A. P., Aichele, S. R., Sahdra, B. K., MacLean, K. A., et al. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.09.010 · Cited by 432
“In addition, a recent study assigned mindfulness a causal role in a model of positive reappraisal processes that contribute to adaptive coping (Garland et al., 2009; for review see Garland et al., 2010).”
Coffey, K. A., Hartman, M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-010-0033-2 · Cited by 428
“Future studies might investigate other possible mechanisms of action in this relationship, such as exposure and desensitization to unpleasant emotional experiences (Baer 2003; Brown et al. 2007; Shapiro et al. 2006), decentering (also called reperceiving or deautomatization; Baer 2003; Brown et al. 2007; Shapiro et al…”
BackgroundMechanisms of mindfulness: a buddhist psychological model
Grabovac, A. D., Lau, M. A., & Willett, B. R. (2011) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0054-5 · Cited by 402
“The mindful coping model (Garland et al. 2009) proposes that events that are perceived as negative can be responded to by the deliberate initiation of a decentered mode of broadened awareness and increased attentional flexibility, from which the given event is reappraised in a positive manner by attributing to it a ne…”
BackgroundImproving sleep with mindfulness and acceptance: a metacognitive model of insomnia
Ong, J. C., Ulmer, C. S., & Manber, R. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.08.001 · Cited by 376
Sanders, K. M. (2010) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/foc.8.1.foc19 · Cited by 368
Jazaieri, H., McGonigal, K. M., Jinpa, T., Doty, J. R., Gross, J. J., & Goldin, P. R. (2013) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-013-9368-z · Cited by 385
“This study found an increase in mindfulness; other studies have found that mindfulness meditation training may enhance higher order cognitive capacities such as emotion regulation (e.g., Garland et al. 2009; Goldin and Gross 2010).”
Mindfulness Research Update: 2008
Greeson, J. M. (2009) · Complementary health practice review · doi:10.1177/1533210108329862 · Cited by 373
Brewer, J. A., Elwafi, H. M., & Davis, J. H. (2013) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0028490 · Cited by 303
Garland, E. L., Froeliger, B., & Howard, M. O. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00173 · Cited by 268
“One theoretical model posits a multi-stage process of mindful emotion regulation (1, 145).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMin, J.-A., Yu, J. J., Lee, C.-U., & Chae, J.-H. (2013) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.05.008 · Cited by 253
The Role of Positive Affect in Pain and Its Treatment
Finan, P. H., & Garland, E. L. (2014) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000092 · Cited by 265
Self-citationGarland, E. L., Farb, N. A., Goldin, P. R., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.1092493 · Cited by 233
“…hypotheses that have been refined over the past 8 years (e.g., Garland, 2007; Garland et al., this issue; Garland, Fredrickson, et al., 2010; Garland et al., 2009) and will undoubtedly continue to evolve in the coming decades, as more empirical research is devoted to testing, unpacking,…”
BackgroundSelf-citationGarland, E. L., Gaylord, S. A., Palsson, O., Faurot, K., Douglas Mann, J., & Whitehead, W. E. (2012) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-011-9391-z · Cited by 210
“…number of patients receiving usual medical care, yet seems to be especially tractable to psychological treatments like cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) (Lackner et al., 2007), clinical hypnosis (Whorwell et al., 1984), and mindfulness-based therapy (Gaylord et al., 2011; Ljotsson et al., 2010).”
InfluentialSelf-citationLeyland, A., Rowse, G., & Emerson, L.-M. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000425 · Cited by 206
Garland, E. L., Geschwind, N., Peeters, F., & Wichers, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00015 · Cited by 199
“Similarly, as reported in the parent study from which the present data is derived (Geschwind et al., 2011), multilevel linear regression revealed that MBCT participants experienced a significant mean increase in positive affect from pre- to post-assessment, whereas control participants did not…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationNeural correlates of mindfulness meditation-related anxiety relief
Zeidan, F., Martucci, K. T., Kraft, R. A., McHaffie, J. G., & Coghill, R. C. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst041 · Cited by 196
“Mindfulness meditation is hypothesized to regulate emotions by modifying cognitive and affective evaluations to sensory events by cognitive reappraisal processes (Shapiro et al., 2006; Garland et al., 2009; Garland et al., 2010a; Goldin and Gross, 2010).”
BackgroundState Mindfulness During Meditation Predicts Enhanced Cognitive Reappraisal
Garland, E. L., Hanley, A., Farb, N. A., & Froeliger, B. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0250-6 · Cited by 189
“doing provide a test of the Mindful Coping Model (Garland et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationZheng, W., Kark, R., & Meister, A. (2018) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.04.001 · Cited by 214
Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness
Grecucci, A., Pappaianni, E., Siugzdaite, R., Theuninck, A., & Job, R. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/670724 · Cited by 201
“Does mindfulness regulate our emotions primarily because it changes our way of thinking about self and the situation, namely, via cognitive reappraisal of an emotional situation as positive [34, 68], or because it produces an intimately detached or decentered accepting point of view that allows for raw experiencing (s…”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation Ability and Resilience in a Sample of Adolescents from a Suburban Area
Navas, J. M. M., Núñez-Lozano, J. M., Gómez‐Molinero, R., García, A. Z., & Bozal, R. G. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01980 · Cited by 214
“According to the above mention, teaching mindfulness can be an exciting way to promote this vital coping strategy (Garland et al., 2009).”
BackgroundGarland, E. L., Hanley, A. W., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187727 · Cited by 163
Self-citationMindfulness Skills and Emotion Regulation: the Mediating Role of Coping Self-Efficacy
Luberto, C. M., Cotton, S., McLeish, A. C., Mingione, C. J., & O’Bryan, E. M. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0190-6 · Cited by 188
Beighton, C., & Wills, J. (2016) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1744629516656073 · Cited by 189
“, 2007) and although its effectiveness for parents of children with intellectual disabilities has yet to be fully evaluated, mindfulness training programmes have shown to help people regulate emotions and growth in positive reappraisal coping in the general population (Garland et al., 2009).”
BackgroundWoods‐Giscombé, C. L., & Black, A. R. (2010) · Complementary health practice review · doi:10.1177/1533210110386776 · Cited by 167
Cash, E., Salmon, P., Weissbecker, I., Rebholz, W. N., Bayley-Veloso, R., Zimmaro, L. A., Floyd, A., Dedert, E., & Sephton, S. E. (2015) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-014-9665-0 · Cited by 146
“Lazarus, RS.; Folkman, S. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping.”
BackgroundGoldin, P., Ziv, M., Jazaieri, H., & Gross, J. J. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00295 · Cited by 128
“Recent models suggest that enhanced MBSR-related psychological flexibility, for example, mindful coping with perceived stressors, involves the process of disengaging and withdrawing from automatic negative appraisals into a transitory metacognitive state that attenuates semantic evaluations and enhances positive cogni…”
BackgroundNiemiec, R. M., Shogren, K. A., & Wehmeyer, M. L. (2017) · Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/215416471705200103 · Cited by 136
“Each of the 24 character strengths can serve as tools for reframing or what some scientists refer to as positive reappraisal (Garland, Gaylord, & Park, 2009).”
Garland, E. L., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.01.004 · Cited by 134
Self-citationPhang, C. K., Mukhtar, F., Ibrahim, N., Keng, S., & Sidik, S. M. (2015) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-015-9591-3 · Cited by 133
“This is consistent with one of the proposed mechanism of actions of mindfulness for stress reduction, whereby mindfulness is a meta-cognitive form of awareness, involves the process of ‘decentering,’ a shifting of cognitive sets that enables alternate appraisals of life events (Garland et al. 2009).”
ResultNiemiec, R. M. (2019) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-018-9692-2 · Cited by 151
“The functions correlate with one another, for example mindfulness and reappraisal are closely connected (Garland et al. 2009).”
BackgroundOne-Session Mindfulness Meditation: A Randomized Controlled Study of Effects on Cognition and Mood
Johnson, S. K., Gur, R. M., David, Z., & Currier, E. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0234-6 · Cited by 147
“Decentering, which can be understood as disengaging from negative appraisals, is likely instrumental in the beneficial aspects of MM practice (Garland et al. 2009; Garland et al. 2011).”
BackgroundHerman, K. C., Reinke, W. M., & Eddy, C. L. (2020) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2020.01.001 · Cited by 154
Kaunhoven, R. J., & Dorjee, D. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.007 · Cited by 130
An update on mindfulness meditation as a self-help treatment for anxiety and depression
Edenfield, T. M., & Saeed, S. A. (2012) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s34937 · Cited by 138
Mindfulness and craving: effects and mechanisms
Tapper, K. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.003 · Cited by 127
A cognitive perspective on mindfulness
Holas, P., & Jankowski, T. (2012) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207594.2012.658056 · Cited by 149
“It has been suggested that decentering is a mechanism which allows for positive reappraisal and, because of this, mindfulness is an intrinsic component of meaning-based coping with stressors (Garland, Gaylord, & Park, 2009 ).”
BackgroundReappraisal and mindfulness: A comparison of subjective effects and cognitive costs
Keng, S.-L., Robins, C. J., Smoski, M. J., Dagenbach, J., & Leary, M. R. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.10.006 · Cited by 120
“Higher trait mindfulness predicted greater decreases in sadness across conditions, consistent with a theoretical model in which mindfulness supports the ability to decenter from existing emotions or interpretations of an event, which may in turn facilitate more effective ER (Garland et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultResilience in adults with cancer: development of a conceptual model
Deshields, T. L., Heiland, M. F., Kracen, A. C., & Dua, P. (2015) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3800 · Cited by 130
“Other useful modes of coping include participating in physical exercise [41], increasing health-related behaviors [42], engaging in altruistic activities [43], using mindfulness techniques [44], and incorporating stress management strategies [45,46].”
BackgroundLin, H., Gürsoy, D., & Meng, Z. (2019) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102376 · Cited by 116
The Effectiveness of Daily Mindful Breathing Practices on Test Anxiety of Students
Cho, H., Ryu, S., Noh, J., & Lee, J. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164822 · Cited by 115
Mindfulness, coping self-efficacy and foreign language anxiety: a mediation analysis
Fallah, N. (2017) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2016.1149549 · Cited by 112
“Overall, the findings showed that EFL learners’ mindfulness was significantly associated with both CSE and FLA. CSE also could predict FLA.”
BackgroundInfluentialThomas, J. T., & Otis, M. D. (2010) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.5243/jsswr.2010.7 · Cited by 115
“…of reality that demand a response, but as transient mental events that can be appraised from a de-centered, distanced perspective, which allows for more reflective, intentional action and less impulsive, automatic reactivity (Chiesa & Serretti, 2009; Garland et al., 2009; Segal et al., 2002).”
BackgroundKaur, T. (2020) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102135 · Cited by 119
van Vugt, M. K., Hitchcock, P., Shahar, B., & Britton, W. B. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00257 · Cited by 114
“, 2009; Heeren and Philippot, 2011) and negative biases in attention (Garland et al., 2009; Vago and Nakamura, 2011) and memory (Alberts and Thewissen, 2011), as well as increased efficiency of positive information processing (Roberts-Wolfe et al.”
BackgroundNeuroplasticity, Psychosocial Genomics, and the Biopsychosocial Paradigm in the 21st Century
Garland, E. L., & Howard, M. O. (2009) · Health & Social Work · doi:10.1093/hsw/34.3.191 · Cited by 111
Self-citationBritton, W. B., Davis, J. H., Loucks, E. B., Peterson, B., Cullen, B. H., Reuter, L., Rando, A., Rahrig, H., Lipsky, J., & Lindahl, J. R. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.09.010 · Cited by 100
The effects of three mindfulness skills on chocolate cravings
Lacaille, J., Ly, J., Zacchia, N., Bourkas, S., Glaser, E., & Knaüper, B. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.072 · Cited by 111
Montani, F., Dagenais‐Desmarais, V., Giorgi, G., & Grégoire, S. (2016) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-016-9480-7 · Cited by 119
“In this regard, researchers have suggested several theoretical accounts of how mindfulness may exert its benefits to the individual’s functioning (Dane 2011; Garland et al. 2009; Glomb et al. 2011; Good et al. 2016; Shapiro et al. 2006).”
Kay, A. A., & Skarlicki, D. P. (2020) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.02.005 · Cited by 124
Chan, K. K. S., & Lam, C. B. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0675-9 · Cited by 106
“disengage themselves from stigma-related stressors and, in turn, engender a broadened state of awareness that encompasses both the positive and negative aspects of caregiving (Garland et al. 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialTroy, A. S., Shallcross, A. J., Davis, T. S., & Mauss, I. B. (2012) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0114-5 · Cited by 106
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder: A systematic review
Lovas, D. A., & Schuman‐Olivier, Z. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.06.017 · Cited by 99
Liu, Q., Yang, X., Hu, Y., Zhang, C., & Nie, Y. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104827 · Cited by 95
Mindfulness and acceptance are associated with exercise maintenance in YMCA exercisers
Ulmer, C. S., Stetson, B. A., & Salmon, P. G. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.04.009 · Cited by 100
Park, H. J., & Kaur, T. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.061 · Cited by 99
Garland, E. L., Boettiger, C. A., & Howard, M. O. (2011) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.02.014 · Cited by 89
Self-citationLi, M. J., Black, D. S., & Garland, E. L. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.027 · Cited by 83
Self-citationBeing mindful at work and at home: Buffering effects in the stressor–detachment model
Haun, V. C., Nübold, A., & Bauer, A. G. (2018) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12200 · Cited by 94
“In the ‘mindful coping model’ (Garland et al., 2009) as well as in ‘mindfulness-to-meaning theory’ (Garland et al., 2015), Garland et al. suggest that mindfulness allows individuals to cognitively decentre from a stressful experience and enter a state of conscious reflection in which automatic…”
MethodRoberts-Wolfe, D., Sacchet, M., Hastings, E., Roth, H., & Britton, W. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00015 · Cited by 84
“For example, mindfulness may allow one to clear the contents of working memory in preparation for positively reappraising a distressing situation (Garland et al., 2009).”
BackgroundLong-term mental health effects of mindfulness training: A 4-year follow-up study
Solhaug, I., de Vibe, M., Friborg, O., Sørlie, T., Tyssen, R., Bjørndal, A., & Rosenvinge, J. H. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01100-2 · Cited by 80
Garland, E. L., Thielking, P., Thomas, E. A., Coombs, M., White, S., Lombardi, J., & Beck, A. (2017) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4065 · Cited by 72
Self-citationRayan, A., & Ahmad, M. M. (2016) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.04.002 · Cited by 96
Gamaiunova, L., Brandt, P.-Y., Bondolfi, G., & Kliegel, M. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.02.026 · Cited by 82
“and positive reappraisal (Garland et al., 2011; Garland et al., 2009) and negatively related to catastrophizing (Cassidy et al.”
BackgroundPositive psychological interventions for neurological disorders: A systematic review
Lai, S.-T., Lim, K. S., Low, W. Y., & Tang, V. Y. H. (2018) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2018.1489562 · Cited by 75
“According to Garland et al. (2009), such appraisals could allow individuals to disengage from initial reflexive appraisals.”
BackgroundKeng, S., & Tong, E. M. W. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000165 · Cited by 83
How can mindfulness enhance moral reasoning? An examination using business school students
Pandey, A., Chandwani, R. K., & Navare, A. V. (2017) · Business Ethics A European Review · doi:10.1111/beer.12171 · Cited by 76
Hanley, A. W., Palejwala, M. H., Hanley, R. T., Canto, A. I., & Garland, E. L. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.033 · Cited by 87
Self-citationSedlmeier, P., & Srinivas, K. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00343 · Cited by 76
“Postulated mechanisms include “metacognitive awareness” (Teasdale et al., 2002; Vago and Silbersweig, 2012), “positive reappraisal” (Garland et al., 2009), changes in intention, attention, and attitude (Shapiro et al., 2006; Lutz et al., 2008), or a combination of processes such as attention…”
BackgroundSalmon, P. M., Hanneman, S., & Harwood, B. (2010) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.24.2.127 · Cited by 78
“The effect may be to foster more accurate appraisal processes (Garland, Gaylord, and Park, 2009) and either directly or indirectly reduce unwarranted physiological activation.”
BackgroundZarotti, N., Povah, C., & Simpson, J. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109795 · Cited by 83
Effects of extreme weather events on child mood and behavior
Barkin, J. L., Buoli, M., Curry, C. L., von Esenwein, S. A., Upadhyay, S., Kearney, M., & Mach, K. J. (2021) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14856 · Cited by 70
The Turkish Version of Mindful Attention Awareness Scale: Preliminary Findings
Catak, P. D. (2011) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0072-3 · Cited by 71
“The results of a recent study have yielded that increases in mindfulness was associated with appraisal change (Garland et al. 2009).”
BackgroundResultZhang, Y., Fu, R., Sun, L., Gong, Y., & Tang, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01888 · Cited by 77
The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions
Sussman, S. Y. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591 · Cited by 64
Thoroughgood, C. N., Sawyer, K. B., & Webster, J. R. (2019) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.02.004 · Cited by 64
Correlates and Predictors of Resilience among Baccalaureate Nursing Students
Mathad, M. D. (2017) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2017/24442.9352 · Cited by 69
Mindfulness-based stress reduction
Giluk, T. L. (2010) · doi:10.17077/etd.4ax4yjs5 · Cited by 67
Exploring stress, coping, and health outcomes among social workers
Beer, O. W. J., Phillips, R., & Quinn, C. R. (2021) · European Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1080/13691457.2020.1751591 · Cited by 61
“psychological, physiological disorders) (Garland et al., 2009; Beer et al., 2020).”
BackgroundGarland, E. L., Roberts-Lewis, A., Kelley, K., Tronnier, C., & Hanley, A. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.850309 · Cited by 59
“The observed association between trait mindfulness and reappraisal is predicted by prior theory (Garland et al., 2009) and has been found in previous observational studies (Garland et al.”
ResultSelf-citationRayan, A., & Ahmad, M. M. (2016) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2016.07.017 · Cited by 59
The Decoding of the Human Spirit: A Synergy of Spirituality and Character Strengths Toward Wholeness
Niemiec, R. M., Russo‐Netzer, P., & Pargäment, K. I. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02040 · Cited by 59
Liang, H., Shi, X., Yang, D., & Liu, K. (2021) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105534 · Cited by 62
Oni, O. A., Harville, E. W., Xiong, X., & Buekens, P. M. (2015) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/1552-6909.12560 · Cited by 65
Lewallen, A. C., & Neece, C. L. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0116-8 · Cited by 56
The Impact of Mindfulness on Supportive Communication Skills: Three Exploratory Studies
Jones, S. M., & Hansen, W. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0362-7 · Cited by 57
Using Mindfulness for the Treatment of Insomnia
Ong, J. C., & Smith, C. E. (2017) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-017-0068-1 · Cited by 62
Cox, C. E., Porter, L. S., Buck, P. J., Hoffa, M., Jones, D., Walton, B., Hough, C. L., & Greeson, J. M. (2014) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.201308-283oc · Cited by 56
Tsujimoto, M., Saito, T. I., Matsuzaki, Y., & Kawashima, R. (2024) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-024-00714-1 · Cited by 80
“Mindfulness improves reappraisal abilities and contributes to a high level of well-being (Garland et al., 2009, 2011, 2015 ).”
Comparing the Effects of Three Online Cognitive Reappraisal Trainings on Well-Being
Ranney, R. M., Bruehlman-Senecal, E., & Ayduk, Ö. N. (2016) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-016-9779-0 · Cited by 61
Individual differences in the effects of a positive psychology intervention: Applied psychology
Antoine, P., Dauvier, B., Andreotti, E., & Congard, A. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.024 · Cited by 68
Metadata
- Authors
- Garland, E., Gaylord, S., & Park, J.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Garland, Eric
- Venue
- EXPLORE
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 37-44
- ISSN
- 1550-8307 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2719560
- OpenAlex
- W2073980075
- Cited by
- 595
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 1.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- EXPLORE (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- Triangle Community Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (AT003378)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (T32AT003378)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- mindfulness meditation, positive reappraisal, meaning-based coping, decentering, metacognition, causal models, stress adaptation, mindfulness-based interventions, integrative medicine
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Internal-External Control, Models, Psychological, Psychotherapy, Group, Quality of Life, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Meditation, Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical
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