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Cited by 110Conducting polymers and applicationsDielectric materials and actuatorsPolymer Nanocomposite Synthesis and Irradiation

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Insights into properties, synthesis and emerging applications of polypyrrole-based composites, and future prospective: A review

Open access
Sood, Yuvika, Singh, Kartika, Mudila, Harish, Lokhande, P.E., Singh, Lakhveer, Kumar, Deepak, Kumar, Anil, Mubarak, Nabisab Mujawar, Dehghani, Mohammad Hadi·2024·Heliyon
DOI 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33643PMC PMC11255519
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Abstract

Recent advancements in polymer science and engineering underscore the importance of creating sophisticated soft materials characterized by well-defined structures and adaptable properties to meet the demands of emerging applications. The primary objective of polymeric composite technology is to enhance the functional utility of materials for high-end purposes. Both the inherent qualities of the materials and the intricacies of the synthesis process play pivotal roles in advancing their properties and expanding their potential applications. Polypyrrole (PPy)-based composites, owing to their distinctive properties, hold great appeal for a variety of applications. Despite the limitations of PPy in its pure form, these constraints can be effectively overcome through hybridization with other materials. This comprehensive review thoroughly explores the existing literature on PPy and PPy-based composites, providing in-depth insights into their synthesis, properties, and applications. Special attention is given to the advantages of intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) and PPy in comparison to other ICPs. The impact of doping anions, additives, and oxidants on the properties of PPy is also thoroughly examined. By delving into these aspects, this overview aims to inspire researchers to delve into the realm of PPy-based composites, encouraging them to explore new avenues for flexible technology applications.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33643

Cites

268 of 271 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Figures

Fig. 1 Mechanism of Electropolymerization of pyrrole [38].
Fig. 1 Mechanism of Electropolymerization of pyrrole [38].CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 Schematic representation of the conducting polymer nanosphere formation.
Fig. 2 Schematic representation of the conducting polymer nanosphere formation.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Fig. 3 (a) I–V plots of PPy-FP, PTSA-PPy-FP, CSA-PPy-FP, and HCl-PPy-FP. (b) Possible conductivity range of insulator to metallic conductor [97].
Fig. 3 (a) I–V plots of PPy-FP, PTSA-PPy-FP, CSA-PPy-FP, and HCl-PPy-FP. (b) Possible conductivity range of insulator to metallic conductor [97].CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Fig. 4 SEM images of the surface of (a) raw cotton and (b–g) PPy/cotton composites with different Py/FeCl3 ratios [119].
Fig. 4 SEM images of the surface of (a) raw cotton and (b–g) PPy/cotton composites with different Py/FeCl3 ratios [119].CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Fig. 5 In situ chemical polymerization of pyrrole onto textile fabrics.
Fig. 5 In situ chemical polymerization of pyrrole onto textile fabrics.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Fig. 6 (a) Schematic illustration of 3-D nanostructure of GNP/MWCNT/PPy and interactions between GNPs, MWCNTs and PPy (b) Shielding mechanism of GNP/MWCNT/PPy/PU nanohybrid (c) Results of GNP/MWCNT/PPy/PU with different PPy contents [126].
Fig. 6 (a) Schematic illustration of 3-D nanostructure of GNP/MWCNT/PPy and interactions between GNPs, MWCNTs and PPy (b) Shielding mechanism of GNP/MWCNT/PPy/PU nanohybrid (c) Results of GNP/MWCNT/PPy/PU with different PPy contents [126].CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Fig. 7 Step-by-step synthesis of PPy actuator.
Fig. 7 Step-by-step synthesis of PPy actuator.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Fig. 8 The formation of polymer/AuNPs-GOx-based nanocomposites by enzymatic polymerization.
Fig. 8 The formation of polymer/AuNPs-GOx-based nanocomposites by enzymatic polymerization.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Fig. 9 Schematic representation of the formation of PPy-NW/graphene composite.
Fig. 9 Schematic representation of the formation of PPy-NW/graphene composite.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Fig. 10 (a) SEM images of PPy microspheres and core shell PPy@ PANI composites with different PANI content: PPy@PANI-0.4 (b), PPy@PANI-0.8 (c), PPy@PANI-1.2 (d), PPy@PANI-1.6 €, and PPy@PANI-2.0 (f). Schematic illustration of preparing core shell PPy@PANI composites (g), RL curves of PPy@PANI at some different matching thicknesses (h) [147].
Fig. 10 (a) SEM images of PPy microspheres and core shell PPy@ PANI composites with different PANI content: PPy@PANI-0.4 (b), PPy@PANI-0.8 (c), PPy@PANI-1.2 (d), PPy@PANI-1.6 €, and PPy@PANI-2.0 (f). Schematic illustration of preparing core shell PPy@PANI composites (g), RL curves of PPy@PANI at some different matching thicknesses (h) [147].CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Fig. 11 The synthesis process ofPPy–treated fabrics is by ultrasound deposition to eradicate the bacteria [226].
Fig. 11 The synthesis process ofPPy–treated fabrics is by ultrasound deposition to eradicate the bacteria [226].CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Fig. 12 Selectivity of PPy sensor [250].
Fig. 12 Selectivity of PPy sensor [250].CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Fig. 13 The response curves of (a) neat PPy polymer matrix, 3 wt% PPy/GNR, and 3 wt% PPy/SnO2/GNR nanocomposites with exposure of various concentrations of NH3 at room temperature. The sensing repeatability and reversibility of the 3 wt% PPy/SnO2/GNR sensor with exposure of (b) 1 ppm and (c) 2 ppm NH3 at room temperature [257].
Fig. 13 The response curves of (a) neat PPy polymer matrix, 3 wt% PPy/GNR, and 3 wt% PPy/SnO2/GNR nanocomposites with exposure of various concentrations of NH3 at room temperature. The sensing repeatability and reversibility of the 3 wt% PPy/SnO2/GNR sensor with exposure of (b) 1 ppm and (c) 2 ppm NH3 at room temperature [257].CC BY-NC · PubMed Central

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Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 15

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Metadata

Authors
Sood, Y., Singh, K., Mudila, H., Lokhande, P. E., Singh, L., Kumar, D., Kumar, A., Mubarak, N. M., & Dehghani, M. H.
Affiliations
  • Lovely Professional University (IN)
  • Metropolitan University of Technology (CL)
  • Sardar Patel University Mandi (IN)
  • Universiti Teknologi Brunei (BN)
  • Center for Solid Waste Research (IR)
Corresponding author
  • Kumar, Anil
  • Mubarak, Nabisab Mujawar
  • Dehghani, Mohammad Hadi
ORCID
Venue
Heliyon
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2024-07
Volume
10
Issue
13
Pages
e33643
ISSN
2405-8440 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33643
PMC
PMC11255519
OpenAlex
W4400080199
Cited by
106
References
271
Citations by year
2026: 60 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 6
FWCI
2.40
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Heliyon (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Conducting polymers and applications
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Dielectric materials and actuators
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer Nanocomposite Synthesis and Irradiation
Keywords
polypyrrole, conducting polymers, polymer composites, anion doping, oxidant effects, additives, polymer synthesis, polymer properties, flexible electronics, hybrid materials

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