Cited by 240Forensic and Genetic ResearchGenetic diversity and population structureForensic Entomology and Diptera Studies

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Developmental validation of the HIrisPlex system: DNA-based eye and hair colour prediction for forensic and anthropological usage

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Walsh, Susan, Chaitanya, Lakshmi, Clarisse, Lindy, Wirken, Laura, Draus-Barini, Jolanta, Kovatsi, Leda, Maeda, Hitoshi, Ishikawa, Takaki, Sijen, Titia, de Knijff, Peter, Branicki, Wojciech, Liu, Fan, Kayser, Manfred·2014·Forensic Science International: Genetics

DOI 10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.12.006

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Abstract

Forensic DNA Phenotyping or 'DNA intelligence' tools are expected to aid police investigations and find unknown individuals by providing information on externally visible characteristics of unknown suspects, perpetrators and missing persons from biological samples. This is especially useful in cases where conventional DNA profiling or other means remain non-informative. Recently, we introduced the HIrisPlex system, capable of predicting both eye and hair colour from DNA. In the present developmental validation study, we demonstrate that the HIrisPlex assay performs in full agreement with the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) guidelines providing an essential prerequisite for future HIrisPlex applications to forensic casework. The HIrisPlex assay produces complete profiles down to only 63 pg of DNA. Species testing revealed human specificity for a complete HIrisPlex profile, while only non-human primates showed the closest full profile at 20 out of the 24 DNA markers, in all animals tested. Rigorous testing of simulated forensic casework samples such as blood, semen, saliva stains, hairs with roots as well as extremely low quantity touch (trace) DNA samples, produced complete profiles in 88% of cases. Concordance testing performed between five independent forensic laboratories displayed consistent reproducible results on varying types of DNA samples. Due to its design, the assay caters for degraded samples, underlined here by results from artificially d…

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BackgroundMethod
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BackgroundMethod
Investigating the impact of age-depended hair colour darkening during childhood on DNA-based hair colour prediction with the HIrisPlex system
Kukla‐Bartoszek, M., Pośpiech, E., Spólnicka, M., Karłowska-Pik, J., Strapagiel, D., Żądzińska, E., Rosset, I., Sobalska‐Kwapis, M., Słomka, M., Walsh, S., et al. (2018) · Forensic Science International Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.06.007 · Cited by 37
Self-citation
Population Replacement in Early Neolithic BritainPreprint
Brace, S., Diekmann, Y., Booth, T. J., Faltyskova, Z., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Ferry, M., Michel, M., Oppenheimer, J., Broomandkhoshbacht, N., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/267443 · Cited by 35
Self-citation
Genetic determinants of freckle occurrence in the Spanish population: Towards ephelides prediction from human DNA samples
Hernando, B., Ibáñez, M. V., Deserio-Cuesta, J. A., Soria‐Navarro, R., Sastre, I. V., & Martínez‐Cadenas, C. (2017) · Forensic Science International Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.11.013 · Cited by 35
Massively parallel sequencing analysis of nondegraded and degraded DNA mixtures using the ForenSeq™ system in combination with EuroForMix software
Hwa, H., Wu, M.-Y., Chung, W.-C., Ko, T.-M., Lin, C.-P., Yin, H.-I., Lee, T.-T., & Lee, J. C.-I. (2018) · Zeitschrift für Rechtsmedizin · doi:10.1007/s00414-018-1961-y · Cited by 33
Global Ancestry and Cognitive Ability
Lasker, J., Pesta, B. J., Fuerst, J. G. R., & Kirkegaard, E. O. W. (2019) · Psych · doi:10.3390/psych1010034 · Cited by 32
“Skin color (assessed genetically with the highly accurate predictor [79,93] was associated with cognitive ability (Model 1b, Table 5), but made no significant incremental contribution when ancestry was also in the model (Model 2, Table 5).”
Background
Genetic history of Cambridgeshire before and after the Black Death
Hui, R., Scheib, C. L., D’Atanasio, E., Inskip, S. A., Cessford, C., Biagini, S. A., Wohns, A. W., Ali, M. Q. A., Griffith, S. J., Solnik, A., et al. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adi5903 · Cited by 46
Update on the predictability of tall stature from DNA markers in Europeans
Liu, F., Zhong, K., Jing, X., Uitterlinden, A. G., Hendriks, E., Drop, S. L. S., & Kayser, M. (2019) · Forensic Science International Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.05.006 · Cited by 38
Self-citation
Optimizing DNA recovery and forensic typing of degraded blood and dental remains using a specialized extraction method, comprehensive qPCR sample characterization, and massively parallel sequencing
Carrasco, P., Inostroza, C., Didier, M., Godoy, M., Holt, C., Tabak, J., & Loftus, A. (2019) · Zeitschrift für Rechtsmedizin · doi:10.1007/s00414-019-02124-y · Cited by 32
Operationalisation of the ForenSeq® Kintelligence Kit for Australian unidentified and missing persons casework.
Watson, J. L., McNevin, D., Grisedale, K., Spiden, M., Seddon, S., & Ward, J. (2023) · Forensic Science International: Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2023.102972 · Cited by 31
Genome-Wide Association Studies Identify Multiple Genetic Loci Influencing Eyebrow Color Variation in Europeans
Peng, F., Zhu, G., Hysi, P. G., Eller, R. J., Chen, Y., Li, Y., Hamer, M. A., Zeng, C., Hopkins, R. L., Jacobus, C. L., et al. (2019) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2018.12.029 · Cited by 33
Self-citation
Identifying victims of the largest Second World War family massacre in Slovenia.
Zupanič-Pajnič, I., Obal, M., & Zupanc, T. (2019) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110056 · Cited by 30
Further evidence for population specific differences in the effect of DNA markers and gender on eye colour prediction in forensics
Pośpiech, E., Karłowska-Pik, J., Ziemkiewicz, B., Kukla‐Bartoszek, M., Skowron, M., Wojas‐Pelc, A., & Branicki, W. (2016) · International Journal of Legal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00414-016-1388-2 · Cited by 29
“Among several available eye-colour prediction tools, the IrisPlex model is based on the largest number of samples (>9000 Europeans) [4] and was successfully validated by a multicenter EDNAP study [5].”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Development of a SNP panel for predicting biogeographical ancestry and phenotype using massively parallel sequencing
Bulbul, O., & Filoglu, G. (2018) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.201800243 · Cited by 27
Identification of a Slovenian prewar elite couple killed in the Second World War.
Zupanič-Pajnič, I. (2021) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110994 · Cited by 26
A study in scarlet: MC1R as the main predictor of red hair and exemplar of the flip-flop effect
Zorina-Lichtenwalter, K., Lichtenwalter, R. N., Zaykin, D. V., Parisien, M., Gravel, S., Bortsov, A. V., & Diatchenko, L. B. (2019) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddz018 · Cited by 34
“Among these reports, ones that used a more representative proportion of red-haired individuals (40,41,44,56,64) and AUROC as the performance metric (37,39,40,42,64), the best-performing model gave an AUROC of 0.”
Background
Exploring nanopore direct sequencing performance of forensic STRs, SNPs, InDels, and DNA methylation markers in a single assay
de Bruin, D. D. S. H., Haagmans, M. A., van der Gaag, K. J., Hoogenboom, J., Weiler, N. E. C., Tesi, N., Salazar, A., Zhang, Y., Holstege, H. H., Reinders, M. J. T., et al. (2024) · Forensic Science International Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2024.103154 · Cited by 26
Self-citation
External visible characteristics prediction through SNPs analysis in the forensic setting: a review
Tozzo, P., Politi, C., Delicati, A., Gabbin, A., & Caenazzo, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.52586/4991 · Cited by 33
“Occasionally, the method used was not indicated [41, 60, 65, 74, 76].”
Method
The challenge of predicting human pigmentation traits in degraded bone samples with the MPS-based HIrisPlex-S system.
Kukla-Bartoszek, M., Szargut, M., Pośpiech, E., Diepenbroek, M., Zielińska, G., Jarosz, A., Piniewska-Róg, D., Arciszewska, J., Cytacka, S., Spólnicka, M., et al. (2020) · Forensic Science International: Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102301 · Cited by 25
Self-citation
About DNA databasing and investigative genetic analysis of externally visible characteristics: A public survey.
Zieger, M., & Utz, S. (2015) · Forensic Science International: Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.05.010 · Cited by 25
“But probably the most radical upcoming change in the field is the use of DNA traces not only as piece of evidence but also as investigative tool to phenotypically describe a possible perpetrator [8–10] or to infer his or her biogeographical ancestry [11].”
Background
Past, Present and Future Perspectives of Forensic Genetics
Gutiérrez-Hurtado, I., García-Aceves, M. E., Puga-Carrillo, Y., Guardado-Estrada, M., Becerra-Loaiza, D. S., Carrillo-Rodríguez, V. D., Plazola-Zamora, R., Godínez-Rubí, J. M., Rangel-Villalobos, H., & Aguilar-Velázquez, J. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15050713 · Cited by 24
“…features has been explored for their potential use in FDP, including (i) predicting iris, hair, and skin color using SNP markers in key genes [124,125]; (ii) determining eyebrow color [126]; (iii) identifying the presence of freckles [127]; (iv) assessing hair shape [128]; (v) detecting male…”
Predicting eye and hair colour in a Norwegian population using Verogen’s ForenSeq™ DNA signature prep kit
Salvo, N. M., Janssen, K., Kirsebom, M. K., Meyer, O. S., Berg, T., & Olsen, G. (2021) · Forensic Science International Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102620 · Cited by 24
Validation of the Verogen ForenSeq™ DNA Signature Prep kit/Primer Mix B for phenotypic and biogeographical ancestry predictions using the Micro MiSeq® Flow Cells
Frégeau, C. J. (2021) · Forensic Science International Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102533 · Cited by 27
Performance of four models for eye color prediction in an Italian population sample.
Salvoro, C., Faccinetto, C., Zucchelli, L., Porto, M., Marino, A., Occhi, G., Campos, G. D. L., & Vazza, G. (2019) · Forensic Science International: Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.03.008 · Cited by 24
Evaluation of ForenSeq™ Signature Prep Kit B on predicting eye and hair coloration as well as biogeographical ancestry by using Universal Analysis Software (UAS) and available web‐tools
Sharma, V., Jani, K., Khosla, P., Butler, E., Siegel, D., & Wurmbach, E. (2019) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.201800344 · Cited by 24
Forensic DNA Phenotyping: Genes and Genetic Variants for Eye Color Prediction
Brancato, D., Coniglio, E., Bruno, F., Agostini, V., Saccone, S., & Federico, C. (2023) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes14081604 · Cited by 25
“In view of a prospective application to forensic casework, only the IrisPlex has been developed and tested in several European and non-European populations, producing accurate predictions in different populations [74,75,78,79].”
Background
Forensic DNA Typing Protocols
Goodwin, W. (2016) · Methods in Molecular Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3597-0 · Cited by 23
Loss of the Y Chromosome: A Review of Molecular Mechanisms, Age Inference, and Implications for Men’s Health
Gutiérrez-Hurtado, I. A., Sánchez-Méndez, A. D., Becerra‐Loaiza, D. S., Rangel‐Villalobos, H., Torres‐Carrillo, N., Gallegos‐Arreola, M. P., & Aguilar‐Velázquez, J. A. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25084230 · Cited by 26
Predicting hair cortisol levels with hair pigmentation genes: a possible hair pigmentation bias
Neumann, A., Noppe, G., Liu, F., Kayser, M., Verhulst, F., Jaddoe, V., van Rossum, E. V., & Tiemeier, H. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-07034-w · Cited by 22
“Hair color was categorized into 7 categories: “sandy red” (1), “red or chestnut” (2), “blond” (3), “dark blond” (4), “brown” (5), “dark brown” (6), “brownish black or black” (7), analyzed as continuous variable (ranging from 1–7) indicating pigmentation intensity.”
Self-citation
Prediction of eye, hair and skin colour in Latin Americans
Palmal, S., Adhikari, K., Mendoza‐Revilla, J., Fuentes‐Guajardo, M., de Cerqueira, C. C. S., Bonfante, B., Chacón-Duque, J. C., Sohail, A., Hurtado, M., Villegas, V., et al. (2021) · Forensic Science International Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102517 · Cited by 25
Optimizing the genetic prediction of the eye and hair color for North Eurasian populations
Balanovska, E. V., Lukianova, E., Kagazezheva, J., Maurer, A. M., Leybova, N., Agdzhoyan, A., Gorin, I., Petrushenko, V., Zhabagin, M. K., Pylev, V. Y., et al. (2020) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-020-06923-1 · Cited by 24
DNA Fingerprinting: A substantial and imperative aid to forensic investigation -
Shrivastava, P., Jain, T., & Trivedi, V. B. (2016) · doi:10.5455/ejfs.204929 · Cited by 21
“There has been increasing interest in the determination of externally visible characteristics (“EVCs”) such as age, eye color, hair color, and skin color, a newly emerging forensic technique [66-70], now more commonly known as FDP.”
Background
Forensic DNA phenotyping: a review on SNP panels, genotyping techniques, and prediction models
Terrado-Ortuño, N., & May, P. (2024) · Forensic Sciences Research · doi:10.1093/fsr/owae013 · Cited by 19
Applying Unique Molecular Indices with an Extensive All-in-One Forensic SNP Panel for Improved Genotype Accuracy and Sensitivity
Staadig, A., Hedman, J., & Tillmar, A. (2023) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes14040818 · Cited by 20
“However, the prediction of intermediate eye color has previously been shown to be difficult [51], and the aim of this study was not to evaluate the prediction power but rather to show that we can analyze the phenotype and ancestry informative SNP markers with the FORCE QIAseq assay including UMIs.”
Method
A review of the method and validation of the MiSeq FGx™ Forensic Genomics Solution
England, R., & Harbison, S. (2019) · WIREs Forensic Science · doi:10.1002/wfs2.1351 · Cited by 20
Evaluation of OpenArray™ as a Genotyping Method for Forensic DNA Phenotyping and Human Identification
Ragazzo, M., Puleri, G., Errichiello, V., Manzo, L., Luzzi, L., Potenza, S., Strafella, C., Peconi, C., Nicastro, F., Caputo, V., et al. (2021) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes12020221 · Cited by 19
“This evidence was from different tissues (10 from saliva, 2 from semen, 7 from blood, 2 from urine) and was attributed to 8 different subjects from different tissues [23,24].”
BackgroundMethod
Likelihood ratio and posterior odds in forensic genetics: Two sides of the same coin.
Caliebe, A., Walsh, S., Liu, F., Kayser, M., & Krawczak, M. (2017) · Forensic Science International: Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.03.004 · Cited by 19
“In fact, two dedicated DNA systems have been developed and forensically validated for these EVCs, namely IrisPlex for eye color alone [12, 16, 17] and HIrisPlex for simultaneous eye and hair color prediction [11, 18].”
MethodSelf-citation
Genome-wide screening for highly discriminative SNPs for personal identification and their assessment in world populations.
Li, L., Wang, Y., Yang, S., Xia, M., Yang, Y.-J., Wang, J.-C., Lu, D.-R., Pan, X., Ma, T., Jiang, P., et al. (2017) · Forensic Science International: Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.02.005 · Cited by 19
A Practical Guide to the HIrisPlex System: Simultaneous Prediction of Eye and Hair Color from DNA
Walsh, S., & Kayser, M. (2016) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3597-0_17 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
HRM and SNaPshot as alternative forensic SNP genotyping methods
Mehta, B., Daniel, R., & McNevin, D. (2017) · Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology · doi:10.1007/s12024-017-9874-5 · Cited by 18
“Forensic SNaPshot® assays such as the SNPforID 52-plex [4], SNPforID 34-plex [17], HIrisPlex [14] and IrisPlex [6, 12] have demonstrated the ability to multiplex in the range 6–34 SNPs in a single PCR reaction.”
MethodResult
Prediction of human eye colour using highly informative phenotype SNPs (PISNPs)
Bulbul, O., Zorlu, T., & Filoglu, G. (2018) · Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1080/00450618.2018.1484161 · Cited by 17
Advancement in Human Face Prediction Using DNA
Alshehhi, A., Almarzooqi, A., Alhammadi, K., Werghi, N., Tay, G. K., & AlSafar, H. S. (2023) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes14010136 · Cited by 18
Prediction of eye and hair pigmentation phenotypes using the HIrisPlex system in a Brazilian admixed population sample
Carratto, T. M. T., Marcorin, L., Valle-Silva, G. D., de Oliveira, M. D., Donadi, E., Simões, A., Castelli, E., & Mendes-Junior, C. (2021) · Zeitschrift für Rechtsmedizin · doi:10.1007/s00414-021-02554-7 · Cited by 16
“It is expected that samples with higher non-European proportions will present higher probabilities for dark hair, since light derived alleles from Europeans may be less common in such samples [36].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The impact of correlations between pigmentation phenotypes and underlying genotypes on genetic prediction of pigmentation traits
Chen, Y., Branicki, W., Walsh, S., Nothnagel, M., Kayser, M., & Liu, F. (2020) · Forensic Science International Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102395 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Investigating the morphology and genetics of scalp and facial hair characteristics for phenotype prediction
Kataria, S., Dabas, P., Kn, S., SACHDEVA, M. P., & Jain, S. G. (2022) · Science & Justice · doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2022.12.002 · Cited by 20
Eye and Hair Color Prediction of Ancient and Second World War Skeletal Remains Using a Forensic PCR-MPS Approach
Pajnič, I. Z., Zupanc, T., Leskovar, T., Črešnar, M., & Fattorini, P. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13081432 · Cited by 15
“In the remaining 2 skeletons, eye color was not predicted because of no availability (NA) for data of the rs12913832 marker [4,56].”
BackgroundMethod
From Identification to Intelligence: An Assessment of the Suitability of Forensic DNA Phenotyping Service Providers for Use in Australian Law Enforcement Casework
Atwood, L., Raymond, J. J., Sears, A., Bell, M. M., & Daniel, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.568701 · Cited by 14
Forensic DNA phenotyping: A promising tool to aid forensic investigation. Current situation
Serrano, A. C. (2020) · Revista Española de Medicina Legal · doi:10.1016/j.remle.2020.01.002 · Cited by 15
Forensic genetic investigation of human skeletal remains recovered from the La Belle shipwreck.
Ambers, A., Bus, M., King, J., Jones, B. M., Durst, J., Bruseth, J., Gill-King, H., & Budowle, B. (2019) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110050 · Cited by 15
Ethical and security challenges in AI for forensic genetics: From bias to adversarial attacks
Marsico, F. L., & Amigo, M. (2025) · Forensic Science International Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103225 · Cited by 14
Investigating the genetic architecture of eye colour in a Canadian cohort
Lona‐Durazo, F., Thakur, R., Pairo‐Castineira, E., Funderburk, K. M., Zhang, T., Kovacs, M. A., Choi, J., Jackson, I. J., Brown, K. M., & Parra, E. J. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104485 · Cited by 16
The first GHEP-ISFG collaborative exercise on forensic applications of massively parallel sequencing.
Barrio, P. A., Garcı́a, O., Phillips, C., Prieto, L., Gusmão, L., Fernández, C., Casals, F., Freitas, J., González-Albo, M. D. C., Martín, P., et al. (2020) · Forensic Science International: Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102391 · Cited by 14
“The analysis software associated with each of the two main MPS systems allows easy use and interpretation [9, 13,14], with the existence of open-access bioinformatic tools [9,13,26, 39 – 41,65 – 67,69”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Predictive DNA analysis for biogeographical ancestry
Cheung, E. Y. Y., Gahan, M. E., & McNevin, D. B. (2018) · Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1080/00450618.2017.1422021 · Cited by 12
Development and Validation of MPS-Based System for Human Appearance Prediction in Challenging Forensic Samples
Melchionda, F., Silvestrini, B., Robino, C., Bini, C., Fattorini, P., Martínez-Labarga, C., Angelis, F. D., Tagliabracci, A., & Turchi, C. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13101688 · Cited by 13
“The prediction of pigmentation traits of 2800 M Control DNA (Promega) was performed using the prediction guide recommendations [2,44,46] and describes an individual with brown eyes (p-value 0.”
BackgroundMethod
Life history and ancestry of the late Upper Palaeolithic infant from Grotta delle Mura, Italy
Higgins, O. A., Modi, A., Cannariato, C., Diroma, M. A., Lugli, F., Ricci, S., Zaro, V., Vai, S., Vazzana, A., Romandini, M., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51150-x · Cited by 15
Forensic DNA phenotyping using Oxford Nanopore Sequencing system
Sapan, V., Simsek, S. Z., Filoglu, G., & Bulbul, O. (2024) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.202300252 · Cited by 12
Application of Forensic DNA Phenotyping for Prediction of Eye, Hair and Skin Colour in Highly Decomposed Bodies
Fabbri, M., Alfieri, L., Mazdai, L., Frisoni, P., Gaudio, R., & Neri, M. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11050647 · Cited by 12
“Following that, with the HIrisPlex model, it was possible to evaluate both eye colour and hair colour at the same time [45].”
BackgroundMethod
Exploring Eye, Hair, and Skin Pigmentation in a Spanish Population: Insights from Hirisplex-S Predictions
Navarro-López, B., Baeta, M., Suárez-Ulloa, V., Martos, R., Moreno-López, O., Martínez‐Jarreta, B., Jiménez, S., Olalde, Í., & de Pancorbo, M. M. (2024) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes15101330 · Cited by 11
Accuracy of Eye and Hair Color Prediction in Mexican Mestizos from Monterrey City Based on ForenSeqTM DNA Signature Prep
Aguilar-Velázquez, J., Llamas-de-Dios, B. J., Córdova-Mercado, M. F., Coronado-Ávila, C. E., Salas-Salas, O., López-Quintero, A., Ramos-González, B., & Rangel-Villalobos, H. (2023) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes14051120 · Cited by 11
“For Hirisplex, a prediction efficacy of 81–93% was initially reported for red, blond, brown, and black hair colors [41].”
Background

Authors: Walsh, S., Chaitanya, L., Clarisse, L., Wirken, L., Draus-Barini, J., Kovatsi, L., Maeda, H., Ishikawa, T., Sijen, T., de Knijff, P., Branicki, W., Liu, F., & Kayser, M.
Affiliations: Erasmus MC (NL)
Netherlands Forensic Institute (NL)
Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
Osaka City University (JP)
Jagiellonian University (PL)
Corresponding author: Kayser, Manfred
ORCID: Walsh, Susan
Chaitanya, Lakshmi
Kovatsi, Leda
Maeda, Hitoshi
Ishikawa, Takaki
Sijen, Titia
de Knijff, Peter
Branicki, Wojciech
Liu, Fan
Kayser, Manfred
Venue: Forensic Science International: Genetics
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-03
Volume: 9
Pages: 150-161
ISSN: 1872-4973 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.12.006
OpenAlex: W2014796310
Cited by: 240
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 2
FWCI: 8.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
ruj.uj.edu.pl
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Forensic Science International Genetics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Jagiellonian University Repository (Jagiellonian University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI)
Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam
Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)/Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)
European Union Seventh Framework Programme (285487)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Forensic Entomology and Diptera Studies
Keywords: forensic DNA phenotyping, trace DNA, degraded DNA, ancient DNA, human remains, missing persons, genotype-phenotype database, forensic anthropology
MeSH terms: Alleles, Blood Chemical Analysis, DNA, Eye Color, Genotype, Hair, Hair Color, Heterozygote, Humans, Saliva, Semen, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Forensic Genetics

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Developmental validation of the HIrisPlex system: DNA-based eye and hair colour prediction for forensic and anthropological usage

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