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Towards sustainability? Forest-based circular bioeconomy business models in Finnish SMEs
Open accessAbstract
In line with the Sustainable Development Goals of the UN 2030 Agenda, the circular bioeconomy concept is gaining greater political momentum and research interest. A circular bioeconomy implies a more efficient resource management of bio-based renewable resources by integrating circular economy principles into the bioeconomy. These ideas have been well received at industry level since they are deemed to foster cost reductions, innovation and competitiveness. While recent scientific literature has dwelt on sustainability-related circular business models, empirical research on company-level implementation is only just emerging. Our study contributes to addressing this research lacuna by seeking answers to two questions: 1. How do small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) propose, create and deliver, and capture value through circular bioeconomy business models?; and 2. What are the business challenges and opportunities related to the operationalization of such business models? To this end, we employed content analysis on interview data gathered from managers in Finnish SME companies from the field of packaging, textiles, composite materials, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. We outlined the main business model archetypes, and identified the key characteristics that enable value capture and delivery for various stakeholders. The contribution of this study is duly two-fold. From the perspective of a theoretical contribution, we expand and refine the conceptualization of susta…
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“Similarly, the bioeconomy enables the transition from fossil-based to biomass-based industrial inputs and emphasizes the sustainable use of renewable resources for economic, environmental, and social benefits (Pfau et al., 2014; D'Amato et al., 2018; Gawel et al., 2019).”
From Circular Bioeconomy Concepts—A Perspective (2021) · cites this paper as D'Amato et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“On the other hand, the limitations associated with the circular economy are the primary emphases on economic and environmental gains while neglecting the social dimension to any significant extent (Kirchherr et al., 2017; D'Amato et al., 2018; Korhonen et al., 2018).”
From Circular Bioeconomy Concepts—A Perspective (2021) · cites this paper as D'Amato et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Moreover, both the circular economy and the bioeconomy are resource-oriented concepts (e.g., renewable materials, material recycle), which essentially fail to address synergies and conflicts with broader ecological processes and ecosystem services such as water, carbon and nutrient cycles (including emissions and waste), quality of energy source and efficiency in production and use, and main”
From Circular Bioeconomy Concepts—A Perspective (2021) · cites this paper as D'Amato et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“We agree with some researchers that the circular bioeconomy should be viewed as an emerging concept aiming to address the debate on the definite contribution of the circular economy and the bioeconomy to resolving sustainability challenges (D'Amato et al., 2017, 2018).”
From Circular Bioeconomy Concepts—A Perspective (2021) · cites this paper as D'Amato et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Instead, the circular bioeconomy is actually 'more than bioeconomy or circular economy alone' (D'Amato et al., 2018).”
From Circular Bioeconomy Concepts—A Perspective (2021) · cites this paper as D'Amato et al., 2018
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“Thus, the forest-based “circular” bioeconomy model, which is based on wood and products derived from wood as a dominant part of the system [5], is facing the massive challenge of growing increasing amounts of wood biomass under ever-increasing pressure to convert forests to agricultural land [6].”
BackgroundBalanay, R., Varela, R., & Halog, A. B. (2022) · Circular Economy and Sustainability · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821664-4.00016-9 · Cited by 10
Bråten, S., Wedum, G., & Nilsen, T. (2025) · Regional Studies, Regional Science · doi:10.1080/21681376.2025.2476627 · Cited by 9
“Bioeconomy and its industries are considered a promising pathway for sustainable economic development because they are closely linked to the reduction of waste (D’Amato et al., 2020; Stegmann et al., 2020).”
Chong, S. C., & Kaliappen, N. (2025) · Social Responsibility Journal · doi:10.1108/srj-01-2024-0009 · Cited by 22
Anastasiades, K., Bielen, H., Cantré, G., Audenaert, A., & Blom, J. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139898 · Cited by 10
Biswas, D., Manna, A., & Pahari, S. (2023) · FIIB Business Review · doi:10.1177/23197145231168726 · Cited by 13
Hatvani, N., van den Oever, M. J. A., Mátéffy, K., & Koós, Á. (2022) · Bio-based and Applied Economics · doi:10.36253/bae-10820 · Cited by 9
“27 Values that are generally recognized in all the business cases reviewed in this study include: valorization of wastes or untapped feedstocks; creation of more sustainable products; mitigating dependence from fossil fuels in the case of energy-producing solutions; local value creation by using…”
Holzer, D., Mair‐Bauernfeind, C., Kriechbaum, M., Rauter, R., & Stern, T. (2022) · Circular Economy and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43615-022-00210-9 · Cited by 18
The perspective of SMEs on the challenges of the circular economy in the 21st century Hungary
Bajnóczki, C., Illés, Z., & Szendrő, P. (2021) · Progress in Agricultural Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1556/446.2021.00038 · Cited by 10
“An interviewee from another Finnish case study argues that the creation of a practical platform to initiate the early stages of the transition would support the concretization of the circular bioeconomy network (D’Amato et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialPolez, R. T., Rodrigues, B. V. M., Seoud, O. E. E., & Frollini, E. (2021) · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116745 · Cited by 9
Nimfa, D., Islam, A., Latiff, A., & Wahab, S. (2021) · Society 5.0 · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86761-4_5 · Cited by 9
Pastore, L., Corvo, L., Santangelo, A. E., Resce, G., & Lelo, A. (2025) · Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal · doi:10.1108/aaaj-04-2024-7041 · Cited by 8
Circularity potential identification for new bio-materials using material flow analysis
Kruczek, M., Jąderko-Skubis, K., Markowska, M., Zgórska, A., & Białowąs, M. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179649 · Cited by 11
Kassa, T., & Kegne, M. (2025) · Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1186/s13731-024-00458-5 · Cited by 8
“This negative impact on sustainable development underscores the need to promote environmentally friendly materials, sustainable packaging, recycling initiatives, and waste management practices (D’Amato et al., 2020).”
Wenger, J., Jäger, G., Näyhä, A., Plakolb, S., Krassnitzer, P., & Stern, T. (2024) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3671 · Cited by 8
Lanfredi, M., Coluzzi, R., Imbrenda, V., Носова, Б., Giacalone, M., Turco, R., Prokopová, M., & Salvati, L. (2023) · Land · doi:10.3390/land12051001 · Cited by 20
Rinn, R., Palátová, P., Kalábová, M., & Jarský, V. (2022) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f14010033 · Cited by 8
“[79]), were included among the views on the FBE of the other selected countries, or if other experts from Czechia were interviewed (as described in Báliková et al.”
BackgroundShaping the bioeconomy: Public and private sector perceptions across European regions
Briers, S., Ackermann, A., Linser, S., Živojinović, I., de Arano, I. M., Klapper, J., Amato, M., Osés, M. A., Orbe, L. B., Boscaleri, F., et al. (2024) · Current Research in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.crsust.2024.100264 · Cited by 8
Defining the systemic development of the Finnish pulp and paper industry’s business network
Laakkonen, A., Hujala, T., & Pykäläinen, J. (2022) · Silva Fennica · doi:10.14214/sf.10599 · Cited by 8
“…bioeconomy where fossil-based resources are substituted with sustainably sourced and efficiently used and reused bio-based resources (Hetemäki et al. 2017; D’Amato et al. 2020) and where companies should have innovative and sustainable business models (Bocken et al. 2014; Evans et al. 2017).”
Assessment of Epoxidized Isobutyl Fatty Esters from Soybean Oil Distillates as Biobased Plasticizers
Nájera, L. N., Orjuela, Á., Narváez-Rincón, P. C., Sánchez-Nácher, L., Montanes, N., & Quiles-Carrillo, L. (2024) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.4c03570 · Cited by 7
What does it take to close the loop? Lessons from a successful citrus waste valorisation business
Rao, M., Bilić, L., Bast, A., & de Boer, A. (2024) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-08-2023-0700 · Cited by 13
“These barriers are connected to the need for new knowledge and skills among employees, access to piloting or research facilities, and adjusting operations to new, innovative business models (D ’ Amato et al. , 2020; Orozco et al. , 2021; Reim et al. , 2019).”
BackgroundPapadopoulou, C.-I., Loizou, E., Chatzitheodoridis, F., & Karelakis, C. D. (2023) · Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies · doi:10.1108/jadee-12-2022-0284 · Cited by 10
Motives for Sustainability Certification—Private Certified Forest Owners’ Perspectives
Thorning, A., & Mark-Herbert, C. (2022) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f13050790 · Cited by 7
The role of financial, social and informational mechanisms on willingness to use bioenergy
Liobikienė, G., & Miceikienė, A. (2022) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.066 · Cited by 7
Pathways to bioeconomy development: A multi-regional perspective from Europe
Briers, S., Ackermann, A., Živojinović, I., Linser, S., Rinn, R., de Arano, I. M., Klapper, J., Wallius, V., Kriján, M. A., Orbe, L. B., et al. (2025) · Ambio · doi:10.1007/s13280-025-02297-4 · Cited by 6
“…relies on the active involvement and strategic choices of regional stakeholders who are optimally positioned to tailor solutions that address their unique local needs, challenges, and opportunities (Gerdes and Kiresiewa 2018; D’Amato et al. 2020; Gardossi et al. 2023; Briers et al. 2024).”
Tahvanainen, V., Laakkonen, A., Pesälä, O., Pittaluga, L., Hujala, T., & Pykäläinen, J. (2024) · Forest Policy and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103248 · Cited by 6
Design Options for Sustainable and Open Business Models: A Taxonomy-Based Analysis
Mais, F., & Bauernhansl, T. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16114790 · Cited by 6
“Examining how these configurations influence environmental, social and economic aspects can help identify the most effective strategies for SBMI.”
BackgroundBusiness model, strategies and performance of baobab enterprises: Insight for the NTFPs industry
Gangata, B., Dumenu, W. K., Munthali, C., & Darr, D. (2024) · Trees, Forests and People · doi:10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100573 · Cited by 6
CURRENT STATE AND DIRECTIONS OF FURTHER CIRCULAR AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE
Stepanenko, S., Kuzoma, V., & Tymoshenko, K. (2023) · Baltic Journal of Economic Studies · doi:10.30525/2256-0742/2023-9-4-223-233 · Cited by 6
Rinn, R., & Jarský, V. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142315575 · Cited by 6
Liobikienė, G., Miceikienė, A., & Brizga, J. (2021) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105565 · Cited by 6
Can small and medium-sized companies increase the value added from wood-based side streams?
Kuhmonen, I., Näyhä, A., Solaranta, M., & Keränen, J. (2024) · Silva Fennica · doi:10.14214/sf.23080 · Cited by 6
“Such collective system building (Planko et al. 2017) could enable the establishment of a favorable environment for new, innovative technologies promoting sustainability and CBE.”
InfluentialSetting up a bioeconomy monitoring: Resource base and sustainability
Iost, S., Geng, N., Schweinle, J., Banse, M., Brüning, S., Jochem, D., Machmüller, A., & Weimar, H. (2020) · doi:10.3220/wp1593762669000 · Cited by 6
Circular economy practices in locally rooted family SMEs: the role of the socio-spatial context
Doucet, P., Garrido-Prada, P., Parra-Domínguez, J., Requejo, I., & Suárez-González, I. (2025) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-025-01060-z · Cited by 5
Developing Blueprints for Robust Regional Bioeconomy Strategies: The Case of Western Macedonia
Papadopoulou, C., Foutri, A., Martinidis, G., Kalea, T., & Fallas, Y. (2025) · Land · doi:10.3390/land14020418 · Cited by 5
Sustainable innovation practices: a single case study in a wine SME
Franco, M., Rodrigues, M., & Albuquerque, J. (2025) · The International Journal of Organizational Analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-11-2024-4969 · Cited by 5
Assessing the Viability of Circular Economy in Indonesia's MSMEs Agribusiness Sector
Zuhri, N., Abdullah, Z., & Puspita, N. (2024) · International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning · doi:10.18280/ijsdp.191112 · Cited by 5
“Furthermore, Chakraborty et al. [23] and D'Amato et al. [24] emphasised the importance of technological advances for effectively applying circular economy principles.”
Zafra-Calvo, N., Ortega, U., Sertutxa, U., & Moreaux, C. (2024) · Trees, Forests and People · doi:10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100727 · Cited by 5
Panori, D., Papaspyropoulos, K. G., & Nikolaou, I. E. (2024) · Discover Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43621-024-00304-4 · Cited by 5
“This agrees with the research findings presented in [59], which demonstrate that the relatively newly founded forest companies may lack the experience necessary to introduce topics related to bioeconomy.”
Navigating EU-Sweden Forestry Disputes
Pokorny-Kindlman, R. (2024) · Environmental Challenges · doi:10.1016/j.envc.2024.100927 · Cited by 5
How to identify and interpret weak signals of change in the forest bioeconomy
Mauno, T., Catelo, F., Bengston, D., Pykäläinen, J., & Hujala, T. (2023) · Forest Policy and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2023.103075 · Cited by 5
Holzer, D., Popowicz, M., Rauter, R., Silberschneider, K., & Stern, T. (2023) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2023.10.014 · Cited by 8
Miranda-Valdez, I., Guizani, C., Abbrederis, N., Trogen, M., & Hummel, M. (2023) · Carbon letters · doi:10.1007/s42823-023-00591-3 · Cited by 5
“The ongoing transition toward a widespread bioeconomy in Europe has made cellulose one of the key local raw materials [17, 60, 64].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- D'Amato, D., Veijonaho, S., & Toppinen, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- ORCID
- Toppinen, Anne
- Venue
- Forest Policy and Economics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-01
- Volume
- 110
- Pages
- 101848
- ISSN
- 1389-9341 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2904440676
- Cited by
- 349
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 30
- FWCI
- 57.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2021-06-01)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Forest Policy and Economics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation
- Academy of Finland
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Bioeconomy and Sustainability Development
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Sustainable Supply Chain Management
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Environmental Sustainability in Business
- Keywords
- circular bioeconomy, circular business models, small and medium-sized enterprises, forest industry, value creation, value capture, business model archetypes, sustainability transitions, Finnish SMEs, packaging industry, textiles, composite materials
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