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Cited by 38Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource ManagementWildlife-Road Interactions and ConservationConflict, Peace, and Violence in Colombia

Rapid loss in landscape connectivity after the peace agreement in the Andes-Amazon region

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Murillo-Sandoval, Paulo J., Clerici, Nicola, Correa-Ayram, Camilo·2022·Global Ecology and Conservation
DOI 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02205
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Abstract

Abstract There is a complex interplay of criminal groups’ control over land, illicit activities, and forest cover change in the Colombian Andes-Amazon region. This area is dealing with diverse forms of conflict and peace, directly impacting landscape connectivity. While many studies have documented rapid deforestation after the peace agreement in 2016, we know little about the effect of these socio-political changes on the state of landscape connectivity. We disentangle habitat from connected habitat in forest ecosystems using the Landsat archive and landscape connectivity indices. We find that in the Andes-Amazon region during 2000-2020, connected habitat loss reached 18%, while habitat loss was 13%. This result is worrisome, because it indicates that well-connected patches are more fragmented and isolated, affecting the natural connections between the Andes and Amazon biogeographical regions and the movement ability of species. The Colombian government should conduct a strategic peacebuilding process incorporating structural changes that prevent the increase of large-scale extractive activities that are often illegal in the region. While finding a balance between extractive activities and conservation remains a big challenge, legal land tenure, census/taxation, and specific agreements with local actors can initially prevent deforestation. We discourage localized military actions and the return of aerial fumigation of coca fields, which rather than stop deforestation might exacerbate land cover change deeper into pristine forests.

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  • The goal over the years has also been to curb illicit coca planting in the northern Amazon region and replace it with cattle ranching.

    “Crucially, the goal over the years has also been to curb illicit coca planting in the northern Amazon region (e.g.Putumayo and Caquetá) and replace it with cattle ranching (Murillo-Sandoval et al., 2022;Triana Ángel et al, 2024).”

    From Beyond the “supply chain” framing: Cattle ranching as a vanishing mediator of deforestation and dispossession in the Brazilian and Colombian Amazon (2026) · cites this paper as Murillo-Sandoval et al., 2022

    The Study area section identifies Putumayo and Caquetá and says illicit coca farming and cattle ranching are activities in the region. The Conclusions discuss efforts to curb coca cultivation, but neither section says the goal was to replace coca planting with cattle ranching. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Remote-sensing analyses reveal that cattle-driven deforestation now dwarfs coca-related forest loss, being roughly sixty times greater.

    “Remote-sensing analyses reveal that cattle-driven deforestation now dwarfs coca-related forest loss, being roughly sixty times greater (Murillo-Sandoval et al., 2022), and that the surge in pasture conversion after the 2016 peace accord is tightly linked to regions formerly dominated by armed groups, with a 302% rise in land shifted from coca to cattle pastures in Amazon municipalities (Marín-Llan”

    From Beyond the “supply chain” framing: Cattle ranching as a vanishing mediator of deforestation and dispossession in the Brazilian and Colombian Amazon (2026) · cites this paper as Murillo-Sandoval et al., 2022

    The Study area section identifies cattle ranching and coca farming as common drivers of forest conversion, and the Methods describe a Landsat-based deforestation analysis. But the paper does not compare forest loss from those two drivers or report that cattle-driven loss is roughly sixty times greater. Its Conclusions report ~60% more deforestation after the peace agreement than during the earlier conflict period—a different comparison. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Murillo-Sandoval, P. J., Clerici, N., & Correa-Ayram, C.
Affiliations
Universidad del Rosario (CO)
ORCID
Clerici, Nicola
Venue
Global Ecology and Conservation
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2022-10
Volume
38
Pages
e02205
ISSN
2351-9894 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02205
OpenAlex
W4283706383
Cited by
38
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 1
FWCI
2.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Global Ecology and Conservation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife-Road Interactions and Conservation
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Conflict, Peace, and Violence in Colombia
Keywords
landscape connectivity, habitat fragmentation, deforestation, peace agreements, forest cover change, habitat loss, extractive activities, land tenure, peacebuilding, species movement

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