The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Synthesis, characterization, and application of a Zn (II)-imprinted polymer grafted on graphene oxide/magnetic chitosan nanocomposite for selective extraction of zinc ions from different food samples
Abstract
A novel Zn(II) imprinted polymer was synthesized via a co-precipitation method using graphene oxide/magnetic chitosan nanocomposite as supporting material. The synthesized imprinted polymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and applied as a sorbent for selective magnetic solid phase extraction of zinc followed by its determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The kinetic and isothermal adsorption experiments were carried out and all parameters affecting the extraction process was optimized. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the developed procedure exhibits a linear dynamic range of 0.5-5.0µgL-1 with a detection limit of 0.09µgL-1 and quantification limit of 0.3µgL-1. The maximum sorption capacity of the sorbent was found to be 71.4mgg-1. The developed procedure was successfully applied to the selective extraction and determination of zinc in various samples including well water, drinking water, black tea, rice, and milk.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The ion-imprinting technique prepares adsorbents with high selectivity for target metal ions.
“The ionimprinting technique was followed to prepare adsorbents which high selectivity for target metal ions 19 .”
From Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater: a comprehensive and critical review (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
Citations
Cites
THE CONSTITUTION AND FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS. PART I. SOLIDS.
Langmuir, I. (1916) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja02268a002 · Cited by 10,017
Deng, Y., Qi, D., Deng, C., Zhang, X., & Zhao, D. (2007) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja0777584 · Cited by 1,674
Intraparticle diffusion processes during acid dye adsorption onto chitosan
Cheung, W. H., Szeto, Y. S., & McKay, G. (2006) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2006.09.045 · Cited by 978
Han, D., Yan, L., Chen, W., & Li, W. (2010) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.08.038 · Cited by 574
Travlou, N. A., Kyzas, G. Z., Lazaridis, N. K., & Deliyanni, E. A. (2013) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la304696y · Cited by 379
A kinetic study of metal complex dye sorption onto pine sawdust
Özacar, M., & Şengil, İ. A. (2004) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2004.01.032 · Cited by 329
Säbel, C. E., Neureuther, J. M., & Siemann, S. (2009) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ab.2009.10.037 · Cited by 208
Su, X., Li, X., Li, J., Liu, M., Lei, F., Tan, X., Li, P., & Luo, W. (2014) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.024 · Cited by 169
Scherz, H., & Kirchhoff, E. (2006) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2005.10.004 · Cited by 153
Deng, P., Xu, Z., & Kuang, Y. (2014) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.074 · Cited by 138
Feist, B., & Mikuła, B. (2013) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.002 · Cited by 119
Tahmasebi, E., & Yamini, Y. (2012) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.040 · Cited by 111
Wang, Y., Wang, E., Wu, Z., Li, H., Zhu, Z., Zhu, X., & Dong, Y. (2013) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.078 · Cited by 106
Barati, A., Kazemi, E., Dadfarnia, S., & Shabani, A. M. H. (2016) · Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2016.10.033 · Cited by 90
Self-citationLiu, B., Han, M., Guan, G., Wang, S., Liu, R., & Zhang, Z. (2011) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/jp205327q · Cited by 85
Özbek, N., & Akman, S. (2016) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.043 · Cited by 84
Ning, F., Peng, H., Li, J., Chen, L., & Xiong, H. (2014) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf501845w · Cited by 82
Synthesis of Zn(II) ion-imprinted solid-phase extraction material and its analytical application
Zhao, J., Han, B., Zhang, Y., & Wang, D. (2007) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2007.09.024 · Cited by 77
Behbahani, M., Salarian, M., Bagheri, A., Tabani, H., Omidi, F., & Fakhari, A. R. (2013) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2013.10.003 · Cited by 75
Shamsipur, M., Rajabi, H. R., Pourmortazavi, S. M., & Roushani, M. (2013) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.saa.2013.07.094 · Cited by 71
Kazemi, E., Dadfarnia, S., & Shabani, A. M. H. (2015) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2015.04.024 · Cited by 71
Self-citationDadfarnia, S., Shabani, A. M. H., Bidabadi, M. S., & Jafari, A. A. (2009) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.08.118 · Cited by 67
Self-citationTarighat, M. A., Shahbazi, E., & Niknam, K. (2012) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.099 · Cited by 57
Surikumaran, H., Mohamad, S., & Sarih, N. M. (2014) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms15046111 · Cited by 52
Shakerian, F., Dadfarnia, S., & Shabani, A. M. H. (2012) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.105 · Cited by 51
Self-citationRoushani, M., Abbasi, S., Khani, H., & Sahraei, R. (2014) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.028 · Cited by 50
Lemos, V. A., Bezerra, M. A., & Amorim, F. A. C. (2008) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.027 · Cited by 48
Kazemi, E., Shabani, A. M. H., & Dadfarnia, S. (2014) · Microchimica Acta · doi:10.1007/s00604-014-1430-3 · Cited by 48
Self-citationDesulfurization of Gasoline using Molecularly Imprinted Chitosan as Selective Adsorbents
Chang, Y., Zhang, L., Ying, H., Li, Z., Lv, H., & Ouyang, P. (2008) · Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12010-008-8441-7 · Cited by 46
Qiu, H., Luo, C., Sun, M. H., Lu, F., Fan, L., & Li, X. (2012) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2012.07.022 · Cited by 44
Machado, I., Bergmann, G., & Pistón, M. (2015) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.027 · Cited by 38
Pourreza, N., & Naghdi, T. (2014) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2014.04.073 · Cited by 36
Duan, H., Li, L.-L., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Li, J., & Luo, C. (2015) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c5ra11061k · Cited by 23
Sub-nanomolar detection of zinc on the ion-imprinted polymer modified glassy carbon electrode
Behnia, N., Asgari, M., & Feizbakhsh, A. (2014) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2014.11.008 · Cited by 16
Ribas, T. C. F., Tóth, I. V., & Rangel, A. O. S. S. (2016) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2016.10.016 · Cited by 16
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater: a comprehensive and critical review
Qasem, N. A. A., Mohammed, R. H., & Lawal, D. U. (2021) · npj Clean Water · doi:10.1038/s41545-021-00127-0 · Cited by 2,225
Recent advances in heavy metal removal by chitosan based adsorbents
Upadhyay, U., Sreedhar, I., Singh, S. A., Patel, C. M., & Anitha, K. L. (2021) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117000 · Cited by 532
Removal of various pollutants from water and wastewater by modified chitosan adsorbents
Wang, J., & Zhuang, S. (2017) · Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/10643389.2017.1421845 · Cited by 397
Recent application of magnetic solid phase extraction for food safety analysis
Jiang, H., Li, N., Cui, L., Wang, X., & Zhao, R. (2019) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2019.115632 · Cited by 258
Magnetic nanoparticle based solid-phase extraction of heavy metal ions: A review on recent advances
Hemmati, M., Rajabi, M., & Asghari, A. (2018) · Microchimica Acta · doi:10.1007/s00604-018-2670-4 · Cited by 230
Biotin–Avidin System-Based Delivery Enhances the Therapeutic Performance of MSC-Derived Exosomes
Deng, D., Li, X., Zhang, J.-J., Yin, Y., Tian, Y., Gan, D., Wu, R., Wang, J., Tian, B., Chen, F., et al. (2023) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c00839 · Cited by 123
Recent advances in the application of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) in food analysis
Basak, S., Venkatram, R., & Singhal, R. S. (2022) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109074 · Cited by 116
Pichotano, E. C., de Molon, R. S., de Souza, R. V., Austin, R. S., Marcantônio, É., & Zandim‐Barcelos, D. L. (2019) · Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research · doi:10.1111/cid.12713 · Cited by 107
Ion-Imprinted Polymeric Materials for Selective Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution
Lazar, M. M., Ghiorghiță, C.-A., Drăgan, E. S., Humelnicu, D., & Dinu, M. V. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28062798 · Cited by 100
Qu, B., & Luo, Y. (2021) · Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100102 · Cited by 86
Biopolymers in sorbent-based microextraction methods
Pacheco‐Fernández, I., Allgaier-Díaz, D. W., Mastellone, G., Cagliero, C., Díaz, D. D., & Pino, V. (2020) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2020.115839 · Cited by 84
Cui, Y., Ding, L., & Ding, J. F. (2022) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2021.116514 · Cited by 79
Shaumbwa, V. R., Liu, D., Archer, B., Li, J., & Su, F. (2021) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.51241 · Cited by 74
Recent applications of graphene and graphene-based materials as sorbents in trace analysis
Jing, W., Wang, J., Kuipers, B., Bi, W., & Chen, D. D. Y. (2021) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2021.116212 · Cited by 72
Applications of Chitosan in Molecularly and Ion Imprinted Polymers
Karrat, A., Lamaoui, A., Amine, A., Santander, J. M. P., & Aguilera, L. C. (2020) · Chemistry Africa · doi:10.1007/s42250-020-00177-w · Cited by 68
Ouardi, Y. E., Giove, A., Laatikainen, M., Branger, C., & Laatikainen, K. (2021) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2021.106548 · Cited by 73
Wei, X., Chen, S., Rong, J., Sui, Z., Wang, S., Lin, Y.-B., Xiao, J., & Huang, D. (2021) · Polymer Testing · doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.107192 · Cited by 54
Biopolymers-based sorbents as a future green direction for solid phase (micro)extraction techniques
Werner, J., Zgoła‐Grześkowiak, A., Grześkowiak, T., & Frankowski, R. (2024) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2024.117659 · Cited by 51
Wang, J., Mao, M., Saleem, A., & Chen, Y. (2020) · Reactive and Functional Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104720 · Cited by 50
Xiong, H., Fan, Y., Mao, X., Guo, L., Yan, A., Guo, X., Wan, Y., & Wan, H. (2021) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131250 · Cited by 47
Wang, W., Gong, Z., Yang, S., Xiong, T., Wang, D., & Fan, M. (2019) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120435 · Cited by 45
Sample Preparation Using Graphene-Oxide-Derived Nanomaterials for the Extraction of Metals
Manousi, N., Rosenberg, E., Deliyanni, E. A., & Zachariadis, G. A. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25102411 · Cited by 43
Mabrouk, M. M., Hammad, S. F., Mansour, F. R., & Abdella, A. A. (2022) · Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1080/10408347.2022.2099220 · Cited by 37
Asim, N., Su’ait, M. S., Badiei, M., Mohammad, M., Akhtaruzzaman, M., Rajabi, A., Amin, N., & Ghazali, M. J. (2022) · Nanotechnology Reviews · doi:10.1515/ntrev-2022-0087 · Cited by 35
Zhao, M., Wu, H.-Z., Deng, X.-K., Yi, R., & Yang, Y. (2023) · Analytical Methods · doi:10.1039/d3ay01617j · Cited by 33
de Molon, R. S., Magalhaes-Tunes, F. S., Semedo, C. V., Furlan, R. G., de Souza, L. G. L., Faloni, A. P. D. S., Marcantônio, É., & Faeda, R. S. (2018) · International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2018.09.003 · Cited by 31
Li, M., Tang, S., Liu, R., Meng, X., Feng, J. G., Zhou, L., & Chen, Y. (2021) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2021.01.033 · Cited by 29
Huang, G., Wei, P., & Yang, S. (2018) · Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s10967-018-5850-0 · Cited by 29
Yang, S., Wu, G., Song, J., & Hu, B. (2022) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121568 · Cited by 27
Application of polysaccharide biopolymers as natural adsorbent in sample preparation
Sheibani, E., Hosseini, A., Nasab, A. S., Adib, K., Ganjali, M. R., Pourmortazavi, S. M., Ahmadi, F., Khosrowshahi, E. M., Mirsadeghi, S., Rahimi‐Nasrabadi, M., et al. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1978385 · Cited by 24
Zhang, W., Deng, X., Ye, S., Xia, Y., Li, L., Li, W., & He, H. (2022) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d2ra06918k · Cited by 20
Yang, H., Fan, J., Tian, H.-J., Wang, X., Fu, W., & Alam, E. (2019) · Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10971-019-04985-6 · Cited by 19
Biocomposites with graphene derivatives
Inobeme, A., Mathew, J. T., Adetunji, C. O., Agbugui, M. O., Osarenren, E. J., Chinedu, O., Ngonso, B. F., Inobeme, J., Bamigboye, O., Bernard, E., et al. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19074-2.00005-8 · Cited by 17
Colorimetric detection of spermine and spermidine by zincon in aqueous solution
Fukushima, Y., & Aikawa, S. (2019) · Tetrahedron Letters · doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151302 · Cited by 17
Zhang, W., Ye, S., Yang, X.-T., Zhu, B.-S., Li, W., He, H., & Deng, X. (2022) · New Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d2nj05223g · Cited by 16
Tian, L., He, X., Lei, X., Qiao, M., Gu, J., & Zhang, Q. (2018) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b02275 · Cited by 14
Sorption of calcium by chitosan hydrogel: Kinetics and equilibrium
Skwarczyńska, A., Chacuk, A., Modrzejewska, Z., & Puszkarewicz, A. (2022) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2022.116024 · Cited by 13
Khan, M., Al-Ghouti, M. A., Khraisheh, M. A. M., Shomar, B., Hijji, Y. M., Tong, Y., Mansour, S. A., & Nasser, M. S. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.116024 · Cited by 10
Pei, J., Ren, T., Huang, Y., Chen, R., Jin, W., Shang, S., Wang, J., Liu, Z., Liang, Y., & El‐Aty, A. M. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2022.894759 · Cited by 9
Chitosan-multilayered graphene oxide hybrid beads for Zn 2 + and metoprolol adsorption
Bouyahmed, F., Muller, F., Richard, A., Moustefaoui, T. A., Belabbas, I., Warmont, F., Roulet, M., Reinert, L., Duclaux, L., & Delpeux, S. (2022) · Comptes Rendus Chimie · doi:10.5802/crchim.183 · Cited by 8
Sharma, N., Tiwari, S., & Saxena, R. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816681-9.00004-7 · Cited by 8
Application of magnetic nanomaterials in food analysis
Faraji, M., & Yamini, Y. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822131-0.00003-0 · Cited by 7
Mabaso, N. B., Nomngongo, P. N., & Nyaba, L. (2024) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr12081601 · Cited by 6
Matuszewski, K. E., Shindel, B., Nandwana, V., & Dravid, V. P. (2025) · ACS ES&T Water · doi:10.1021/acsestwater.4c01234 · Cited by 6
Chitosan-based ion-imprinted polymer for selective extraction of Zn(II) in aqueous samples
Khairnar, N. A., Choudhary, B. C., Karnakar, R. R., & Gite, V. V. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental & Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1080/03067319.2020.1849646 · Cited by 6
Wujcicki, Ł., & Kluczka, J. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27073183 · Cited by 5
Çıtlakoğlu, M., & Yolcu, Z. (2023) · Inorganica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.ica.2023.121605 · Cited by 5
Khairnar, N. A., Jirimali, H. D., Patil, K. P., & Gite, V. V. (2020) · Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials · doi:10.1080/25740881.2020.1765381 · Cited by 5
Heavy Metal Removal and Recovery: Sustainable and Efficient Approaches
Chauhan, N. S., & Punia, A. (2023) · Springer water · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40198-5_5 · Cited by 3
Almutairi, M., Alshammari, S., Almutairi, D., Alansari, T. A., Aldhafiri, F., Almutairi, A. N., Alazmi, A., Alkandari, N. B., Alkhaldi, M., & Alwegyan, M. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.85306 · Cited by 3
Liu, B., Zhang, M., Chen, M., Qin, L., Wang, M., Fu, D., Liu, W., & Liu, X. (2026) · Journal of Separation Science · doi:10.1002/jssc.70362 · Cited by 2
Laskar, M. A., & Siddiqui, S. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815811-1.00012-0 · Cited by 2
Ullah, B., Khan, S. R., Ali, S., & Jamil, S. (2021) · Reviews in Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1515/revce-2020-0030 · Cited by 1
Manousi, N., Deliyanni, E. A., & Zachariadis, G. A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91894-7.00013-x · Cited by 1
Singh, N., Keshan, N., Kaur, T., Kumar, R., & Jabin, S. (2023) · Ecology Environment and Conservation · doi:10.53550/eec.2023.v29i02.040 · Cited by 1
Dehghani, Z., Dadfarnia, S., & Shabani, A. M. H. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental & Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1080/03067319.2024.2365774 · Cited by 1
Self-citationHuang, C., Ma, S., & Ou, J. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15978-7.00075-8 · Cited by 1
The use of composites for magnetic solid extraction in beverage and food
Cui, Y., Li, X.-H., & Yang, C. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15978-7.00062-x
Nanotechnology-Based Adsorption and Membrane Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment
Shukla, D. (2025) · Nanotechnology in the life sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-82794-5_2
Урунбоевич, Р. У., Karshiboeva, M., Matekeyeva, A., Narzullaev, S., MUXAMATOV, O. O., Taniev, O., Tursunqulov, J., & Smanova, Z. (2026) · Talanta Open · doi:10.1016/j.talo.2026.100674
Advances in chitosan-based adsorbents for sustainable and miniaturized analytical methods: a review
Ribeiro, K. D. Q., Luckow, A. C. B., Cadaval, T. R. S., & Soares, B. M. (2026) · Analytical Methods · doi:10.1039/d6ay00340k · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Kazemi, E., Dadfarnia, S., Haji Shabani, A. M., & Ranjbar, M.
- Affiliations
- Yazd University (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Dadfarnia, Shayessteh
- Venue
- Food Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-12
- Volume
- 237
- Pages
- 921-928
- ISSN
- 0308-8146 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2622173010
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 3.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Food Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Keywords
- magnetic solid-phase extraction, co-precipitation synthesis, food samples, water analysis, adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms, sorbents
- MeSH terms
- Adsorption, Food, Food Analysis, Graphite, Ions, Magnetics, Oxides, Polymers, Zinc, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Chitosan, Solid Phase Extraction, Nanocomposites
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review