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Economic burden of endometriosis
Open accessAbstract
Objective To comprehensively review and evaluate the direct costs of endometriosis.Design and setting We systematically reviewed studies published since 1990, and conducted an analysis of publicly available national databases (Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project and National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey/National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey) in the United States. We assessed: [1] the overall economic impact of endometriosis; [2] the direct costs associated with specific treatments; and [3] the indirect costs of endometriosis associated with reduced work productivity.Results Of 13 published studies meeting inclusion criteria, 11 (85%) addressed direct costs, a few studies addressed outpatient costs or indirect costs, and no study quantified the economic impact among adolescents. Direct endometriosis-related costs were considerable and appeared driven by hospitalizations. Our database analysis found: [1] as endometriosis-related hospital length of stay steadily declined from 1993 to 2002, per-patient cost increased 61%; [2] adolescents (aged 10-17 years) had endometriosis-related hospitalizations; [3] approximately 50% of >600,000 endometriosis-related ambulatory patient visits involved specialist care; and [4] females 23 years old or younger constituted >20% of endometriosis-related outpatient visits.Conclusions Health economic information for endometriosis is scarce, limiting our understanding of its overall economic impact. Nevertheless, the literature and other available data suggest that endometriosis places a considerable burden on patients and society.
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In the citing paper
“women with endometriosis have a higher rate of other pain syndromes associated with peripheral and central sensitization such as irritable bowel syndrome, painful bladder syndrome, fibromyalgia and migraine headache”
From Chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis: translational evidence of the relationship and implications (2011) · cites this paper as Gao et al., 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The high rates of hospital admissions, surgical procedures, and incidence of comorbid conditions make endometriosis a more costly public health problem than commonly known medical conditions in women such as migraine and Crohn’s disease (13-17).”
From Patients’ report on how endometriosis affects health, work, and daily life (2010) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“The yearly total (direct plus indirect) cost of endometriosis has been estimated at €30 billion in Europe and $22 billion in the US, and direct costs have increased steadily (13,18-20).”
From Patients’ report on how endometriosis affects health, work, and daily life (2010) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“According to studies based on 2002 US data, the global cost of the disease (including analgesics, hormonal therapies, gynaecological consultations, hospital admissions, surgical procedures, days off-work and reduced productivity) varies between $18.8 and $22 billion per year (Gao et al., 2006;Simoens et al., 2007)”
From “Waiting for Godot”: a commonsense approach to the medical treatment of endometriosis (2011) · cites this paper as Gao et al., 2006
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gao, X., Outley, J., Botteman, M., Spalding, J., Simon, J. A., & Pashos, C. L.
- Affiliations
- Abt Global (United States) (US)
- Pharmerit (United States) (US)
- George Washington University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gao, Xin
- Venue
- Fertility and Sterility
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1561-1572
- ISSN
- 0015-0282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2098584612
- Cited by
- 289
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 1.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Fertility and Sterility (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Ectopic Pregnancy Diagnosis and Management
- Keywords
- endometriosis, economic burden, direct costs, indirect costs, work productivity loss, hospital costs, length of hospital stay, outpatient visits, adolescent endometriosis, outpatient care, treatment costs
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Employment, Endometriosis, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Middle Aged, United States, Comorbidity, Health Care Costs, Cost of Illness, Pelvic Pain
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