Cited by 240Forensic and Genetic ResearchGenetic diversity and population structureForensic Entomology and Diptera Studies

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Developmental validation of the HIrisPlex system: DNA-based eye and hair colour prediction for forensic and anthropological usage

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Walsh, Susan, Chaitanya, Lakshmi, Clarisse, Lindy, Wirken, Laura, Draus-Barini, Jolanta, Kovatsi, Leda, Maeda, Hitoshi, Ishikawa, Takaki, Sijen, Titia, de Knijff, Peter, Branicki, Wojciech, Liu, Fan, Kayser, Manfred·2014·Forensic Science International: Genetics

DOI 10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.12.006

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Abstract

Forensic DNA Phenotyping or 'DNA intelligence' tools are expected to aid police investigations and find unknown individuals by providing information on externally visible characteristics of unknown suspects, perpetrators and missing persons from biological samples. This is especially useful in cases where conventional DNA profiling or other means remain non-informative. Recently, we introduced the HIrisPlex system, capable of predicting both eye and hair colour from DNA. In the present developmental validation study, we demonstrate that the HIrisPlex assay performs in full agreement with the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) guidelines providing an essential prerequisite for future HIrisPlex applications to forensic casework. The HIrisPlex assay produces complete profiles down to only 63 pg of DNA. Species testing revealed human specificity for a complete HIrisPlex profile, while only non-human primates showed the closest full profile at 20 out of the 24 DNA markers, in all animals tested. Rigorous testing of simulated forensic casework samples such as blood, semen, saliva stains, hairs with roots as well as extremely low quantity touch (trace) DNA samples, produced complete profiles in 88% of cases. Concordance testing performed between five independent forensic laboratories displayed consistent reproducible results on varying types of DNA samples. Due to its design, the assay caters for degraded samples, underlined here by results from artificially d…

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Variants of the melanocyte−stimulating hormone receptor gene are associated with red hair and fair skin in humans
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BackgroundMethod
A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Novel Alleles Associated with Hair Color and Skin Pigmentation
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Three genome-wide association studies and a linkage analysis identify HERC2 as a human iris color gene
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A three-single-nucleotide polymorphism haplotype in intron 1 of OCA2 explains most human eye-color variation
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Understanding the Relationship between Genetic Markers and Skeletal Remains: Implications for Forensic Anthropology and Phenotype-Genotype Studies
Afra, K., Algee-Hewitt, B. F. B., & Hamilton, M. (2021) · Human Biology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Anthropological Genetics · doi:10.1353/hub.2021.0004 · Cited by 4
“…phenotypic markers on the face (Shaffer et al. 2016), as well as direct phenotypic traits, such as eye color and hair color (Liu et al. 2009; Walsh et al. 2012; Chaitanya et al. 2018), and on integrating skin color to use for various forensic applications (Walsh et al. 2014; Maroñas et al. 2015).”
Background
The accuracy of predicting eye and hair pigmentation based on genetic markers in Russian populations
Balanovsky, O., Petrushenko, V., Gorin, I., Kagazezheva, Z., Markina, N., Kostryukova, E., Leybova, A., Maurer, A., & Balanovska, E. (2019) · IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY · doi:10.24075/brsmu.2019.069 · Cited by 4
“For genotyping, we used the most comprehensive, state-of-the art, popular HirisPlex-S system that has proven its accuracy in the studies of modern and ancient Western European populations [8, 11, 17].”
Method
DNA makes an appearance
Defrancesco, L. (2018) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.4057 · Cited by 4
Beachy Head Woman: clarifying her origins using a multiproxy anthropological and biomolecular approach
Walton, A., Marsh, W. A., Strang, A., Seaman, J., Doorn, K. V., Eckardt, H., Wilkinson, C. M., Barnes, I., & Brace, S. (2025) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2025.106445 · Cited by 2
Whole methylomes reveal high-altitude-associated methylation at hypoxia and pigmentation genes in South American Indigenous populations
Pryor, Y., Migliore, N. R., Alava, D. R., Gerlando, R. D., Tineo, D. H. T., Gusmão, L., González‐Andrade, F., Achilli, A., & Lindo, J. (2025) · Current Zoology · doi:10.1093/eep/dvaf026 · Cited by 3
“These included the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor ( EGFR ) and the OCA2 Melanosomal Trans-membrane Protein ( OCA2) genes, which overlapped within DMRs satisfying all significance metrics (DM > 25% and q 0.01) [ 57– 60 ].”
Influential
Genomic profiling of a six-generation patrilineal family of the Ming-Qing dynasties in China
Wang, J., Zhang, T., Jia, X., Zhang, Z., He, J., Ning, C., Wang, J., Yang, T., Wang, G., Pang, Y., et al. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.112968 · Cited by 3
“For appearance phenotype prediction, we used a customly generated shell script to extract pileup read base info at the 41 HIrisPlex-S SNP sites 25–27 for all sequenced individuals.”
Interlaboratory exercise to establish proficiency testing for sequencing of forensic STR and SNP markers
Sadam, M., Sidstedt, M., Järving, R., Kampmann, M., Mogensen, H. S., Hanssen, E. N., Janssen, K., Salvo, N. M., Hedman, J., & Väli, M. M. (2025) · Forensic Science International Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103285 · Cited by 2
An investigation of downstream processing methods for challenging skeletal samples.
Snedeker, J., Peck, M., Russell, D. A., Holmes, A., Neal, C. M., Reedy, C. R., Hughes, S., & Houston, R. (2024) · Forensic Science International: Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2024.103209 · Cited by 3
Skull and long bones – Forensic DNA techniques for historic shipwreck human remains
Watherston, J., & McNevin, D. (2023) · Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1080/00450618.2023.2181395 · Cited by 3
“The HIrisPlex sys-tem (24 SNPs) for predicting both hair and eye colour 185,186 has been applied to WWII skeletal remains 188 .”
Method
Human profiling from STR and SNP analysis of tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus, for forensic science
Lim, L., & Majid, A. A. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-28774-y · Cited by 3
Reliability of phenotype estimation and extended classification of ancestry using decedent samples
Weisz, N. A., Roberts, K. A., & Hardy, W. R. (2021) · Zeitschrift für Rechtsmedizin · doi:10.1007/s00414-021-02631-x · Cited by 3
“Overall, the study examined here re-emphasized that predictions based upon the HIrisPlex system are not and cannot be 100% accurate given current scientific knowledge but are still the most accurate DNA tool available for human phenotype prediction of eye and hair color in parallel [16].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
How a Paleogenomic Approach Can Provide Details on Bioarchaeological Reconstruction: A Case Study from the Globular Amphorae Culture
Vai, S., Diroma, M. A., Cannariato, C., Budnik, A., Lari, M., Caramelli, D., & Pilli, E. (2021) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes12060910 · Cited by 6
“approach is used in combination with a stepwise model as described in [43].”
Method
Presentation of the Human Pigmentation (HuPi) AmpliSeq™ custom panel
Meyer, O., Andersen, J. D., & Børsting, C. (2019) · Forensic science international. Genetics supplement series · doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2019.10.058 · Cited by 3
Testing Human Skin and Respiratory Sensitizers—What Is Good Enough?
Malmborg, A., & Borrebaeck, C. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18020241 · Cited by 3
“Recent technological advancements have allowed us to interpret this massive amount of information harbored in the genome, and has opened up several intriguing applications, such as face recognition and novel vaccine developments [3].”
Background
Prediction in forensic science: a critical examination of common understandings
Biedermann, A., Bozza, S., & Taroni, F. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00737 · Cited by 3
“As a result, no potential donor for a crime stain can be provided (e.g., Kayser and Schneider, 2009; Walsh et al., 2014), but leads regarding EVC.”
Background
Bioarchaeological analysis illustrates the life of a 16th-century Sámi individual from Kitka, Kuusamo, northern Finland
Peltola, S., Nordfors, U., Arppe, L., Oinonen, M., Sarkkinen, M., Voutilainen, M., Majander, K., Lamnidis, T. C., Traverso, L., Krause, J., et al. (2026) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-026-12962-x · Cited by 1
“HIrisPlex analysis [31] indicated that the individual likely had fair skin, blue eyes and dark hair.”
Evaluation of the Prediction Potential of the HIrisPlex-S System in a North German Population
Caliebe, A., Bruder, L., Riege, J., & Seidel, M. (2026) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes17040452 · Cited by 2
“The genotyping of the 41 autosomal SNPs for the determination of eye, hair and skin color is based on the publications of Walsh et al. [6,10] for the 24-plex assay and Chaitanya et al. [5] for the 17-plex assay.”
Influential
A comparative GWAS of eye colour in light and dark eye genetic backgrounds defined by HERC2 rs12913832 polymorphism in a Canadian cohort of European ancestry
Abbatangelo, C. L., Lona‐Durazo, F., Edwards, M., & Parra, E. J. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-44580-8 · Cited by 3
“There are no TYRP1 variants currently included in eye colour prediction tools specifically, although rs683 appears for the prediction of both hair and eye colour 15,64,65 .”
Influential
Robust imputation-based method for eye, hair, and skin colour prediction from low-coverage ancient DNA
Maróti, Z., Nyerki, E., Neparáczki, E., Tőrők, T., Varga, G. I. B., & Kalmár, T. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-38372-3 · Cited by 3
“The most comprehensive and forensically validated HIrisPlex-S system currently uses 41 autosomal markers to predict eye, hair, and skin colour 8–10 .”
Influential
A comparative GWAS of eye colour in light and dark eye genetic backgrounds defined by HERC2 rs12913832 polymorphismPreprint
Abbatangelo, C., Durazo, F. L., Edwards, M., & Parra, E. J. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.07.20.665796 · Cited by 2
“There are no TYRP1 variants currently included in eye colour prediction tools specifically, although rs683 appears for the prediction of both hair and eye colour (57–59).”
Investigating SNP typing using alternative reference materials with the FORCE panel and QIAseq® chemistry.
Kotchey, L. L., Lee, S., Nangeroni, L., Thomas, J. T., Staadig, A., Tillmar, A., Sturk-Andreaggi, K., Marshall, C., & Ghemrawi, M. (2025) · Forensic Science International: Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103294 · Cited by 2
Facing the Unknown: Integration of Skeletal Traits, Genetic Information and Forensic Facial Approximation
Adserias‐Garriga, J., Medina-Paz, F., Molina, J. A., & Zapico, S. C. (2025) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes16050511 · Cited by 2
“These phenotyping predictions have been included in the facial approximation based on the pictures displayed in previous publications [26,36].”
Corroborating written history with ancient DNA: The case of the Well-man described in an Old Norse saga
Ellegaard, M. R., Ebenesersdóttir, S. S., Moore, K. H. S., Petersen, A., Vågene‬, Å. J., Bieker, V. C., Denham, S. D., Cavalleri, G. L., Gilbert, E. H., Werge, T. M., et al. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.111076
A bibliometric analysis of research trends for missing persons globally and in East Asia from 2000 to 2021
Zeng, Z., Dikeledi, I., & Lv, Y. (2023) · Forensic Sciences Research · doi:10.1093/fsr/owad041 · Cited by 2
“These topics include the exploration of identification techniques, such as the development of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) systems for forensic identification [39] and the development of the HIrisPlex system [40].”
Background
Genetic landscape of forensic DNA phenotyping markers among Mediterranean populations
Becher, D., Jmel, H., Kheriji, N., Sarno, S., & Kéfi, R. (2023) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111906 · Cited by 3
Eye and hair color prediction of human DNA recovered from Lucilia sericata larvae
Deymenci, E., Ilksen Sarı, O., Filoglu, G., Polat, E., & Bulbul, O. (2023) · Zeitschrift für Rechtsmedizin · doi:10.1007/s00414-023-03112-z · Cited by 2
“This variant has a low impact on red hair color prediction, and therefore, it does not directly affect prediction success [27].”
Influential
Forensic DNA phenotyping: A promising tool to predict human appearance for forensic purposes
Kushwaha, P., Ahmed, U., & Rana, M. (2023) · GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.5281/zenodo.8041301 · Cited by 2
Deep roots of admixture-related cognitive differences in the USAPreprint
Fuerst, J. G. R., & Hu, M. (2023) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/ccn648 · Cited by 3
“This application has been validated on thousands of people from various parts of the world (Chaitanya et al., 2018; Walsh et al., 2017; Walsh et al., 2014).”
Background
A multiple predictive tool approach for phenotypic and biogeographical ancestry inferences
Frégeau, C. J. (2021) · Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal · doi:10.1080/00085030.2021.2016206 · Cited by 3
“3 ─ phenotypic predictions Eye and hair color estimations are obtained from the HIrisPlex model, a multinomial logistic regression model [23,31,32], using the reference database described in Walsh et al. [23,24].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
El fenotipado de ADN como potencial herramienta investigativa en el campo de la genética forense. Estado actual
Serrano, A. C. (2020) · Revista Española de Medicina Legal · doi:10.1016/j.reml.2020.01.003 · Cited by 1
Fenotipagem forense pelo DNA através de SNPs
Virmond, M., Robert, A. W., Brito, P. B., & Massuda, T. Y. C. (2016) · Revista Brasileira de Criminalística · doi:10.15260/rbc.v5i2.128 · Cited by 3
“ferramenta nas práticas forenses foram realizados testes em amostras de casos simulados, de sangue, sêmen e saliva (algumas com quantidade ínfima de DNA) e em 88% dos casos foram produzidos perfis completos de DNA [34].”
Background
DNA Phenotyping: The Technique of the Future
Vajpayee, K., & Shukla, R. K. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-9364-2_54-1 · Cited by 2
Application of DNA Fingerprinting: DNA and Human Trafficking
Álvarez-Cubero, M., Saiz, M., Martínez-González, L. J., Alvarez, J., & Lorente, J. (2018) · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1583-1_10 · Cited by 2
Integrative Forensic Genetics, Biochemical, and Histological Methods for Reconstructing Biological Profiles from Aged Human Skeletal Remains
Pajnič, I. Z., & Leskovar, T. (2026) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes17030258 · Cited by 2
“Phenotype prediction employs multinomial logistic regression (MLR) on trait-informative SNPs to forecast hair colors (brown, blond, red, black) and eye colors (brown, blue, intermediate) [65].”
Technical reliability of genotyping SNPs for forensic DNA phenotyping using SNaPshot- and MPS-based assays
Gosch, A., Anslinger, K., & Naue, J. (2026) · Zeitschrift für Rechtsmedizin · doi:10.1007/s00414-025-03709-6 · Cited by 1
The present state of forensic identification of animals - a review
Rogalska-Niżnik, N. (2025) · Animal Science Papers and Reports · doi:10.2478/aspr-2025-0002 · Cited by 1
Testing the informativeness of Y-STR and mitochondrial DNA control region markers in an attempt to predict ancestry of World War II victims from Slovenian mass grave
Obal, M., Zupanc, T., & Pajnič, I. Z. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Rechtsmedizin · doi:10.1007/s00414-024-03368-z · Cited by 1
“Alongside predicting some observable traits, such as eye, skin, and hair color [4, 5], and age [6], biogeographical ancestry may be assessed [ 7 , 8].”
Likelihood Ratios for physical traits in forensic investigations
Marsico, F. L., & Egeland, T. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.05.25.595720 · Cited by 1
“For practicality, the values are selected on the basis of the HIrisPlex classification system [4, 5, 29].”
BackgroundMethod
aHISplex: an imputation based method for eye, hair and skin colour prediction from low coverage ancient DNA
Maróti, Z., Nyerki, E., Neparáczki, E., Török, T., Varga, G., & Kalmár, T. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.11.02.565295 · Cited by 1
“The most comprehensive and forensically validated HIrisPlex-S system currently uses 41 autosomal markers to simultaneously predict eye, hair, and skin colour [4–6].”
Recent developments in forensic DNA typing
Simayijiang, H., & Yan, J.-W. (2023) · Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine · doi:10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_127_23 · Cited by 1
DNA Phenotyping of Remains from Elite Burials of the Khazar Period of Southern Russia
Fesenko, D., Aramova, O., Vdovchenkov, E., Ivanovsky, I., Fesenko, O. E., Polyakov, S. A., Faleeva, T., Filippova, M., Florinskaya, V. S., & Kornienko, I. (2023) · Molecular Biology · doi:10.1134/s0026893323040040 · Cited by 1
EVALUATION OF PYROMARK Q48 AUTOPREP WITH HIRISPLEX-S IN AN ITALIAN POPULATION SAMPLE
Gentile, F., Cherubini, A., Colloca, D., Passero, A., Pirocchi, V., Casamassima, G., & Marino, A. (2022) · Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series · doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2022.10.072 · Cited by 1
Application of SNP-Based DNA Phenotyping to Archaeological and Forensic Cases
Lee, H. (2020) · The Handbook of Mummy Studies · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1614-6_50-1 · Cited by 1
Prediction of Eye, Hair and Skin Color in Admixed Populations of Latin AmericaPreprint
Palmal, S., Adhikari, K., Mendoza-Revilla, J., Fuentes-Guajardo, M., de Cerqueira, C. S. D., Chacón-Duque, J., Sohail, A., Hurtado, M., Villegas, V., Granja, V., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.12.09.415901 · Cited by 1
Development of an accurate genomic ancestry prediction strategy to enable the accounting of Australian and Japanese historical military remains
Ghaiyed, A. P., Chaseling, J., Lea, R. A., Bernie, A. M., Haupt, L. M., Griffiths, L. R., & Wright, K. M. (2020) · Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1080/00450618.2020.1853233 · Cited by 2
“Walsh et al.28 found that blue eyes and light hair were absent in a sample of 28 Japanese individuals.”
MethodInfluential
A study of old Serbian skeletal remains using ForenSeq DNA Signature™ kit
Almohammed, E. K., Zgonjanin, D. M., Alsaadi, S., & Hadi, S. S. (2019) · Forensic science international. Genetics supplement series · doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2019.11.010 · Cited by 1
Computational methods for ancient genome reconstruction
Peltzer, A. (2018) · doi:10.15496/publikation-23492 · Cited by 1
“This analysis was performed by investigating important genetic loci on George Bähr’s genome manually using IGV [186] and entering the obtained SNP information into hIRISPlex [231] to predict George Bähr’s phenotype.”
BackgroundMethod
Forensic Applications of Associating Human Scalp Hair Morphology and Pigmentation Analysis at the Microscopic and Molecular Level
Stubbs, W. K. (2017) · doi:10.7912/c2m07p · Cited by 1
“Current phenotyping research is also being done on skin and eye pigmentation [3, 4].”
Background
Eye Color Frequency and IrisPlex Validation in Pakhtun Population Living in Shangla Valley, Pakistan
Rahat, M. A. (2022) · Pakistan Journal of Zoology · doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/20190602080610 · Cited by 1
“…color phenotypes from SNP genotypes is now achievable with practically useful accuracies, for instance by applying the IrisPlex and HIrisPlex DNA test systems that have been forensically validated (Walsh et al., 2014), as well as tested and applied (Kastelic et al., 2013; Chaitanya et al., 2014).”
MethodResult
Elucidating the mechanisms or interactions involved in differing hair color follicles
Muralidharan, C. (2016) · doi:10.7912/c28668 · Cited by 1
The Advantages of Noncriminal Genetic Databases in Identifying Missing Persons and Human Remains
Saiz, M., Álvarez-Cubero, M., Alvarez, J., & Lorente, J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40199-7_24 · Cited by 1
Artificial intelligence in forensic genetics: a multi-database bibliometric and science-mapping analysis (2003-2026).
Sirago, G., Sabato, S., Solarino, B., Dell'Erba, A., & Ferorelli, D. (2026) · Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology · doi:10.1007/s12024-026-01372-w
A step forward in comprehensive nanopore-based forensic profiling of STRs, InDel, SNP and mtDNA for identity and appearance prediction.
Beentjes, I., de Bruin, D. D. S. H., Haagmans, M. A., van der Gaag, K. J., Rice, G., Kayser, M., Ralf, A., Sijen, T., & Henneman, P. (2026) · Forensic Science International: Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2026.103635
Self-citation
Development and Validation of a Prediction Model for Severe Male Pattern Baldness in Turkish Male Population Aged 50 Years and Older
Şenışık, M., Ersoy, G., Ozkara, H., Ercan, Ö., & Filoglu, G. (2026) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes17101200
Cavitation and Temporary Cavity: Semantic Ambiguity of Wrong Analogies in Wound Ballistics
Kokin, A. V. (2026) · Theory and Practice of Forensic Science · doi:10.30764/1819-2785-2026-1-48-59
Prediction of Facial Phenotypic Traits by DNA: Status of Research
Skhalyakho, R. A., & Zaporozhchenko, V. (2026) · Theory and Practice of Forensic Science · doi:10.30764/4/1819-2785-2026-1-39-47
Multidisciplinary analysis reveals the genetic origins, dietary structure and living conditions of Ming Great Wall residents in Shaanxi, China
Sun, C., Yu, Y., Zhang, B., Sheng, P., Wu, Y., Wen, H., Yu, C., Wei, P., & Wen, S. (2026) · Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12520-026-02545-y
Human Pigmentation: A Review of Molecular Mechanisms, Genetic Architecture, Evolution, Forensic DNA Phenotyping and Health Implications
Becerra‐Loaiza, D. S., González-Ortiz, N., Sat-Muñoz, D., Balderas-Peña, L.-M.-A., & Aguilar‐Velázquez, J. A. (2026) · Journal of Genome Biotechnology and Genetics · doi:10.3390/jgbg1020014
Reconstruction and paleogenetic characterization of the genome of Princess Maria Vsevolozha, wife of Grand Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest
Zhur, K. V., Leonova, M. V., Сергеевич, Ш. Ф., Pankratova, E. V., Сиренов, А. В., Коробов, Д. С., Dobrovol’skaya, M. V., Makarov, N. A., & Prokhortchouk, E. B. (2026) · Acta Naturae · doi:10.32607/actanaturae.27916
“Phenotypic traits were inferred using the HIrisPlex-S online tool [22, 23].”

Authors: Walsh, S., Chaitanya, L., Clarisse, L., Wirken, L., Draus-Barini, J., Kovatsi, L., Maeda, H., Ishikawa, T., Sijen, T., de Knijff, P., Branicki, W., Liu, F., & Kayser, M.
Affiliations: Erasmus MC (NL)
Netherlands Forensic Institute (NL)
Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
Osaka City University (JP)
Jagiellonian University (PL)
Corresponding author: Kayser, Manfred
ORCID: Walsh, Susan
Chaitanya, Lakshmi
Kovatsi, Leda
Maeda, Hitoshi
Ishikawa, Takaki
Sijen, Titia
de Knijff, Peter
Branicki, Wojciech
Liu, Fan
Kayser, Manfred
Venue: Forensic Science International: Genetics
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-03
Volume: 9
Pages: 150-161
ISSN: 1872-4973 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.12.006
OpenAlex: W2014796310
Cited by: 240
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 2
FWCI: 8.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
ruj.uj.edu.pl
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Forensic Science International Genetics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Jagiellonian University Repository (Jagiellonian University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI)
Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam
Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)/Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)
European Union Seventh Framework Programme (285487)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Forensic Entomology and Diptera Studies
Keywords: forensic DNA phenotyping, trace DNA, degraded DNA, ancient DNA, human remains, missing persons, genotype-phenotype database, forensic anthropology
MeSH terms: Alleles, Blood Chemical Analysis, DNA, Eye Color, Genotype, Hair, Hair Color, Heterozygote, Humans, Saliva, Semen, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Forensic Genetics

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Developmental validation of the HIrisPlex system: DNA-based eye and hair colour prediction for forensic and anthropological usage

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