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Cited by 316

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Formulating research questions for evidence-based studies

Open access
Hosseini, Mohammad-Salar, Jahanshahlou, Farid, Akbarzadeh, Mohammad Amin, Zarei, Mahdi, Vaez-Gharamaleki, Yosra·2024·Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health
DOI 10.1016/j.glmedi.2023.100046
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Abstract

Formulating a research question is a crucial step in directing any scientific study. The classical evidence-based approach to formulating a question uses the PICO framework, consisting of population, intervention, comparison, and outcome. However, the PICO framework is not suitable for formulating research questions in some types of evidence and studies. This paper reviews and summarizes different frameworks introduced for formulating research questions over time. For this purpose, we explore the complete application of the PICO framework, clarifying its flexibility and subtleties for various research designs. Also, this review navigates the complexities of creating research questions, clarifying the minor variations needed within the PICO framework for various study designs through a thorough analysis and synthesis of the existing literature. Clarifying these customized strategies is intended to assist researchers, physicians, and scholars in appropriately formulating questions, improving the strength and relevance of research findings throughout the scientific investigation spectrum.Top of Form

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Metadata

Authors
Hosseini, M.-S., Jahanshahlou, F., Akbarzadeh, M. A., Zarei, M., & Vaez-Gharamaleki, Y.
Venue
Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2024-04
Volume
2
Pages
100046
ISSN
2949-916X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.glmedi.2023.100046
OpenAlex
W4390373082
Cited by
316
References
30
FWCI
58.01
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
gold

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Formulating research questions for evidence-based studies. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.glmedi.2023.100046
The paper
Hosseini, M.-S., Jahanshahlou, F., Akbarzadeh, M. A., Zarei, M., & Vaez-Gharamaleki, Y. (2024). Formulating research questions for evidence-based studies. Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glmedi.2023.100046

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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.