Innovations and challenges in adsorption-based wastewater remediation: A comprehensive review
Open accessAbstract
Water contamination is an escalating emergency confronting communities worldwide. While traditional adsorbents have laid the groundwork for effective water purification, their selectivity, capacity, and sustainability limitations have driven the search for more advanced solutions. Despite many technological advancements, economic, environmental, and regulatory hurdles challenge the practical application of advanced adsorption techniques in large-scale water treatment. Integrating nanotechnology, advanced material fabrication techniques, and data-driven design enabled by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have led to a new generation of optimized, high-performance adsorbents. These advanced materials leverage properties like high surface area, tailored pore structures, and functionalized surfaces to capture diverse water contaminants efficiently. With a focus on sustainability and effectiveness, this review highlights the transformative potential of these advanced materials in setting new benchmarks for water purification technologies. This article delivers an in-depth exploration of the current landscape and future directions of adsorbent technology for water remediation, advocating for a multidisciplinary approach to overcome existing barriers in large-scale water treatment applications.
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A critical issue in regeneration of nanoadsorbents is the progressive decline in adsorption capacity with successive reuse cycles.
“Another critical issue in the regeneration of nanoadsorbents is the progressive decline in adsorption capacity with successive reuse cycles.”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [249]
The ‘Detailed analysis of current limitations—Recovery and reusability of adsorbents’ section (page unavailable) says that reusability tends to decrease because of surface or pore fouling. The ‘Advances to overcome current limitations—Recovery and reusability of adsorbents’ section discusses preserving capacity across multiple regeneration cycles, but the copy does not specifically establish a progressive decline in adsorption capacity for nanoadsorbents. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMagnetic nanoadsorbents enable rapid and energy-efficient recovery under an external magnetic field.
“Magnetic nanoadsorbents have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these limitations, enabling rapid and energy-efficient recovery under an external magnetic field.245,249”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [249]
The 'Detailed analysis of current limitations > Recovery and reusability of adsorbents' section (page not provided) says magnetic adsorbents can be easily separated with an external magnetic field, reducing energy consumption. It does not establish that recovery is rapid. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis reduction in adsorption capacity is primarily attributed to irreversible surface fouling, pore blockage by organic or inorganic matter, and loss of active sites or functional groups during regeneration.
“This reduction is primarily attributed to irreversible surface fouling, pore blockage by organic or inorganic matter, and loss of active sites or functional groups during regeneration.246,249”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [249]
Table 2 in “Material degradation and stability” lists pore blockage and functional-group loss as challenges for some adsorbents; the “Adsorption capacity” section explains that porosity and functional groups affect capacity. The review does not establish irreversible surface fouling, identify organic or inorganic matter as the cause of blockage, or say these are the primary causes of capacity loss during regeneration. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of nanoadsorbent-based water treatment technologies are fundamentally determined by their ability to be regenerated and reused effectively.
“The economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of nanoadsorbent-based water treatment technologies are fundamentally determined by their ability to be regenerated and reused effectively.”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [249]
The Future prospects section says regeneration and reuse are essential to reducing waste and improving cost-effectiveness, and that effective regeneration can lower operating costs and environmental impact. But the Comparative evaluation section identifies synthesis costs and nanoparticle-release risks for nano-adsorbents, so the paper does not establish regeneration and reuse as the fundamental determinants of their economic and environmental viability. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStandardization of nanoadsorbent recycling practices remains insufficient, with inconsistent safety and performance guidelines across jurisdictions.
“From a regulatory and practical perspective, the standardization of nanoadsorbent recycling practices remains insufficient, with inconsistent safety and performance guidelines across jurisdictions.249,251”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [249]
The ‘Regulatory and environmental challenges’ section says standards for adsorbent quality, performance, and safety lack clarity and consistency, and that requirements differ across countries and regions. It also discusses recycling-related environmental concerns, but does not specifically say that nanoadsorbent recycling practices lack standardization or that jurisdictions have inconsistent guidelines for those practices. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Despite promising adsorption capabilities and surface functionalities, large-scale application of nanoadsorbents remains hindered by challenges associated with recyclability, structural deterioration, and declining performance upon repeated use.
“Despite the promising adsorption capabilities and surface functionalities exhibited by various nanoadsorbents, their large-scale application remains hindered by challenges associated with recyclability, structural deterioration, and declining performance upon repeated use.”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [249]
The long-term stability of magnetic nanoadsorbents under varying pH, salinity, and redox conditions remains a key concern, as environmental fluctuations can alter magnetic and surface properties, leading to performance degradation.
“However, their long-term stability under varying pH, salinity, and redox conditions remains a key concern, as environmental fluctuations can alter magnetic and surface properties, leading to performance degradation.246,249”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [249]
While regeneration and reuse of nanoadsorbents hold significant promise for enhancing sustainability and cost-effectiveness of water purification technologies, numerous technical, environmental, and regulatory challenges must be addressed before large-scale implementation.
“Overall, while the regeneration and reuse of nanoadsorbents hold significant promise for enhancing the sustainability and cost-effectiveness of water purification technologies, numerous technical, environmental, and regulatory challenges must be addressed before large-scale implementation.”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [249]
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- Authors
- Satyam, S., & Patra, S.
- Affiliations
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Satyam, Satyam
- Patra, Sanjukta
- Venue
- Heliyon
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-05
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e29573
- ISSN
- 2405-8440 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11064087
- OpenAlex
- W4394980199
- Cited by
- 788
- References
- 144
- Citations by year
- 2026: 425 · 2025: 322 · 2024: 41
- FWCI
- 90.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Heliyon (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies
- Keywords
- adsorption, wastewater remediation, adsorbents, water purification, nanomaterials, advanced materials, artificial intelligence, water pollution, functionalized surfaces, pore structure
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