Phytol: A review of biomedical activities
Open accessAbstract
Phytol (PYT) is a diterpene member of the long-chain unsaturated acyclic alcohols. PYT and some of its derivatives, including phytanic acid (PA), exert a wide range of biological effects. PYT is a valuable essential oil (EO) used as a fragrance and a potential candidate for a broad range of applications in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industry. There is ample evidence that PA may play a crucial role in the development of pathophysiological states. Focusing on PYT and some of its most relevant derivatives, here we present a systematic review of reported biological activities, along with their underlying mechanism of action. Recent investigations with PYT demonstrated anxiolytic, metabolism-modulating, cytotoxic, antioxidant, autophagy- and apoptosis-inducing, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulating, and antimicrobial effects. PPARs- and NF-κB-mediated activities are also discussed as mechanisms responsible for some of the bioactivities of PYT. The overall goal of this review is to discuss recent findings pertaining to PYT biological activities and its possible applications.
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Phytol has low absorption and poor solubility leading to reduced bioavailability that hinders the clinical use of this compound.
“Phytol is found in nature and exerts a wide range of biological effects, but low absorption and poor solubility lead to reduced bioavailability which hinders the clinical use of this compound [221].”
From Multi-Target Mechanisms of Phytochemicals in Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects on Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation and Protein Aggregation (2022) · cites this paper as [221]
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- Authors
- Islam, M. T., Ali, E. S., Uddin, S. J., Shaw, S., Islam, M. A., Ahmed, M. I., Chandra Shill, M., Karmakar, U. K., Yarla, N. S., Khan, I. N., Billah, M. M., Pieczynska, M. D., Zengin, G., Malainer, C., Nicoletti, F., Gulei, D., Berindan-Neagoe, I., Apostolov, A., Banach, M., Yeung, A. W. K., El-Demerdash, A., Xiao, J., Dey, P., Yele, S., Jóźwik, A., Strzałkowska, N., Marchewka, J., Rengasamy, K. R. R., Horbańczuk, J., Kamal, M. A., Mubarak, M. S., Mishra, S. K., Shilpi, J. A., & Atanasov, A. G.
- Affiliations
- Ton Duc Thang University (VN)
- Khulna University (BD)
- Broad Institute (US)
- University of Hyderabad (IN)
- Khyber Medical University (PK)
- Polish Academy of Sciences (PL)
- University of Catania (IT)
- Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy (RO)
- Shumen University (BG)
- Medical University of Lodz (PL)
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University of Macau (MO)
- Sungkyunkwan University (KR)
- Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (IN)
- King Abdulaziz University (SA)
- University of Jordan (JO)
- Dr. Hari Singh Gour University (IN)
- University of Vienna (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Islam, Muhammad Torequl
- ORCID
- Islam, Muhammad Torequl
- Uddin, Shaikh J.
- Shaw, Subrata
- Islam, Md Amirul
- Karmakar, Utpal Kumar
- Yarla, Nagendra Sastry
- Khan, Ishaq N.
- Billah, Md Morsaline
- Pieczynska, Magdalena D.
- Zengin, Gokhan
- Nicoletti, Ferdinando
- Gulei, Diana
- Banach, Maciej
- Yeung, Andy W.K.
- El-Demerdash, Amr
- Xiao, Jianbo
- Dey, Prasanta
- Yele, Santosh
- Jóźwik, Artur
- Strzałkowska, Nina
- Marchewka, Joanna
- Rengasamy, Kannan R.R.
- Horbańczuk, Jarosław
- Kamal, Mohammad Amjad
- Mubarak, Mohammad S.
- Mishra, Siddhartha K.
- Shilpi, Jamil A.
- Atanasov, Atanas G.
- Venue
- Food and Chemical Toxicology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-11
- Volume
- 121
- Pages
- 82-94
- ISSN
- 0278-6915 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2887465768
- Cited by
- 490
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 79 · 2025: 96 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 14
- FWCI
- 2.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Food and Chemical Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Flinders Academic Commons (Flinders University) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Science and Higher Education (05-1/KNOW2/2015)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bioactive Natural Diterpenoids Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
- Keywords
- phytol, phytanic acid, diterpenoids, essential oils, biological activity, anxiolytic effects, cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, autophagy, apoptosis, antinociceptive effect, anti-inflammatory activity, immunomodulation, antimicrobial activity, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, NF-κB, mechanism of action
- MeSH terms
- Adjuvants, Immunologic, Analgesics, Animals, Anti-Infective Agents, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Anticonvulsants, Antineoplastic Agents, Antioxidants, Autophagy, Biotechnology, Drug Industry, Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Oils, Volatile, Phytol, Plant Oils, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Apoptosis, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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