Relationship between abnormal glucose tolerance test and history of previous recurrent miscarriages, and beneficial effect of metformin in these patients: a prospective clinical study
Open accessAbstract
Objective To determine the incidence of an abnormal glucose tolerance test in patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion and whether metformin would safely reduce the rate of first trimester spontaneous abortions in patients without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) as well as with PCOS and an abnormal glucose tolerance test.Design Prospective control clinical trial.Setting Shiraz University-affiliated hospital.Patient(s) Patients with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion and women with a history of normal full term pregnancy.Intervention(s) The incidence of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism was determined. Metformin and placebo were given to women with an abnormal glucose tolerance test and who had recurrent spontaneous abortions.Main outcome measure(s) Continuation of pregnancy beyond the first trimester in all groups and presence or absence of teratogenicity in the delivered baby after metformin therapy.Result(s) Twenty-nine of the patients in the group with recurrent spontaneous abortion were found to have an abnormal glucose tolerance test result compared with just four (5.4%) patients in the normal pregnancy group. The abortion rate was significantly reduced after metformin therapy in patients without PCOS in comparison to the placebo group (15% vs. 55%).Conclusion(s) This study indicates an important link between an abnormal glucose tolerance test and a history of recurrent abortion. It was also found that metformin therapy improves the chances of a successful pregnancy in patients with an abnormal glucose tolerance test.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The prevalence of insulin resistance and abnormal glucose tolerance test appears to be increased in women with recurrent miscarriage compared with controls.
“The prevalence of insulin resistance 91 and abnormal glucose tolerance test 92 appears to be increased in women with recurrent miscarriage compared with controls.”
From Recurrent MiscarriageGreen‐top Guideline No. 17 (2023) · cites this paper as [92]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Effects of metformin on early pregnancy loss in the polycystic ovary syndrome
Jakubowicz, D., Iuorno, M., Jakubowicz, S., Roberts, K. A., Nestler, J., & Fabbri, A. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.87.2.8207 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Hypersecretion of luteinising hormone, infertility, and miscarriage
Regan, L., Owen, E. J., & Jacobs, H. S. (1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)92765-a · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Glueck, C. J., Phillips, H., Cameron, D., Sieve-Smith, L., & Wang, P. (2001) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(00)01666-6 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Pregnancy outcomes among women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with metformin
Glueck, C. J., Wang, P., Goldenberg, N., & Sieve-Smith, L. (2002) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/17.11.2858 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Glueck, C. J., Wang, P., Fontaine, R. N., Sieve-Smith, L., Tracy, T., & Moore, S. K. (1999) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(99)90250-0 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Recurrent miscarriage: pathophysiology and outcome
Carrington, B., Sacks, G. P., & Regan, L. (2005) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/01.gco.0000194112.86051.26 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Sampson, M., Kong, C. H., Patel, A. K., Unwin, R. J., & Jacobs, H. S. (1996) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.00863.x · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Ng, E. H. Y. (2001) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/16.8.1625 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Increased prevalence of insulin resistance in women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss
Craig, L. B., Ke, R. W., & Kutteh, W. H. (2002) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(02)03247-8 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Jakubowicz, D. J., Seppälä, M. T., Jakubowicz, S., Rodriguez-Armas, O., Rivas-Santiago, A., Koistinen, H. K., Koistinen, R., & Nestler, J. E. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.3.7295 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
The plasminogen activator system in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Atiomo, W., Bates, S. A., Condon, J. E., Shaw, S. R., West, J. H., & Prentice, A. G. (1998) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(97)00486-x · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Pregnancy Loss, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Thrombophilia, Hypofibrinolysis, Enoxaparin, Metformin
Glueck, C. J., Wang, P., Goldenberg, N., & Sieve, L. (2004) · Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis · doi:10.1177/107602960401000404 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Glueck, C. J., Awadalla, S. G., Phillips, H., Cameron, D., Wang, P., & Fontaine, R. N. (2000) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(00)00630-0 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Gris, J., Neveu, S., Marès, P., Biron, C., Hedon, B., & Schved, J. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Recurrent early pregnancy loss and consanguinity
Saad, F. A., & Jauniaux, E. (2002) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61620-3 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The role of maternal diabetes in repetitive spontaneous abortion
Crane, J. P., & Wahl, N. (1981) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)45797-3 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Endocrinopathies Associated with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Roberts, C. P., & Murphy, A. A. (2000) · Seminars in Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2000-13725 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Endocrine Factors Associated with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion
Coulam, C. B., & Stern, J. J. (1994) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/00003081-199409000-00024 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Metformin hydrochloride and recurrent miscarriage in a woman with polycystic ovary syndrome
Palomba, S., Falbo, A. I., Orio, F., Russo, T., Tolino, A., & Zullo, F. (2006) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.09.063 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Fedele, L., & Bianchi, S. (1995) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/00001703-199510000-00005 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Fetal loss and maternal glucose intolerance. A retrospective study.
Sutherland, H. W., & Fisher, P. (1982) · PubMed · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Catrington B, Sacks G, Regan L. Recurrent miscarriage: pathophysiol- ogy and outcome. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2005;17:591-7.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
ESHRE guideline: recurrent pregnancy loss
The ESHRE Guideline Group on RPL, Bender-Atik, R., Christiansen, O. B., Elson, J., Kolte, A. M., Lewis, S. E. M., Middeldorp, S., Nelen, W. L. D. M., Peramo, B., Quenby, S. M., et al. (2018) · Human Reproduction Open · doi:10.1093/hropen/hoy004 · Cited by 1,014 · see citing works
Recurrent pregnancy loss: current perspectives
Hachem, H. E., Crepaux, V., May‐Panloup, P., Descamps, P., Legendre, G., & Bouet, P. (2017) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s100817 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Palomba, S., Falbo, A., Zullo, F., & Orio, F. (2009) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2008-0030 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Recurrent MiscarriageGreen‐top Guideline No. 17
Regan, L., Rai, R., Saravelos, S., Li, T., & the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (2023) · BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.17515 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Palomba, S., Falbo, A. I., Orio, F., & Zullo, F. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.087 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Recurrent pregnancy loss: A summary of international evidence-based guidelines and practice
Li, Y. H., & Marren, A. J. (2018) · Australian Journal of General Practice · doi:10.31128/ajgp-01-18-4459 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Endocrine dysfunction and recurrent spontaneous abortion: An overview
Gupta, K., & Kaur, R. (2016) · International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research · doi:10.4103/2229-516x.179024 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Obesity and Reproductive Implications
Hirschberg, A. L. (2009) · Women s Health · doi:10.2217/whe.09.39 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Sugiura‐Ogasawara, M., Suzuki, S., Ozaki, Y., Katano, K., Suzumori, N., & Kitaori, T. (2012) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0756.2012.01973.x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Hormonal causes of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL)
Pluchino, N., Drakopoulos, P., Wenger, J. M., Petignat, P., Streuli, I., & Genazzani, A. R. (2014) · HORMONES · doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1505 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Endocrine Basis for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Ke, R. W. (2013) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2013.10.003 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Relationship between Recurrent Miscarriage and Insulin Resistance
Wang, Y., Zhao, H., Li, Y., Zhang, J., Tan, J., & Liu, Y. (2011) · Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation · doi:10.1159/000325165 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Recent thoughts on management and prevention of recurrent early pregnancy loss
Tang, A.-W., & Quenby, S. M. (2010) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/gco.0b013e32833e124e · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Polycystic ovary syndrome and recurrent pregnancy loss, a review of literature
Wartena, R., & Matjila, M. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1183060 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Pregnancy loss is associated with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide case–control study
Egerup, P., Mikkelsen, A. P., Kolte, A. M., Westergaard, D., Rasmussen, S. M., Knop, F. K., Lidegaard, Ø., & Nielsen, H. S. (2020) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05154-z · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Effects of metformin use in pregnant patients with polycystic ovary syndrome
Kumar, P., & Khan, K. (2012) · Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.4103/0974-1208.101012 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Enoxaparin-metformin and enoxaparin alone may safely reduce pregnancy loss
Ramidi, G., Khan, N., Glueck, C. J., Wang, P., & Goldenberg, N. (2008) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2008.11.003 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Zeng, L., Yang, K., Liu, L., Zhang, T., Liu, H., Zhanwang, T., & Lei, L. (2020) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.113156 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lin, X., Wu, R., Du, J., Liao, Y., Du, Y. Z., Ye, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, X. B., Wu, C., & Chen, A. (2015) · Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.12891/ceog1779.2015 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Reproductive Endocrinology in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Krog, M. C., Nielsen, H. S., Christiansen, O. B., & Kolte, A. M. (2016) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0000000000000225 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cheshire, J., Garg, A., Smith, P., Devall, A., Coomarasamy, A., & Dhillon‐Smith, R. K. (2025) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2025.05.038 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Guideline No. 464: Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Motan, T., Cockwell, H., Elliott, J., Antaki, R., & White, J. S. (2025) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada · doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2025.103167 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Foo, L. F., Collins, A., McEniery, C. M., Bennett, P. R., Wilkinson, I. B., & Lees, C. C. (2017) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dex050 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Australasian Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Clinical Management Guideline 2024 Part I
Suker, A., Li, Y., Robson, D., Marren, A. J., & the Australasian CREI (Certificate of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility) Consensus Expert Panel on Trial Evidence (ACCEPT) group (2024) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/ajo.13821 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mohammad-Akbari, A., Mohazzab, A., Tavakoli, M., Karimi, A., Zafardoust, S., Zolghadri, Z., Shahali, S., Tokhmechi, R., & Ansaripour, S. (2022) · Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/jrms.jrms_81_21 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Kdous, M., Chaker, A., Zhioua, A., & Zhioua, F. (2009) · Journal de gynécologie, obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction. Supplément/Journal de gynécologie obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction · doi:10.1016/j.jgyn.2008.12.001 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Glucose/insulin metabolism and vitamin D in women with recurrent pregnancy loss
D’Ippolito, S., Capozzi, A., Scambia, G., Sorge, R. P., Lello, S., & Simone, N. D. (2021) · American Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1111/aji.13505 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Recurrent pregnancy loss: a committee opinion
Gracia, C. R., Amato, P., Anderson, J., Flyckt, R. L., Hansen, K., Hill, M., Jain, T., Jindal, S., Kalra, S., Pier, B. D., et al. (2026) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.03.001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Hantoushzadeh, S., Gargari, O. K., Shafiee, A., Seighali, N., & Ghaemi, M. (2023) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-022-00973-z · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sierra, S., Min, J. K., Saumet, J., Shapiro, H. M., Sylvestre, C. V., Roberts, J., Liu, K. E., Buckett, W. M., Vélez, M. P., & MAHUTTE, N. G. (2024) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2024.104456 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cytogenetic Studies of Recurrent Miscarriage- A Review
Pokale, Y., & Khadke, P. (2016) · International STD Research & Reviews · doi:10.9734/isrr/2016/23441 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Jung, M.-L., Renke, T., Nowak, O., Jauckus, J., Zorn, M., Capp, E., Strowitzki, T., & Germeyer, A. (2015) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-015-3650-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Pourmasumi, S., Ghasemi, N., Talebi, A. R., Mehrabani, M., & Sabeti, P. (2018) · International Journal of Medical Laboratory · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sun, D., Lu, S., Gan, X., & Lash, G. E. (2022) · Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jri.2022.103636 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Definitions, Epidemiology, and Prognosis
Bashiri, A., & Borick, J. L. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27452-2_1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Metformin throughout Pregnancy in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Safety and Advantages
Bansal, B., Dalal, R. J., Nandita, P. P., Hrishikesh, D. P., Manisha, T., & Saxena, N. (2011) · International Journal of Infertility & Fetal Medicine · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10016-1019 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Branch, D. W., & Heuser, C. C. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1436-1_17 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Metformin in High Metabolic Risk Pregnancies — A Patient-Level Meta-Analysis
Mousa, A., Løvvik, T. S., Carlsen, S., Belsti, Y., Enticott, J., Tay, C. T., Nikkinen, H., Morin-Papunen, L. C., Tertti, K., Rönnemaa, T., et al. (2026) · NEJM Evidence · doi:10.1056/evidoa2500337 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Çoşar, E., Mun, S., Taner, C. E., & Uysal, A. (2014) · The Annals of Clinical and Analytical Medicine · doi:10.4328/jcam.1996 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wheeler, C. J., Keye, W. R., & Peterson, C. M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1436-1_11 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ibrahem, B. S., Syokar, A. A. E., Ossman, A. M. E., & Elsaba, T. M. (2020) · Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research · doi:10.9734/jammr/2020/v32i2430751 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Frühschwangerschaft: klinische Aspekte und Abortgeschehen
von Steinburg, S. P. (2024) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-63506-3_2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cheshire, J., Garg, A., Smith, P., Devall, A., Coomarasamy, A., & Dhillon‐Smith, R. K. (2025) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2025.07.042 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Störung der Frühschwangerschaft und Aborte
von Steinburg, S. P., Schleußner, E., Kuon, R., Vomstein, K., & Tóth, B. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-55622-1_10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Quenby, S. M. (2012) · Wiley-Blackwell eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119979449.ch7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
EDMONDS, D. K. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119211457.ch41 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Disorders of Early Pregnancy and Pregnancy Loss
von Steinburg, S. P., Schleußner, E., Kuon, R., Vomstein, K., & Tóth, B. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-66256-4_10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The evaluation and management of recurrent pregnancy loss
Bedaiwy, M. A., Elbasueny, B., Iews, M., Rowe, T., & Jiang, I. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85687-4.00017-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Obesity and recurrent miscarriage
Pearson, A. C., & Mahmood, T. A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817919-2.00010-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Endokrine Ursachen von Aborten
Schüring, A. N., Schmedt, A., & Kiesel, L. (2013) · Gynäkologische Endokrinologie · doi:10.1007/s10304-012-0520-8
Frühschwangerschaft: klinische Aspekte und Abortgeschehen
von Steinburg, S. P. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45064-2_2
Endocrine Abnormalities in RPL
Benshalom-Tirosh, N., Tirosh, D., Steiner, N., & Bashiri, A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27452-2_3
Hormones in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Agarwal, N., & Kulshrestha, V. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-7338-0_6
A narrative review of adjuvants inin vitrofertilisation: evidence for good clinical practice
Kemp, A., & El‐Toukhy, T. (2019) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1080/01443615.2019.1647518
(2009) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0b013e3283339a46
Frühschwangerschaft: klinische Aspekte und Abortgeschehen
von Steinburg, S. P. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44369-9_2-1
Frühschwangerschaft: klinische Aspekte und Abortgeschehen
von Steinburg, S. P. (2023) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44369-9_2-2
Recent Advancements and treatments in Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion : An Overview
Gaurav, A., Srivastava, A., Pathak, A., Rai, A. K., Sengar, R. S., & Chauhana, P. (2021) · Biotech Today · doi:10.5958/2322-0996.2021.00012.0
Endocrine dysfunction in recurrent pregnancy loss
Kharwar, A. K. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13617-7.00015-3
Ligne directrice n° 464 : Fausses couches à répétition
Motan, T., Cockwell, H., Elliott, J., Antaki, R., & White, J. S. (2025) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada · doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2025.103168
Hantoushzadeh, S., Kohandel Gargari, O., Shafiee, A., Seighali, N., & Ghaemi, M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26559383
Early Pregnancy and Miscarriage
von Steinburg, S. P. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-70578-0_2
The Effect of PCOS on Fertility and Pregnancy
Salley, K. E. S., & Nestler, J. E. (2009) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-250-6_10
- Authors
- Zolghadri, J., Tavana, Z., Kazerooni, T., Soveid, M., & Taghieh, M.
- Affiliations
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Zolghadri, Jaleh
- ORCID
- Tavana, Zohreh
- Venue
- Fertility and Sterility
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 727-730
- ISSN
- 0015-0282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2132180012
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Fertility and Sterility (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Reproductive System and Pregnancy
- Keywords
- recurrent pregnancy loss, metformin, glucose tolerance test, impaired glucose tolerance, polycystic ovary syndrome, early pregnancy loss, teratogenicity, continuation of pregnancy, carbohydrate metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Abortion, Habitual, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Hyperinsulinism, Hypoglycemic Agents, Iran, Metformin, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Risk Factors, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Treatment Outcome, Risk Assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
