Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 definitions
Open accessAbstract
The circular economy concept has gained momentum both among scholars and practitioners. However, critics claim that it means many different things to different people. This paper provides further evidence for these critics. The aim of this paper is to create transparency regarding the current understandings of the circular economy concept. For this purpose, we have gathered 114 circular economy definitions which were coded on 17 dimensions. Our findings indicate that the circular economy is most frequently depicted as a combination of reduce, reuse and recycle activities, whereas it is oftentimes not highlighted that CE necessitates a systemic shift. We further find that the definitions show few explicit linkages of the circular economy concept to sustainable development. The main aim of the circular economy is considered to be economic prosperity, followed by environmental quality; its impact on social equity and future generations is barely mentioned. Furthermore, neither business models nor consumers are frequently outlined as enablers of the circular economy. We critically discuss the various circular economy conceptualizations throughout this paper. Overall, we hope to contribute via this study towards the coherence of the circular economy concept; we presume that significantly varying circular economy definitions may eventually result in the collapse of the concept.
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CE seeks to enhance resource productivity by narrowing, slowing and closing material and energy loops.
“CE seeks to enhance resource productivity by narrowing (enhancing efficiency), slowing them (extending use) and closing them (reclaiming resources) material and energy loops (Kirchherr et al. 2017;Konietzko et al. 2020).”
From Integrating Life Cycle Assessment, Monetised Externalities and Value Alignment for Strategic Reconfiguration of Circular Business Models: The Case of Smartphones (2026) · cites this paper as Kirchherr et al. 2017
The paper’s definition in §2.3 (page not provided) describes CE through reducing, reusing, recycling and recovering materials, which broadly corresponds to using fewer resources, extending use and reclaiming resources. It does not state the specific narrowing–slowing–closing framework or describe enhancing resource productivity across both material and energy loops as CE’s aim. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSustainable outcomes require business models in which the revenue logic rewards lifetime performance rather than volume-based turnover.
“Sustainable outcomes require business models in which the revenue logic rewards lifetime performance rather than volume-based turnover (Kirchherr et al. 2017;Ferasso et al. 2020).”
From Integrating Life Cycle Assessment, Monetised Externalities and Value Alignment for Strategic Reconfiguration of Circular Business Models: The Case of Smartphones (2026) · cites this paper as Kirchherr et al. 2017
Section 3.4 describes business models as an enabler of the circular economy and quotes a definition based on longevity. Section 2.3 links circular-economy business models to sustainable development. Neither passage says that revenue should reward lifetime performance rather than volume-based turnover; that specific requirement is unsupported by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere are over 100 definitions of circular economy.
“There are over 100 definitions of circular economy (e.g., Bocken et al., 2016; Geissdoerfer et al., 2017; Gladek, 2017; Kirchherr et al., 2017; Korhonen et al., 2018; Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2019; Schöggl et al., 2020; Alhawari et al., 2021).”
From Circular Bioeconomy Concepts—A Perspective (2021) · cites this paper as Kirchherr et al., 2017
The Abstract says the authors gathered 114 circular-economy definitions. However, Section 3.1 (Sample overview) says those 114 entries comprise only 95 different definitions, so the source does not establish that there are over 100 distinct definitions. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe limitations associated with the circular economy are primary emphases on economic and environmental gains while neglecting the social dimension to any significant extent.
“On the other hand, the limitations associated with the circular economy are the primary emphases on economic and environmental gains while neglecting the social dimension to any significant extent (Kirchherr et al., 2017; D'Amato et al., 2018; Korhonen et al., 2018).”
From Circular Bioeconomy Concepts—A Perspective (2021) · cites this paper as Kirchherr et al., 2017
The lack of theoretical robustness of the CE concept could lead organisations to appropriate the term without overhauling business practices in a meaningful way.
“Perhaps, most problematically, the lack of theoretical robustness of the CE concept could lead organisations to appropriate the term without overhauling business practices in a meaningful way.”
From Artificial intelligence in support of the circular economy: ethical considerations and a path forward (2024) · cites this paper as Kirchherr et al. 2017
Kirchherr et al. gathered 114 definitions of the CE and analysed them for associated factors and dimensions.
“Kirchherr et al., (2017) [11] gathered 114 definitions of the CE which were analysed for their associated factors and dimensions.”
From Digitisation and the Circular Economy: A Review of Current Research and Future Trends (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
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A taxonomy of circular economy indicators
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Circular business models: a review
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Critiques of the circular economy
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Biorefineries in circular bioeconomy: A comprehensive review
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Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review
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A typology of circular start-ups: An Analysis of 128 circular business models
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Review of critical metal dynamics to 2050 for 48 elements
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Mapping the social dimension of the circular economy
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Circular economy practices in the built environment
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Circular Digital Built Environment: An Emerging Framework
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Circular economy business models and operations management
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- Authors
- Kirchherr, J., Reike, D., & Hekkert, M.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Kirchherr, Julian
- Venue
- Resources, Conservation and Recycling
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-12
- Volume
- 127
- Pages
- 221-232
- ISSN
- 0921-3449 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2756283300
- Cited by
- 8,550
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1694 · 2025: 1450 · 2024: 1189 · 2023: 1226 · 2022: 1056 · 2021: 901 · 2020: 577 · 2019: 315 · 2018: 129 · 2017: 7 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 558.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Resources Conservation and Recycling (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Sustainable Supply Chain Management
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Sustainable Industrial Ecology
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Environmental Sustainability in Business
- Keywords
- circular economy, conceptualization, reduce, reuse, recycle, systemic change, sustainable development, economic prosperity, social equity, intergenerational equity, business models, consumer role
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