The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
It’s a girl thing: Menstruation, school attendance, spatial mobility and wider gender inequalities in Kenya
Open accessAbstract
Recent attention has been drawn to possible linkages between poor sanitation in sub-Saharan African schools and low attendance rates amongst post-pubescent girls. In particular, questions have been raised about the influence of menstruation and access to sanitary products on schoolgirl absenteeism but research on this topic is scarce. Moreover, the few detailed empirical studies that have been conducted in sub-Saharan Africa on this topic have produced contradictory results. These uncertainties coupled with theories of how concepts of pollution and taboo are used to construct or police spatial boundaries (and maintain power relations within society) provide an interesting context for examining everyday geographies of menstruation. Kisumu, Kenya provides the context for the study which utilises a feminist political ecology framework to investigate cultural and spatial limitations associated with menstruation and puberty. Drawing on schoolgirls’ lived experiences, we illustrate how emotional geographies of puberty and menstruation are productive of and help to reproduce gender inequalities in mobility and access to social capital resources (especially education). At the same time we show how poverty coupled with low levels of sexual and reproductive health and rights education can exacerbate gendered bodily inequalities as girls face an increased risk of sexual exploitation when they reach puberty.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A study from Kenya found that orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs) had better access to sanitary pads than non-orphans as they received sponsorships that paid for supplies, alongside school fees, meals and uniforms [30].”
From Menstrual health and school absenteeism among adolescent girls in Uganda (MENISCUS): a feasibility study (2018) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Teachers absolved boys of their behavior toward girls, saying girls should not be “mixing up” with boys, solidifying the idea that boys are not accountable for their actions [51, 52].”
From Physical, social, and political inequities constraining girls’ menstrual management at schools in informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya. (2017) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“In some studies, knowledge was more varied, with those who had attended secondary education or schools with more comprehensive reproductive health education having adequate knowledge”
From Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2019) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“however, this information was often provided without clarifying how or when girls were vulnerable to pregnancy”
From Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2019) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“Two studies from Kenya and one in Ghana noted concerns that girls engaged in transactional sex to meet menstrual and other personal funding needs [4, 11, 64]; authors of a study in Ethiopia noted that this was not reported in their population [100].”
From Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2019) · cites this paper as [64]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo
McCormack, W., & Douglas, M. (1967) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1384077 · Cited by 5,738
Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo.
Ardener, E., & Douglas, M. (1967) · Man · doi:10.2307/2798681 · Cited by 2,824
World Development Report 2012: Gender equality and development
Wong, Y.-N. (2012) · Forum for Development Studies · doi:10.1080/08039410.2012.722769 · Cited by 1,457
(2016) · Human Rights Documents online · doi:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9927-2014002 · Cited by 750
Nightingale, A. J. (2010) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2010.03.004 · Cited by 711
Rocheleau, D., Thomas‐Slayter, B., & Wangari, E. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203352205 · Cited by 600
Sultana, F. (2011) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2010.12.002 · Cited by 570
Introducing new feminist political ecologies
Elmhirst, R. (2011) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.01.006 · Cited by 505
(Re-)Conceptualizing water inequality in Delhi, India through a feminist political ecology framework
Truelove, Y. (2011) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.01.004 · Cited by 481
Prostitution, Power and Freedom
Davidson, J. (1998) · University of Michigan Press eBooks · doi:10.3998/mpub.10885 · Cited by 446
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Cooke, J., 2006. Practical Interventions to Meet the Menstrual Hygiene Needs of Schoolgirls: A Case Study from Katakwi, Uganda. Unpublished PhD thesis, Cranfield University.
- Cowen, D., Lehrer, U., Winkler, A., 2005. The secret lives of toilets: a public discourse on ‘private’ spaces in the city. In: McBride, J., Wilcox, A. (Eds.), uTOpia. Toronto: Coach House Books, pp. 194–203.
- Daley, 2000, Flushed with pride: Women’s quest for public toilets in New Zealand, Women’s Stud. J., 16, 95
- FAWE Uganda, 2003. Creating Opportunities for Girls’ Participation in Education in Uganda Presentation at Transforming Spaces: Girlhood, Action and Power Conference, Montreal, November 2003.
- Kirk, J., Sommer, M., 2005. Menstruation and Body Awareness: Critical Issues for Girls, Education Newsletter for Beyond Access: Gender, Education and Development, vol. 15, pp. 4–5.
- Malusu, 2014, An evaluation of the perception of secondary school students towards menstruation in Kenya, Afr. J. Educ. Technol., 4, 83
- Scott, L., Dopson, S., Montgomery, P., Dolan, C., Ryus, C., 2009. Impact of Providing Sanitary Pads to Poor Girls in Africa. Working Paper. SAID Business School, University of Oxford.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–158 of 158
Women at Work: Challenges for the Future
Gervais, R. L. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31736-6_15 · Cited by 1
The Status of Women: Worldwide Trends
Gibbons, J. L., Summers, N., & Poelker, K. E. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58008-1_1 · Cited by 1
Situmorang, C. C., & Dewi, N. N. S. A. (2021) · Journal of Midwifery · doi:10.25077/jom.5.2.72-80.2020 · Cited by 1
Kathuni, S., Akunga, D., Kitur, E. C., & Letema, S. C. (2021) · Global Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.47604/gjhs.1325 · Cited by 2
Ojwala, R. A. (2024) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-024-01198-x · Cited by 1
Level of Education and Menstrual Challenges for Adolescent Girls in Rural Tanzania
Loper, S., & Nyaronga, D. O. (2024) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x241261722 · Cited by 1
Experiencing the Journey to School: Rural and Urban Narratives
Porter, G., Hampshire, K., Abane, A., Munthali, A., Robson, E., & Mashiri, M. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-45431-7_3 · Cited by 1
Assessment of the physical school environment of selected private high schools in Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Ogunfowokan, A. A., Esan, D. T., Salau, O. R., Bamidele, Y. R., & Ojo, D. E. (2016) · British Journal of School Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjsn.2016.11.10.498 · Cited by 1
Ejelonu, A., Feng, H., & McKeon, T. P. (2020) · Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania) · Cited by 1
Ramalho, J., & Chant, S. (2020) · London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) · Cited by 1
Gender, Rurality and Education: A Critical Perspective on Kenya’s Education System
Akala, B. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57277-8_9 · Cited by 1
Vulnerable Children in Developing Countries: special considerations
OECD (2019) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/10e8a12c-en · Cited by 1
Gendered priorities for ‘improved’ sanitation: insights from Kisumu Kenya
Jewitt, S., & Ryley, H. (2015) · Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)
Self-citationThe Petal Project: An innovation in sexual healthcare and education for Kenyan schoolgirl
Parker, K. M. (2018) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1111/nuf.12219
Geut, R. (2017) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Menstrual health among school adolescent girls
Mishra, L. (2019) · International Journal of Advance Research in Nursing · doi:10.33545/nursing.2019.v2.i1.c.1
Keeping Girls in School During Menses: Partnerships to Enhance Local and Global Health Outcomes
Moran, M. B. (2019) · 45th Biennial Convention (16-20 November 2019)
Are Menstrual Cycles a Biological Determinant of Well-Being amongst Sierra Leonean Schoolchildren?
Shridhar, A. (2019) · USF Scholarship Repository (University of San Francisco)
Urban (sanitation) transformation in China
Iossifova, D. (2020) · Manchester University Press eBooks · doi:10.7765/9781526150943.00010
Mukuvari, I. (2019) · Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University)
Determinants of Factors Influencing Dropout in Public Primary Schools in Rural Sindh
Perveen, N. (2020) · Pakistan Social Sciences Review · doi:10.35484/pssr.2020(4-i)52
‘Blooming’: A Design Concept for Period Poverty in Rural Areas of China
Zeng, J., Liu, B., Sun, X. S., & Wu, J. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77077-8_31
OECD (2019) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/bcb1dba9-en
¿Qué pasa con la educación durante una pandemia?
Barreto, P. A. E., & Acosta, J. S. H. (2023) · Ecos de Economía · doi:10.17230/ecos.2021.53.3
Menstrual Health: How Aware and healthy young girls are?
Sharma, P. (2013) · International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation · doi:10.53555/v17i1/400069
The Menopause: Hidden WASH Needs
Bhakta, A., & Vernon, N. (2023) · OpenDocs (Institute of Development Studies) · doi:10.19088/slh.2023.014
Locating heterogeneity in Menstrual Hygiene Scheme impact on Indian adolescent girlsPreprint
Sarkar, O., & Dutta, A. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.23295882
Acesso e práticas de higiene menstrual na América Latina: revisão de escopo
de Oliveira, V. C., Pena, É. D., de Andrade, G. N., & Felisbino-Mendes, M. S. (2023) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.6736.4030
Rehan, H. (2023) · i-manager s Journal on Life Sciences · doi:10.26634/jls.2.2.19838
Menstruación y feminismo: revisión sistemática de la literatura
Ángeles, M. S., & Hurtarte, C. A. (2024) · Comunicación y Género · doi:10.5209/cgen.89186
Sharper, S., Evans, C. S., Mufalali, S. M., & Bowa, M. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5342938/v1
Tomlinson, M. K. (2024) · Palgrave studies in communication for social change · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72195-3_1
A Comprehensive Review of Scholarly Perspectives on Period Poverty Among Women
Majid, L. A., Ibrahim, N. S., Rahim, N. C. A., & Kusrin, Z. M. (2024) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-71526-6_30
Navigating Menstrual Taboos in Rural Ghana
Wohoyie, H. S. (2025) · Girlhood Studies · doi:10.3167/ghs.2025.180103
Ubóstwo menstruacyjne w świetle badań i opracowań naukowych z lat 2013–2023
Buczak, A. (2024) · Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy · doi:10.15584/nsawg.2024.4.6
SIRAKAYA, A. P. Y. (2025) · International Journal of Social Science Humanity & Management Research · doi:10.58806/ijsshmr.2025.v4i6n04
Karki, S., & Mix, T. L. (2025) · Gender and Education · doi:10.1080/09540253.2025.2568413
Ghandour, R., Hammoudeh, W., Stigum, H., Giacaman, R., Fjeld, H., & Holmboe-Ottesen, G. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26689835
Ghandour, R., Hammoudeh, W., Stigum, H., Giacaman, R., Fjeld, H., & Holmboe-Ottesen, G. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26689832
Paintendre, A., Mock-Gaspalou, L., Chambon, D., & Saint-Martin, J. (2026) · Modern & Contemporary France · doi:10.1080/09639489.2025.2605561
Rezvi, M. R., Rumman, M. H., Mehejabin, F., Maesha, Z. F., & Mizan, C. M. (2026) · Women s Reproductive Health · doi:10.1080/23293691.2026.2709023
Nduka, E., Eze, E., & Mgbemena, O. (2026) · The Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.1080/00220388.2026.2727164
Odingo, C. C. A., & Nyaga, D. M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-20102-7_8
Islam, I., Walters, A., & McKnight, C. (2026) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2026.2749295
Issues Particularly Affecting Women
Mapp, S. C. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197757925.003.0008
Anya, C. J., Nnodim, I., Anya, A. A., Edenene, L. O., Eboh, O. O., & Osobase, E. (2026) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20263977
Metadata
- Authors
- Jewitt, S., & Ryley, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Jewitt, Sarah
- ORCID
- Jewitt, Sarah
- Venue
- Geoforum
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 56
- Pages
- 137-147
- ISSN
- 0016-7185 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2142321107
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 7.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Geoforum (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Nottingham
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Geography and Education Methods
- Social Sciences › Education › Gender, Education, and Development Issues
- Keywords
- menstruation, school attendance, school absenteeism, puberty, gender inequality, spatial mobility, everyday geographies, emotional geographies, sanitation, sanitary products, social capital, sexual and reproductive health education, sexual exploitation, poverty, feminist political ecology, Kisumu
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review