Changes in insulin and IGF-I receptor expression during differentiation of human preadipocytes
Open accessAbstract
Mature adipocytes originate from fibroblast-like precursor cells, preadipocytes, which differentiate to obtain the characteristics of adipocytes. Our aim was to investigate how differentiation of human preadipocytes affects the distribution of insulin receptors (IR) and IGF-I receptors (IGF-IR) and other cell characteristics. Preadipocytes were differentiated using indomethacine, dexamethasone, isobutyl-methylxantine (IBMX) and high concentration of insulin. Gene expression was quantified by real-time RT-PCR in preadipocytes (PA), differentiated preadipocytes (dPA) and mature adipocytes (mAD). The amount of expressed receptor protein was analyzed using receptor specific ELISAs and Western blot. We also studied DNA synthesis with radiolabeled thymidine incorporation and glucose accumulation with radiolabeled glucose. Differentiation of PA increased gene expression of IR but not IGF-IR. GLUT4, growth hormone receptor (GHR) and adiponectin appeared or increased. In PA and dPA only IR-A was expressed whereas also IR-B was detected in mAD. By Western blot and ELISA, IR and IGF-IR were detected in PA, dPA and mAD. During differentiation the ratio of IR to IGF-IR increased severalfold. In PA both the IR and the IGF-IR was phosphorylated by their own ligand at 1 nM and in dPA the activation of both receptors was stimulated by IGF-I, but not insulin, at 1 nM. Accumulation of glucose in PA was increased by insulin at 10nM and by IGF-I at 1 nM and 10nM. DNA synthesis was increased by insulin and IGF-I at 10nM. In conclusion, both IR and IGF-IR are present in human preadipocytes and adipocytes. Differentiation is characterized by an increased IR/IGF-IR ratio.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Besides lipids themselves, local levels of insulin, glucocorticoids, sex steroids, and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) also directly regulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (CEBPα), to facilitate preadipocyte differentiation.
“Besides lipids themselves, local levels of insulin, glucocorticoids, sex steroids, and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) also directly regulate peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein‐α (CEBPα), to facilitate preadipocyte differentiation.[ 29 ]”
From Pathogenesis of sarcopenia and the relationship with fat mass: descriptive review (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
Hyperlipidaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, and other metabolic signalling cues drive the creation and expansion of new lipid storage depots during fat redistribution.
“Thus, hyperlipidaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, and other metabolic signalling cues drive the creation and expansion of new lipid storage depots during fat redistribution.[ 29 ]”
From Pathogenesis of sarcopenia and the relationship with fat mass: descriptive review (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Ullrich, A., Gray, A., Tam, A. W., Yang‐Feng, T. L., Tsubokawa, M., Collins, C. M., Henzel, W. J., Bon, T. L., Kathuria, S., & Chen, E. (1986) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04528.x · Cited by 1,843 · see citing works
Frasca, F., Pandini, G., Scalia, P., Sciacca, L., Mineo, R., Costantino, A., Goldfine, I. D., Belfiore, A., & Vigneri, R. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.19.5.3278 · Cited by 903 · see citing works
Insulin-like growth factor-I is an essential regulator of the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
Smith, P. J., Wise, L. S., Berkowitz, R., Wan, C. F., & Rubin, C. S. (1988) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)76555-7 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Association between adiponectin and mediators of inflammation in obese women
Engeli, S., Feldpausch, M., Gorzelniak, K., Hartwig, F., Heintze, U., Janke, J., Möhlig, M., Pfeiffer, A. F. H., Luft, F. C., & Sharma, A. M. (2003) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.4.942 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Functionally distinct insulin receptors generated by tissue‐specific alternative splicing.
Mosthaf, L., Grako, K. A., Dull, T. J., Coussens, L. M., Ullrich, A., & McClain, D. A. (1990) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07416.x · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Wu, Z., Xie, Y., Morrison, R. F., Bucher, N. L. R., & Farmer, S. R. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci1244 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Lin, F., & Lane, M. D. (1992) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.6.4.533 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Adipocyte differentiation of multipotent cells established from human adipose tissue
Rodriguez, A., Elabd, C., Delteil, F., Astier, J., Vernochet, C., Saint-Marc, P., Guesnet, J., Guezennec, A., Amri, E., Dani, C., et al. (2004) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.053 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
BAILYES, E. M., NAVÉ, B. T., Soos, M. A., ORR, S. R., Hayward, A. C., & Siddle, K. (1997) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj3270209 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Soos, M. A., Field, C. E., & Siddle, K. (1993) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj2900419 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Pandini, G., Vigneri, R., Costantino, A., Frasca, F., Ippolito, A. M., Fujita‐Yamaguchi, Y., Siddle, K., Goldfine, I. D., & Belfiore, A. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Wang, B., Jenkins, J. R., & Trayhurn, P. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00475.2004 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Differential signalling potential of insulin‐ and IGF‐1‐receptor cytoplasmic domains.
Lammers, R., Gray, A., Schlessinger, J., & Ullrich, A. (1989) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03517.x · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Bouzakri, K., Zachrisson, A., Al‐Khalili, L., Zhang, B. B., Koistinen, H. A., Krook, A., & Zierath, J. R. (2006) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2006.04.008 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Denley, A., Bonython, E. R., Booker, G. W., Cosgrove, L. J., Forbes, B. E., Ward, C. W., & Wallace, J. C. (2004) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2004-0183 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Blakesley, V. A., Scrimgeour, A. G., Esposito, D. L., & Roith, D. L. (1996) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/1359-6101(96)00015-9 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Scavo, L. M., Karas, M., Murray, M., & LeRoith, D. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031682 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Chisalita, S. I., & Arnqvist, H. J. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00327.2003 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationEntingh, A. J., & Kahn, C. R. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m313201200 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Functional characterization of human mesenchymal stem cell-derived adipocytes
Rydén, M., Dicker, A., Gotherstrom, C. O. T., Åström, G., Tammik, C., Arner, P., & Blanc, K. L. (2003) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.010 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Gustafson, B., Jack, M. M., Cushman, S. W., & Smith, U. (2003) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01518-3 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Park, S.-K., Oh, S.-Y., Lee, M., Yoon, S., Kim, K., & Kim, J. W. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.11.2757 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Karlsson, M., Thorn, H., Danielsson, A., Stenkula, K. G., Öst, A., Gustavsson, J., Nyström, F. H., & Strålfors, P. (2004) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04177.x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Sesti, G., Federici, M., Lauro, D., Sbraccia, P., & Lauro, R. (2001) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.225 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Kellerer, M., Lammers, R., Ermel, B., Tippmer, S., Vogt, B., Obermaier-Kusser, B., Ullrich, A., & Haering, H. U. (1992) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00134a008 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Al-Khalili, L., Forsgren, M., Kannisto, K., Zierath, J. R., Lönnqvist, F., & Krook, A. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1741-3 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Fischer‐Posovszky, P., Tornqvist, H. E., Debatin, K., & Wabitsch, M. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-0985 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
IGF-I/insulin hybrid receptors in human endothelial cells
Nitert, M. D., Chisalita, S. I., Olsson, K., Bornfeldt, K., & Arnqvist, H. J. (2004) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2004.10.003 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationSerrano, R., Villar, M., Martı́nez, C., Carrascosa, J. M., Gallardo, N., & Andrés, A. (2004) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/jme.1.01635 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Huss, F. R. M., & Kratz, G. (2002) · Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery · doi:10.1080/028443102753718050 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Shimizu, M., Torti, F. M., & Roth, R. A. (1986) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(86)91246-5 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Sutinen, J., Kannisto, K., Korsheninnikova, E., Fisher, R. M., Ehrenborg, E., Nyman, T., Virkamäki, A., Funahashi, T., Matsuzawa, Y., Vidal, H., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00490.2003 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Characterizing medullary and human mesenchymal stem cell‐derived adipocytes
MacKay, D. L., Tesar, P. J., Liang, L., & Haynesworth, S. E. (2006) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.20617 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Chisalita, S. I., Nitert, M. D., & Arnqvist, H. J. (2006) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2006.06.003 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationZou, L., Menon, R. K., & Sperling, M. A. (1997) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(97)90177-3 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Characterization of Growth Hormone Receptor Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Variants in Human Adipocytes
Wei, Y., Rhani, Z., & Goodyer, C. G. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1802 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Westergren, H., Danielsson, A., Nyström, F. H., & Strålfors, P. (2005) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2005.01.021 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Adipogenesis and metabolic health
Ghaben, A. L., & Scherer, P. E. (2019) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-018-0093-z · Cited by 1,395 · see citing works
Pathogenesis of sarcopenia and the relationship with fat mass: descriptive review
Li, C., Yu, K., Shyh‐Chang, N., Jiang, Z., Liu, T., Ma, S., Luo, L., Guang, L., Liang, K., Ma, W., et al. (2022) · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12901 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Insulin Receptor Isoforms in Physiology and Disease: An Updated View
Belfiore, A., Malaguarnera, R., Vella, V., Lawrence, M. C., Sciacca, L., Frasca, F., Morrione, A., & Vigneri, R. (2017) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2017-00073 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Insulin and Insulin Receptors in Adipose Tissue Development
Cignarelli, A., Genchi, V. A., Perrini, S., Natalicchio, A., Laviola, L., & Giorgino, F. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20030759 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Insulin‐like growth factor 1 has multisystem effects on foetal and preterm infant development
Hellström, A., Ley, D., Pupp, I. H., Hallberg, B., Löfqvist, C., Marter, L. J. V., van Weissenbruch, M. M., Ramenghi, L. A., Beardsall, K., Dunger, D. B., et al. (2016) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.13350 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Boucher, J., Tseng, Y., & Kahn, C. R. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.118620 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Boucher, J., Mori, M. A., Lee, K. Y., Smyth, G., Liew, C. W., Macotela, Y., Rourk, M., Bluher, M., Russell, S. J., & Kahn, C. R. (2012) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms1905 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
The Insulin-Like Growth Factors in Adipogenesis and Obesity
Garten, A., Schuster, S., & Kiess, W. (2012) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2012.04.011 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Slaaby, R. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep07911 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Kim, S., Nian, C., & McIntosh, C. H. S. (2011) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m012203 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Pek, S. L. T., Sum, C. F., Lin, M. X., Cheng, A. K. S., Wong, M. T. K., Lim, S. C., & Subramaniam, T. (2016) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2016.03.010 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Cleveland-Donovan, K., Maile, L. A., Tsiaras, W. G., Tchkonia, T., Kirkland, J. L., & Boney, C. M. (2010) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2010-0043 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Primary cilia-dependent lipid raft/caveolin dynamics regulate adipogenesis
Yamakawa, D., Katoh, D., Kasahara, K., Shiromizu, T., Matsuyama, M., Matsuda, C., Maeno, Y., Watanabe, M., Nishimura, Y., & Inagaki, M. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108817 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Ejaz, A., Mitterberger, M. C., Lü, Z., Mattesich, M., Zwierzina, M., Hörl, S., Kaiser, A. M., Viertler, H.-P., Rostek, U., Meryk, A., et al. (2016) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.03.030 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Conover, C. A., Harstad, S. L., Tchkonia, T., & Kirkland, J. L. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00405.2013 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Jönsson, C., Castor Batista, A. P., Kjølhede, P., & Strålfors, P. (2019) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20190594 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Bäck, K., Brännmark, C., Strålfors, P., & Arnqvist, H. J. (2011) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.04.005 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationBäck, K., Islam, R., Johansson, G., Chisalita, S. I., & Arnqvist, H. J. (2012) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-12-0261 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationIGF-I abuse in sport: Current knowledge and future prospects for detection
Guha, N., Sönksen, P. H., & Holt, R. I. G. (2009) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2009.04.017 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Guha, N., Dashwood, A. M., Thomas, N. J. M., Skingle, A. J., Sönksen, P. H., & Holt, R. I. G. (2009) · Current Drug Abuse Reviews · doi:10.2174/1874473710902030263 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Gülden, E., Märker, T., Kriebel, J., Kolb-Bachofen, V., Burkart, V., & Habich, C. (2009) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2009.07.049 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cecil, D. L., Park, K. H., Gad, E. A., Childs, J. S., Higgins, D. M., Plymate, S. R., & Disis, M. L. (2013) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-013-2577-z · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Docanto, M. M., Ham, S., Corbould, A. M., & Brown, K. A. (2015) · Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research · doi:10.1089/jir.2014.0194 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) misuse in athletes and potential methods for detection
Guha, N., Cowan, D., Sönksen, P. H., & Holt, R. I. G. (2013) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-013-7229-y · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ciliary control of adipocyte progenitor cell fate regulates energy storage
Scamfer, S. R., Lee, M. D., & Hilgendorf, K. I. (2022) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.1083372 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Identification and characterization of adipose surface epitopes
Onogi, Y., Khalil, A., & Ussar, S. (2020) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20190462 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kwon, Y. R., Kim, Y., & Kim, Y. (2025) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2025.2586331 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Weil, C., Lebret, V., & Gabillard, J. (2011) · Fish Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10695-011-9482-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Tsave, O., Halevas, E. G., Yavropoulou, M. P., Yovos, J. G., Hatzidimitriou, A. G., Psycharis, V., Ypsilantis, K., Stathi, P., & Salifoglou, A. (2019) · New Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c9nj02520k · Cited by 7 · see citing works
MicroRNA Profile of Mouse Adipocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
Rőszer, T. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13151298 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cui, L., Li, Z., Yang, X., Zhou, H., Zhang, Z., Gao, Y., Ren, L., Wang, Y., Sun, R., Ji, L., et al. (2024) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43032-024-01468-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gene Expression Profiling of Human Adipocyte Responses to Insulin and IGF-I Signalling
Mahmood, S., Borup, R., Tornqvist, H. E., O'Byrne, K. J., MEYTS, P. D., & Gray, S. G. (2009) · The Open Diabetes Journal · doi:10.2174/1876524600902010005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wojciechowicz, T., Kolodziejski, P. A., Billert, M., Strowski, M. Z., Nowak, K. W., & Skrzypski, M. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24076096 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Metabolic Actions of Growth Hormone
Burt, M. G. (2011) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-317-6_4
Insulin-like growth factor -I deficiency, insulin sensitivity, and glucose metabolism
Ekström, K. (2013) · Figshare
Characterization of apoptosis resistance in human preadipocytes and adipocytes
Nagel, S. A. (2011) · OPen Access Repositorium der Universität Ulm (OPARU) (Ulm University) · doi:10.18725/oparu-2336
Effects of Chronic Insulin and High Glucose on Insulin-Stimulated Responses in Human Preadipocytes
Bilali, J. E. (2016) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-5962
Bmal2, a circadian-related gene as candidate in obesity and diabetes
Philippe, M. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/0649c89czc015z4d7fz8832z596152e96dc1
Guo, Y., Richter, S., Bach, C., Kiess, W., Kirstein, A. S., Duc, D. L., & Garten, A. (2026) · FEBS Open Bio · doi:10.1002/2211-5463.70282
Depot‐Specific Insulin Receptor Isoform Dynamics During Human Adipose‐Derived Stem Cell Adipogenesis
Genchi, V. A., Lauriola, C., Caccioppoli, C., D’Oria, R., Marrano, N., Biondi, G., Perrini, S., Natalicchio, A., Laviola, L., Giorgino, F., et al. (2026) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.70315
- Authors
- Bäck, K., & Arnqvist, H. J.
- Affiliations
- Linköping University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Bäck, Karolina
- ORCID
- Arnqvist, Hans J
- Venue
- Growth Hormone & IGF Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-04
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 101-111
- ISSN
- 1096-6374 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2033392856
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- urn.kb.se
- Licence
- Locations
- Growth Hormone & IGF Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Keywords
- insulin receptor, IGF-1 receptor, preadipocyte differentiation, adipogenesis, insulin-like growth factor I, insulin, GLUT4, growth hormone receptor, adiponectin, receptor phosphorylation, glucose uptake, DNA synthesis, gene expression
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antigens, Differentiation, Cell Differentiation, Cells, Cultured, Female, Humans, Insulin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Middle Aged, Phosphorylation, Receptor, Insulin, Receptor, IGF Type 1, Adipocytes, Adult Stem Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review