Cited by 170Thermochemical Biomass Conversion ProcessesGranular flow and fluidized bedsCoal Combustion and Slurry Processing

Mechanisms and mitigation of agglomeration during fluidized bed combustion of biomass: A review

Morris, Jonathan D., Daood, Syed Sheraz, Chilton, Stephen, Nimmo, William·2018·Fuel

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.04.098

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Fouling is partly mitigated by CRD wood's low S, N, and P content, which reduces the formation of corrosive acidic species above 700°C.

    “Fouling, driven by K and Na volatilization and subsequent alkali chloride/sulphide/phosphide condensation on reactor surfaces, is partly mitigated by CRD wood's low S, N, and P content, which reduces the formation of corrosive acidic species above 700 • C [84][85][86][87].”

    From Pilot-Scale Slow Pyrolysis, Post-Heat Treatment, and Self-Heating Performance of Biochar Fuels Derived from Construction, Renovation, and Demolition (CRD) Wood Waste (2026) · cites this paper as [84]

    Section 3.10 (p. 36) links chlorine-carried alkalis to fouling and corrosion, and section 2.1 (p. 11) mentions construction residue wood among fuels examined for ash-related agglomeration. The review does not say that this wood has low S, N, and P content or that such content mitigates fouling by reducing acidic species above 700°C. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 101

  1. [2][2] E. Johnson, 'Goodbye to carbon neutral: Getting biomass footprints right,' Environmental Impact Assessment Review, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 165-168, 2009. -
  2. [7][7] J. Koornneef, M. Junginger and A. Faaij, 'Development of fl uidized bed combustion - An overview of trends, performance and cost,' Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 33, pp. 19-55, 2007. -
  3. [9][9] A. Khan, W. de Jong, P. Jansens and H. Spliethoff, 'Biomass combustion in fluidized bed boilers: Potential problems and remedies,' Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 90, pp. 21-50, 2009. -
  4. [10][10] B. Jenkins, L. Baxter, T. Miles Jr. and T. Miles, 'Combustion properties of biomass,' Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 54, pp. 17-46, 1998. -
  5. [11][11] S. Vassilev, D. Baxter, L. Andersen and C. Vassileva, 'An overview of the chemical composition of biomass,' Fuel, vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 913-933, 2010. -
  6. [12][12] R. Saidur, E. Abdelaziz, A. Demirbas, M. Hossain and S. Mekhilef, 'A review on biomass as a fuel for boilers,' Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 2262-2289, 2011. -
  7. [13][13] P. Xing, P. Mason, S. Chilton, S. Lloyd, J. Jones, A. Williams, W. Nimmo and M. Pourkashanian, 'A comparative assessment of biomass ash preparation methods using X -ray fluorescence and wet chemical analysis,' Fuel, vol. 182, pp. 161-165, 2016. -
  8. [14][14] M. Lackner, F. Winter and A. Agarwal, Handbook of Combustion Vol. 4, John Wiley & Sons, 2010. -
  9. [15][15] D. Kunii and O. Levenspiel, Fluidization Engineering, 2nd Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991. -
  10. [17][17] E. Zabetta, V. Barišić, K. Peltola and A. Hotta, 'Foster Wheeler Experience with biomass and waste in CFBs,' in 33rd International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization and Fuel Systems , Clearwater, Florida, 2008. -
  11. [20][20] M. Bartels, W. Lin, J. Nijenhuis, F. Kapteijn and J. van Ommen, 'Agglomeration in fluidized beds at high temperatures: Mechanisms, detection and prevention,' Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 633-666, 2008. -
  12. [21][21] P. Basu, C. Kefa and L. Jestin, Boilers and Burners: Design and Theory, Springer, 2000. -
  13. [22][22] Y. Niu, Y. Zhu, H. Tan, S. Hui, Z. Jing and W. Xu, 'Investigations on biomass slagging in utility boiler: Criterion numbers and slagging growth mechanisms,' Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 128, pp. 499-508, 2014. -
  14. [23][23] A. Stam, K. Haasnnot and G. Brem, 'Superh eater fouling in a BFB boiler firing wood-based fuel blends,' Fuel, vol. 135, pp. 322-331, 2014. -
  15. [24][24] H. Nielsen, F. Frandsen, K. DamJohansen and L. Baxter, 'The implications of chlorine -associated corrosion on the operation of biomassfired boilers,' Progress in energy and combustion science, vol. 26, no. 3, p. 283 -298, 2000. -
  16. [25][25] P. Henderson, P. Szakálos, R. Pettersson, C. Andersson and J. Högberg, 'Reducing superheater corrosion in woodfired boilers,' Materials and Corrosion, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 128-134, 2006. -
  17. [26][26] H. Kassman, M. Broström, M. Berg and L. Åmand, 'Measures to reduce chlorine in deposits: Application in a largescale circulating fluidised bed boiler firing biomass,' Fuel, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1325-1334, 2011. -
  18. [27][27] A. Demirbas, 'Potential applications of renewable energy sources, biomass combustion problems in boiler power systems and combustion related environmental issues,' Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 171-192, 2005. -
  19. [28][28] G. Olofsson, Z. Ye, I. Bjerle and A. Andersson, 'Bed Agglomeration Problems in Fluidized -Bed Biomass Combustion,' Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 28882894, 2002. -
  20. [30][30] A. Ghaly, A. Ergüdenler and E. Laufer, 'Agglomeration characteristics of alumina sand -straw ash mixtures at elevated temperatures,' Biomass and bioenergy, vol. 5, no. 6, p. 467 -480, 1993. -
  21. [31][31] A. Ghaly, A. Ergüdenler and E. Laufer, 'Study of agglomeration characteristics of silica sand -straw ash mixtures using scanning electronic microscopy and energy dispersion X-ray techniques,' Bioresource technology, vol. 48, no. 2, p. 127 -134, 1994. -
  22. [32][32] A. Nordin, M. Öhman, B. Skrifvars and M. Hupa, Applications of Advanced Technology to AshRelated Problems in Boilers, Springer International Publishing, 1996. -
  23. [33][33] B. Skrifvars, M. Hupa, R. Backman and M. Hiltunen, 'Sintering mechanisms of FBC ashes,' Fuel, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 171-176, 1994. -
  24. [34][34] B. Skrifvars, R. Backman and M. Hupa, 'Characterization of the sintering tendency of ten biomass ashes in FBC conditions by a laboratory test and by phase equilibrium calculations,' Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 55-67, 1998. -
  25. [35][35] B. Skrifvars, M. Öhman, A. Nordin and M. Hupa, 'Predicting bed agglomeration tendencies for biomass fuels fired in FBC boilers: a comparison of three different prediction methods,' Energy & Fuels, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 359-363, 1999. -
  26. [36][36] M. Öhman and A. Nordin, 'Bed Agglomeration Characteristics during Fluidized Bed Combustion of Biomass Fuels,' Energy & Fuels, vol. 14, pp. 169-178, 2000. -
  27. [37][37] M. Öhman and A. Nordin, 'A new method for quantification of fluid ized bed agglomeration tendencies: a sensitivity analysis,' Energy & Fuels, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 90 -94, 1998. -
  28. [39][39] L. Nuutinen, M. Tiainen, M. Virtanen, S. Enestam and R. Laitinen, 'Coating Layers on Bed Particles during Biomass Fuel Combustion in FluidizedBed Boilers,' Energy & Fuels, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 127-139, 2004. -
  29. [41][41] E. Brus, M. Öhman and A. Nordin, 'Mechanisms of Bed Agglomeration during Fluidized -Bed Combustion of Biomass Fuels,' Energy & Fuels, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 825-832, 2005. -
  30. [42][42] M. Öhman, L. Pommer and A. Nordin, 'Bed Agglomeration Characteristics and Mechanisms during Gasification and Combustion of Biomass Fuels,' Energy & Fuels, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1742-1748, 2005. -
  31. [43][43] M. Zevenhoven-Onderwater, M. Öhman, B. Skrifvars, R. Backman, A. Nordin and M. Hupa, 'Bed Agglomeration Characteristics of Wood -Derived Fuels in FBC,' Energy & Fuels, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 818-824, 2006. -
  32. [44][44] A. Grimm, M. Öhman, T. Lindberg, A. Fredriksson and D. Bo ström, 'Bed Agglomeration Characteristics in FluidizedBed Combustion of Biomass Fuels Using Olivine as Bed Material,' Energy & Fuels, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 4550-4559, 2012. -
  33. [45][45] H. He, D. Boström and M. Öhman, 'Time Dependence of Bed Particle Layer Formation in Fluidized Quartz Bed Combustion of WoodDerived Fuels,' Energy & Fuels, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 3841-3848, 2014. -
  34. [46][46] B. Gatternig and J. Karl, 'Investigations on the Mechan isms of Ash-Induced Agglomeration in FluidizedBed Combustion of Biomass,' Energy & Fuels, vol. 29, pp. 931-941, 2015. -
  35. [47][47] F. Scala and R. Chirone, 'Characterization and Early Detection of Bed Agglomeration during the Fluidized Bed Combustion of Olive Husk,' Energy & Fuels, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 120-132, 2006. -
  36. [48][48] H. He, X. Ji, D. Boström, R. Backman and M. Öhman, 'Mechanism of Quartz Bed Particle Layer Formation in Fluidized Bed Combustion of Wood Derived Fuels,' Energy & Fuels, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 2227-2232, 2016. -
  37. [49][49] B. Gatternig and J. Karl, 'The Influence of Particle Size, Fluidization Velocity, and Fuel Type on AshInduced Agglomeration in Biomass Combustion,' Frontiers in Energy Research, vol. 2, 2014. -
  38. [50][50] W. Lin, K. Dam-Johansen and F. Frandsen, 'Agglomeration in bio -fuel fired fluidized bed combustors,' Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 96, pp. 171-185, 2003. -
  39. [51][51] R. Chirone, F. Miccio and F. Scala, 'Mechanism and prediction of bed agglomeration during fluidized bed combustion of a biomass fuel: Effect of the reactor scale,' Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 123, no. 3, pp. 71-80, 2006. -
  40. [52][52] H. Liu, Y. Feng, S. Wu and D. Liu, 'The role of ash particles in the bed agglomeration during the fluidized bed combustion of rice straw,' Bioresource Technology, vol. 100, no. 24, pp. 6505-6513, 2009. -
  41. [53][53] C. Lin and M. Wey, 'The effect of mineral compositions of waste and operating conditions on particle agglomeration/defluidization during incineration,' Fuel, vol. 83, no. 17-18, pp. 23352343, 2004. -
  42. [54][54] W. Pietsch, Agglomeration in Industry: Occurrence and Applications, Wiley-VCH, 2004. -
  43. [55][55] W. Pietsch, Agglomeration Processes, Wiley-VCH, 2008. -
  44. [56][56] E. Anthony, A. Iribarne and J. Iribarne, 'A new mechanism for FBC agglomeration and fouling in 100 percent firing of petroleum coke,' Journal of Energy Resources Technology, vol. 119, no. 1, pp. 55-61, 1997. -
  45. [57][57] E. Anthony, F. Preto, L. Jia and J. Iribarne, 'Agglomeration and fouling in petroleum coke -fired FBC boilers,' Journal of Energy Resources Technology, vol. 120, no. 4, pp. 285-292, 1998. -
  46. [58][58] B. Skrifvars, M. Hupa and E. Anthony, 'Mechanisms of bed material agglomeration in a petroleum cokefired circulating fluidized bed boiler,' Journal of Energy Resources Technology, vol. 120, no. 3, pp. 215-218, 1998. -
  47. [59][59] R. Chirone, P. Salatino, F. Scala, R. Solimene and M. Urciuolo, 'Fluidized bed combustion of pelletized biomass and wastederived fuels,' Combustion and Flame, vol. 155, no. 1-2, pp. 2136, 2008. -
  48. [60][60] F. Scala and R. Chirone, 'An SEM/EDX study of bed agglomerates formed during fluidized bed combustion of three biomass fuels,' Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 252-266, 2008. -
  49. [61][61] C. Yu, J. Qin, H. N ie, M. Fang and Z. Luo, 'Experimental research on agglomeration in straw -fired fluidized beds,' Applied Energy, vol. 88, no. 12, pp. 4534-4543, 2011. -
  50. [62][62] C. Zhou, C. Rosen and K. Engvall, 'Biomass oxygen/steam gasification in a pressurized bubbling flu idized bed: Agglomeration behavior,' Applied Energy, vol. 172, pp. 230-250, 2016. -
  51. [63][63] J. Grace, 'Contacting modes and behaviour classification of gassolid and other two-phase suspensions,' The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 64, no. 3, p. 353 -363, 1986. -
  52. [64][64] P. Chaivatamaset, P. Sricharoon and S. Tia, 'Bed agglomeration characteristics of palm shell and corncob combustion in fluidized bed,' Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 31, no. 14-15, pp. 2916-2927, 2011. -
  53. [65][65] C. Lin, T. Peng a nd W. Wang, 'Effect of particle size distribution on agglomeration/defluidization during fluidized bed combustion,' Powder Technology, vol. 207, no. 1-3, pp. 290-295, 2011. -
  54. [67][67] S. Oka, Fluidized Bed Combustion, CRC Press, 2003. -
  55. [68][68] J. Kuo, W. Hsu and T. Yo, 'Effect of air distribution on solid fuel bed combustion,' Transactions - American Society of Chemical Engineers Journal of Energy Resources Technology, vol. 119, pp. 120-128, 1997. -
  56. [70][70] R. Darton, 'Bubble growth due to coalescence in fluidised beds,' Transactions of the Institute of Chemical Engineers, vol. 55, pp. 274-280, 1977. -
  57. [71][71] M. Hupa, 'Interaction of fuels in co -firing in FBC,' Fuel, vol. 80, no. 10, pp. 1312-1319, 2005. -
  58. [72][72] K. Davidsson, L. Åmand, B. Steenari, A. Elled, D. Eskilsson and B. Leckner, 'Countermeasures against alkali-related problems during combustion of biomass in a circulating fluidized bed boiler,' Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 63, no. 21, pp. 5314-5329, 2008. -
  59. [73][73] M. Hupa, O. Karlström and E. Vainio, 'Biomass combustion technology development It is all about chemical details,' Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 113-134, 2017. -
  60. [74][74] D. Salour, B. Jenkins, M. Vafaei and M. Kayhanian, 'Control of in -bed agglomeration by fuel blending in a pilot scale straw and wood fueled AFBC,' Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 117-133, 1993. -
  61. [75][75] K. Davidsson, L. Åmand, A. Elled and B. Leck ner, 'Effect of Cofiring Coal and Biofuel with Sewage Sludge on Alkali Problems in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler,' Energy & Fuels, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 3180-3188, 2007. -
  62. [76][76] P. Thy, B. Jenkins, R. Williams, C. Lesher and R. Bakker, 'Bed agglomeratio n in fluidized combustor fueled by wood and rice straw blends,' Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 91, no. 11, pp. 1464-1485, 2010. -
  63. [77][77] A. Elled, L. Åmand and B. Steenari, 'Composition of agglomerates in fluidized bed reactors for thermochemical conversi on of biomass and waste fuels,' Fuel, vol. 111, pp. 696-708, 2013. -
  64. [78][78] J. Silvennoinen and M. Hedman, 'Co -firing of agricultural fuels in a full-scale fluidized bed boiler,' Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 105, pp. 11-19, 2013. -
  65. [79][79] M. Becidan, E. Houshfar, R. Khalil, Ø. Skreiberg, T. Løvås and L. Sørum, 'Optimal Mixtures to Reduce the Formation of Corrosive Compounds during Straw Combustion: A Thermodynamic Analysis,' Energy & Fuels, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 3223-3234, 2011. -
  66. [80][80] P. Suheri and V. Kuprianov, 'Co -Firing of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Kernel Shell in a FluidizedBed Combustor: Optimization of Operating Variables,' Energy Procedia, vol. 79, pp. 956-962, 2015. -
  67. [81][81] K. Sirisomboon and V. Kuprianov, 'Effects of Fuel Staging on the NO Emission Reduction during Biomass -Biomass Co-combustion in a FluidizedBed Combustor,' Energy & Fuels, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 659-671, 2017. -
  68. [82][82] A. Burton and H. Wu, 'Influence of biomass particle size on bed agglomeration during biomas s pyrolysis in fluidised bed,' Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 2199-2205, 2017. -
  69. [83][83] H. Li, Q. Chen, X. Zhang, K. Finney, V. Sharifi and J. Swithenbank, 'Evaluation of a biomass drying process using waste heat from process i ndustries: A case study,' Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 35, pp. 71-80, 2012. -
  70. [85][85] A. Corcoran, J. Marinkovic, F. Lind, H. Thunman, P. Knutssun and M. Seemann, 'Ash Properties of Ilmenite Used as Bed Material for Combustion of Biomass in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler,' Energy & Fuels, vol. 28, pp. 7672-7679, 2014. -
  71. [86][86] L. Bierlein and B. FredrikssonMoeller, 'New Industrial Development in Fluidised Bed Combustion of Waste and Biomass,' in 25th Euopean Biomass Conference and Exhibition , Stockholm, Sweden, 2017. -
  72. [88][88] B. Steenari and O. Lindqvist, 'High -temperature reactions of straw ash and the anti-sintering additives kaolin and dolomite,' Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 67 -76, 1998. -
  73. [89][89] M. Öhman and A. Nordin, 'The Rol e of Kaolin in Prevention of Bed Agglomeration during Fluidized Bed Combustion of Biomass Fuels,' Energy & Fuels, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 618-624, 2000. -
  74. [90][90] D. Vamvuka, D. Zografos and G. Alevizos, 'Control methods for mitigating biomass ash -related proble ms in fluidized beds,' Bioresource Technology, vol. 99, no. 9, pp. 3534-3544, 2008. -
  75. [91][91] C. Lin, J. Kuo, M. Wey, S. Chang and K. Wang, 'Inhibition and promotion: The effect of earth alkali metals and operating temperature on particle agglomeration/defluidization during incineration in fluidized bed,' Powder Technology, vol. 189, no. 1, pp. 57-63, 2009. -
  76. [92][92] B. Coda, M. Aho, R. Berger and K. Kein, 'Behavior of chlorine and enrichment of risky elements in bubbling fluidized bed combustion of biomass and waste assisted by additives,' Energy & Fuels, vol. 15, no. 3, p. 680 -690, 2001. -
  77. [93][93] J. Seville and R. Clift, 'The Effect of Thin Liquid Layers on Fluidisation Characteristics,' Powder Technology, vol. 37, pp. 117-129, 1984. -
  78. [94][94] E. Brus, M. Öhman, A. Nordin, B. Skrifvars and R. Backman, 'Bed Material Consumption in Biomass Fired Fluidised Bed Boilers Due to Risk of Bed Agglomeration - Coating Formation and Possibilities for Regeneration,' IFRF Combustion Journal, 2003. -
  79. [95][95] H. Visser, S. van Lith and J. Kiel, 'Biomass Ash -Bed Material Interactions Leading to Agglomeration in FBC,' Journal of Energy Resources Technology, vol. 130, no. 1, p. 011801, 2008. -
  80. [96][96] T. Rizvi, P. Xing, M. Pourkashanian, L. Darvell, J. Jones and W. Nim mo, 'Prediction of biomass ash fusion behaviour by the use of detailed characterisation methods coupled with thermodynamic analysis,' Fuel, vol. 141, pp. 275-284, 2015. -
  81. [97][97] L. Fryda, K. Panopoulos and E. Kakaras, 'Agglomeration in fluidised bed gasific ation of biomass,' Powder Technology, vol. 181, no. 3, pp. 307-320, 2008. -
  82. [100][100] D. Dayton, B. Jenkins, S. Turn, R. Bakker, R. Williams, D. BelleOudry and L. Hill, 'R elease of Inorganic Constituents from Leached Biomass during Thermal Conversion,' Energy & Fuels, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 860-870, 1999. -
  83. [101][101] M. Fernández Llorente and J. Carrasco García, 'Comparing methods for predicting the sintering of biomass ash in combustion,' Fuel, vol. 84, no. 14-15, pp. 1893-1900, 2005. -
  84. [102][102] J. Wang, Y. Cao, X. Jiang and Y. Yang, 'Agglomeration Detection by Acoustic Emission (AE) Sensors in Fluidized Beds,' Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 3466-3473, 20009. -
  85. [103][103] J. Werther, 'Measurement techniques in fluidized beds,' Powder Technology, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 15-36, 1999. -
  86. [104][104] T. Khan and R. Turton, 'The measurement of instantaneous heat transfer coefficients around the circumference of a tube immersed in a high temperature fluidized bed.,' International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 3397-3406, 1992. -
  87. [105][105] P. Basu, 'Heat transfer in high temperature fast fluidized beds,' Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 3123-3136, 1990. -
  88. [106][106] I. Lau and B. Whalley, 'A differential thermal probe for anticipation of defluidization of caking coals,' Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 4, no. 2-3, pp. 101-115, 1981. -
  89. [107][107] M. Ishida and H. Tanaka, 'An optical probe to detect both bubbles and suspended particles in a threephase fluidized bed,' Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 389391, 1982. -
  90. [108][108] J.M. Schweitzer, J. Bayle and T. Gauthier, 'Local gas hold -up measurements in fluidized bed and slurry bubble column,' Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 56, pp. 1103-1110, 2001. -
  91. [109][109] J. Link, C. Zeilstra, N. Deen and H. Kuipers, 'Validation of a Discrete Particle Model in a 2D Spout-Fluid Bed Using NonIntrusive Optical Measuring Techniques,' The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 30-36, 2004. -
  92. [110][110] S. Razzak, S. Barghi, J.X. Zhu and Y. Mi, 'Phase holdup measurement in a gasliquid -solid circulating fluidized bed (GLSCFB) riser using electrical resistance tomography and optical fibre probe,' Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 147, no. 2-3, pp. 210-218, 2009. -
  93. [111][111] Y. Jiang, C. Ren, Z. Huang, J. Wang, B. Jiang, J. Yang and Y. Yang, 'Acoustic Emission Detection of Particle Movement in a CrossFlow Moving Bed,' Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 53, no. 10, pp. 4075-4083, 2014. -
  94. [112][112] T. Sheahan and L. Briens, 'Passive acoustic emission monitoring of pellet coat thickness in a fluidized bed,' Powder Technology, vol. 286, pp. 172-180, 2015. 1137 1138 -
  95. [113][113] L. Weiguo, W. Xiaodong, W. Fenwei and W. Haiyan, 'Feature extraction and early warning of agglomeration in fluidized bed reactors based on an acoustic approach,' Powder Techology, vol. 279, pp. 185-195, 2017. -
  96. [114][114] J. Shabanian, P. Sauriol and J. Chaouki, 'A simple and robust approach for early detection of defluidization,' Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 313, pp. 144-156, 2017. -
  97. [115][115] W. Hosford, Materials Science: An Intermediate Text, Cambridge University Press, 2006. -
  98. [116][116] M. Fernández Llorente, R. Escalada Cuadrado, J. Murillo Laplaza and J. Carrasco García, 'Combustion in bubbling fluidised bed with bed material of limestone to reduce the biomass ash agglomeration and sintering,' Fuel, vol. 85, no. 14-15, pp. 2081-2092, 2006. -
  99. [117][117] S. De Geyter, M. Öhman, D. Boström, M. Eriksson and A. Nordin, 'Effects of Non -Quartz Minerals in Natural Bed Sand on Agglomeration Characteristics during Fluidized Bed Combustion of Biomass Fuels,' Energy & Fuels, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 2663-2668, 2007. -
  100. [118][118] R. Liu, B. Jin, Z. Zhong and J. Zhao, 'Reduction of Bed Agglomeration in CFB Combustion Biomass with AluminiumContain Bed Material,' Process Safety and Environmental Protection, vol. 85, no. 5, pp. 441-445, 2007. -
  101. [119][119] D. Vamvuka and D. Zografos, 'Predicting the behaviour of ash from agricultural wastes during combustion,' Fuel, vol. 83, no. 14-15, pp. 2051-2057, 2004.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Morris, J. D., Daood, S. S., Chilton, S., & Nimmo, W.
Affiliations
University of Sheffield (GB)
Corresponding author
Daood, Syed Sheraz
Venue
Fuel
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2018-10
Volume
230
Pages
452-473
ISSN
0016-2361 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2806466928
Cited by
170
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 27 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 3
FWCI
1.06
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Fuel (publishedVersion)
  • White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • Office of Fossil Energy
  • EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Medical Imaging
  • Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/M01536X/1)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Granular flow and fluidized beds
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Coal Combustion and Slurry Processing
Keywords
alkali silicate melts, sintering, operating variables, eutectic melt

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review