The DOI matches its Crossref record; 268 of the 271 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 3 are not checked yet.
Insights into properties, synthesis and emerging applications of polypyrrole-based composites, and future prospective: A review
Open accessAbstract
Recent advancements in polymer science and engineering underscore the importance of creating sophisticated soft materials characterized by well-defined structures and adaptable properties to meet the demands of emerging applications. The primary objective of polymeric composite technology is to enhance the functional utility of materials for high-end purposes. Both the inherent qualities of the materials and the intricacies of the synthesis process play pivotal roles in advancing their properties and expanding their potential applications. Polypyrrole (PPy)-based composites, owing to their distinctive properties, hold great appeal for a variety of applications. Despite the limitations of PPy in its pure form, these constraints can be effectively overcome through hybridization with other materials. This comprehensive review thoroughly explores the existing literature on PPy and PPy-based composites, providing in-depth insights into their synthesis, properties, and applications. Special attention is given to the advantages of intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) and PPy in comparison to other ICPs. The impact of doping anions, additives, and oxidants on the properties of PPy is also thoroughly examined. By delving into these aspects, this overview aims to inspire researchers to delve into the realm of PPy-based composites, encouraging them to explore new avenues for flexible technology applications.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The hydrogen sensing mechanism on the surface of PANi in its emeraldine (EM) form proceeds through hydrogen adsorption and hydroxide ion desorption.”
From Dual-function aerogel electrocatalyst enabling efficient hydrogen production and ambient-temperature hydrogen detection (2026) · cites this paper as [52]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Items 201–271 of 271
Javadian, S., Ahmadpour, Z., & Yousefi, A. (2020) · Progress in Organic Coatings · doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.105678 · Cited by 24
Jatratkar, A. A., Yadav, J. B., Kamat, S. V., Patil, V. S., Mahadik, D. B., Barshilia, H. C., Puri, V. R., & Puri, R. K. (2015) · Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids · doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2015.01.004 · Cited by 23
Electrochemical Activity and Electrical Properties of Optimized Polypyrrole Coatings on Iron
Cysewska, K., Virtanen, S., & Jasiński, P. (2015) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0821512jes · Cited by 23
Shen, M., Han, Y., Lin, X., Ding, B., Zhang, L., & Zhang, X. (2012) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.37958 · Cited by 22
Facile hydrothermal synthesis and microwave absorption of halloysite/polypyrrole/Fe3O4
Maleki, S. T., Babamoradi, M., Rouhi, M., Maleki, A. R., & Hajizadeh, Z. (2022) · Synthetic Metals · doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2022.117142 · Cited by 22
Electrochemical Polymerization of Pyrrole: Key Process Control Parameters
Maiti, S. N., Das, D., & Sen, K. (2012) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.050209jes · Cited by 21
Junker, K., Zandomeneghi, G., Schuler, L. D., Kissner, R., & Walde, P. (2015) · Synthetic Metals · doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2015.01.004 · Cited by 21
Stejskal, J., Acharya, U., Bober, P., Hajná, M., Trchová, M., Mičušík, M., Omastová, M., Pašti, I. A., & Gavrilov, N. M. (2019) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.06.175 · Cited by 21
Cao, G., Wang, L., & Tian, Y. (2020) · Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics · doi:10.1007/s10854-020-03513-5 · Cited by 21
Development of Polypyrrole/Epoxy Composites as Isotropically Conductive Adhesives
Mir, I. A., & Kumar, D. (2010) · The Journal of Adhesion · doi:10.1080/00218461003704519 · Cited by 20
Self-citationSynthesis and Properties of Polypyrrole/Chitosan Composite Hydrogels
Chen, Y., Feng, H., Li, L., Shang, S., & Yuen, M. C. (2013) · Journal of Macromolecular Science Part A · doi:10.1080/10601325.2013.843403 · Cited by 20
In situ prepared polypyrrole–Ag nanocomposites: optical properties and morphology
Ullah, H., & Ha, C. (2016) · Journal of Materials Science · doi:10.1007/s10853-016-0033-2 · Cited by 20
Optimizing the Polymerization Conditions of Conductive Polypyrrole
Song, H., Li, T., Han, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, C., & Wang, Q. (2016) · Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology · doi:10.2494/photopolymer.29.803 · Cited by 20
Saheeda, P., & Jayaleksmi, S. (2020) · Optical Materials · doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2020.109940 · Cited by 20
Carbon Quantum Dot-Polypyrrole Nanocomposite for Supercapacitor Electrodes
Mittal, S. S., Ramadas, G., Vasanthmurali, N., Madaneshwar, V. S., Kumar, M. S., & Kothurkar, N. K. (2019) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/577/1/012194 · Cited by 20
Fabrication of multilayer SnO2–ZnO–PPy sensor for ammonia gas detection
Lamdhade, G. T., Raulkar, K. B., Yawale, S., & Yawale, S. P. (2015) · Indian Journal of Physics · doi:10.1007/s12648-015-0676-x · Cited by 19
Grijalva-Bustamante, G. A., Evans-Villegas, A. G., Castillo-Castro, T. D., Castillo-Ortega, M. M., Cruz‐Silva, R., Huerta, F. J., & Morallón, E. (2016) · Materials Science and Engineering C · doi:10.1016/j.msec.2016.03.042 · Cited by 19
Mudila, H., Joshi, V., Rana, S., Zaidi, M. G. H., & Alam, S. (2014) · Carbon letters · doi:10.5714/cl.2014.15.3.171 · Cited by 19
Self-citationFabrication of a flexible H 2 sensor based on Pd nanoparticles modified polypyrrole films
Su, P.-G., & Liao, S.-L. (2015) · Materials Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2015.12.037 · Cited by 19
Elahi, A., Niaz, N. A., Awan, M. S., Shakoor, A., Mahmood, K., & Khan, Y. (2015) · Polymer Science Series B · doi:10.1134/s1560090415060044 · Cited by 19
Structural, optical and electrical properties of polypyrrole in an ionic liquid
Gürbüz, O., Şenkal, B. F., & İçelli, O. (2016) · Polymer Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s00289-016-1856-3 · Cited by 19
Kumari, Y., Jangir, L., Kumar, A., Kumar, M., & Awasthi, K. (2020) · doi:10.1016/j.physb.2020.412465 · Cited by 19
Self-citationAsmussen, S. V., Arenas, G. F., & Vallo, C. I. (2015) · Synthetic Metals · doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2015.08.004 · Cited by 18
Synthesis of conducting polymer nanospheres of high electrochemical activity
Kłucińska, K., Jaworska, E., Gryczan, P., Maksymiuk, K., & Michalska, A. (2015) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/c5cc03705k · Cited by 18
Kumar, A., Mishra, A., Awasthi, K., & Kumar, V. (2015) · Macromolecular Symposia · doi:10.1002/masy.201400218 · Cited by 18
Self-citationKo, Y. S., & Yim, J. (2016) · Polymer · doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2016.04.030 · Cited by 18
Ince, F. G., Şen, S., Özbek, Z., Göktaş, H., Őze, M., & Çapan, R. (2009) · Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University AVESIS · Cited by 18
Akbulut, H., Güler, B. A., Tımur, S., & Yağcı, Y. (2015) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c5ra08893c · Cited by 17
Antibacterial Activity of Polypyrrole-Chitosan Nanocomposite: Mechanism of Action
Lashkenari, M. S., Ghorbani, M., & Salahi, S. (2016) · International journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology · Cited by 17
Investigation of thermal stability of TiO 2 nanoparticles using 1-thioglycerol as capping agent
Kumari, Y., Jangir, L. K., Kumar, A., Kumar, M., & Awasthi, K. (2017) · Solid State Communications · doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2017.07.001 · Cited by 17
Self-citationCorrosion Performance of Polyaniline–Polypyrrole Composite Coatings Applied to Low Carbon Steel
Rajagopalan, R., & Iroh, J. O. (2002) · Surface Engineering · doi:10.1179/026708401225001246 · Cited by 16
Adhesion of silver/polypyrrole nanocomposite coating to a fluoropolymer substrate
Horváth, B., Kawakita, J., & Chikyow, T. (2016) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.05.079 · Cited by 16
Eminence of oxidants on structural–electrical property of Polypyrrole
Sood, Y., Mudila, H., Katoch, A., Lokhande, P. E., Kumar, D., Sharma, A. K., & Kumar, A. (2023) · Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics · doi:10.1007/s10854-023-10834-8 · Cited by 16
Self-citationPreparation and Characterization of Chitosan/ Polypyrrole/ Sepiolite Nanocomposites
Gülmen, S. S. T., Güvel, E. A., & Kızılcan, N. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.219 · Cited by 15
Plasma Polymerization of Polypyrrole‐Like Films on Nanostructured Surfaces
Yagüe, J. L., Agulló, N., & Borrós, S. (2008) · Plasma Processes and Polymers · doi:10.1002/ppap.200700139 · Cited by 15
Synthesis, characterization, and electrical properties of polypyrrole–bimetallic oxide composites
Khan, H., Malook, K., & Shah, M. (2019) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.47680 · Cited by 15
Castro, R. A. O., Monte, R. S., Mendes, L. G., Furtado, R. F., Silva, Â. R. A., Biswas, A., CHENG, H. N., & Alves, C. R. (2016) · International Journal of Electrochemical Science · doi:10.20964/2017.01.16 · Cited by 14
Çoğal, S., Ali, A. K., Erten‐Ela, S., Çoğal, G. Ç., Kuliček, J., Mičušík, M., Omastová, M., & Öksüz, A. U. (2018) · Journal of Macromolecular Science Part A · doi:10.1080/10601325.2018.1426386 · Cited by 14
Enhanced electrocapacitive performance of graphene oxide polypyrrole nanocomposites
Mudila, H., Zaidi, M. G. H., Rana, S., Joshi, V., & Alam, S. (2013) · International Journal of Chemical and Analytical Science · doi:10.1016/j.ijcas.2013.09.001 · Cited by 11
Self-citationPolypyrrole/copper nanoparticles composite thin films for high-sensing performance
Mamlayya, V. B., & Fulari, V. J. (2018) · Polymer Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s00289-018-2293-2 · Cited by 11
Khati, K., Joshi, I., & Zaidi, M. G. H. (2018) · Journal of Analytical Science & Technology · doi:10.1186/s40543-018-0156-y · Cited by 11
Zhang, Z., Dou, J., Yan, F., Zheng, X., Li, X.-L., & Fang, S. (2011) · Plasma Processes and Polymers · doi:10.1002/ppap.201000156 · Cited by 10
Magnetic, Electrical and Thermal Studies of Polypyrrole-Fe2O3 Nanocomposites
Bashir, T., Shakoor, A., Ahmed, E., Niaz, N. A., Iqbal, S., Akhtar, M. S., & Malik, M. A. (2017) · Polymer Science Series A · doi:10.1134/s0965545x17060013 · Cited by 10
Optical Properties Study of Polypyrrole doped with TiO2, WO3, Fe2O3 and SnO2 Nanoparticles
Abbas, Y. M., & Hasan, A. A. (2020) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/928/7/072017 · Cited by 10
AC electrical properties of transition metal dichalcogenide based polypyrrole composites
Sunilkumar, A., Manjunatha, S. O., Ravikiran, Y. T., Thomas, S., & Machappa, T. (2023) · Chemical Papers · doi:10.1007/s11696-023-02828-x · Cited by 10
Template synthesis of micro/mesoporous Cl-doped polypyrrole using vapor phase polymerization
Bui, T. T., Kim, Y. S., Chun, H., La, D. D., & Bhosale, S. V. (2016) · Materials Letters · doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2016.12.054 · Cited by 9
Studies on DC conductivity and LPG sensing behaviour of nanostructured polypyrrole-CeO2 composites
Seema, S., & Prasad, M. V. N. A. (2018) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.5047737 · Cited by 9
Prissanaroon‐Ouajai, W., Sirivat, A., & Pigram, P. J. (2019) · Materials Today Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.222 · Cited by 9
Influence of Polypyrrole Morphology on Gas Sensing
Sood, Y., Pawar, V. S., Mudila, H., & Kumar, A. (2022) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2267/1/012050 · Cited by 8
Self-citationPolypyrrole Composites: Electrochemical Synthesis, Characterizations and Applications
N., R., Madhu, M., & Awasthi, R. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/29083 · Cited by 7
Electrical properties of polypyrrole wires measured by scanning probe microscope
Kang, M., Kim, K., Chung, I. S., & Son, Y. (2006) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2006.03.075 · Cited by 7
Electrochemical polymerization and characterizations of polypyrrole in aqueous micellar medium
Enany, G. E., El-Maksoud, S. A. A., Hamouda, R., & El-Seify, F. A. (2016) · Der pharma chemica · Cited by 7
Research on interfacial polymerization of pyrrole assist with Span80 system
Yang, Q., Tu, Z. Y., & Zhao, N. Y. (2016) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/137/1/012070 · Cited by 7
Gupta, R., Jayachandran, K., Gamare, J. S., Rajeshwari, B., Gupta, S. K., & Kamat, J. V. (2015) · Journal of Nanoparticles · doi:10.1155/2015/149406 · Cited by 6
Buenviaje, S. C., Usman, K. A. S., & Payawan, L. M. J. (2018) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.5034546 · Cited by 6
Structural and Optical Properties of Polypyrrole/NiO Doped Nanocomposites
Inamdar, H. K., Sridhar, B., Sasikal, M., & Prasad, M. V. N. A. (2018) · Journal of Nanoscience and Technology · doi:10.30799/jnst.112.18040308 · Cited by 6
Antonio-Carmona, I. D., Martínez-Amador, S. Y., Ovando‐Medina, V. M., Neira-Vázquez, G., & Martínez‐Gutiérrez, H. (2019) · Desalination and Water Treatment · doi:10.5004/dwt.2019.24001 · Cited by 6
Formation of nanocomposite film (polypirrol)/(aluminum) oxide on aluminum surface
Владимирович, Т. В., Levine, K. L., Stoyanova, T., & Sirkov, A. G. (2019) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.5087678 · Cited by 6
Enhanced Corrosion Protection of Polypyrrole Coatings on Carbon Steel via Electrodeposition
Liu, B., Zhang, Z., Wan, J., & Liu, S. (2017) · International Journal of Electrochemical Science · doi:10.20964/2017.02.20 · Cited by 5
Loguercio, L. F., Fonseca, J. F., Kohlrausch, E. C., Santa‐Cruz, L. A., Khan, S., & Machado, G. (2023) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2023.143091 · Cited by 5
One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of polypyrrole/Fe2O3 nano-seeds for energy storage application
Babu, N., Athira, A. R., & Xavier, T. S. (2021) · Materials Today Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.252 · Cited by 5
Park, J., Raseda, N., Oh, E., & Ryu, K. (2015) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.43307 · Cited by 4
Yan, Q., & Li, C. (2017) · Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials · doi:10.1108/acmm-02-2016-1650 · Cited by 4
Synthesis and Development of Gold Polypyrrole Actuator for Underwater Application
Panda, S. K., & Bandopadhya, D. (2018) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/310/1/012113 · Cited by 4
Silver release from polypyrrole matrix in well water
González, M. B., Flamini, D. O., Brugnoni, L. I., Pedersen, P. K., & Saidman, S. B. (2015) · Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.09.008 · Cited by 3
A Novel Polypyrrole-based Sensor for Robotics Applications
Tjahyono, A. P., Aw, K. C., & Travaš‐Sejdić, J. (2012) · IFAC Proceedings Volumes · doi:10.3182/20120905-3-hr-2030.00006 · Cited by 3
Kim, D. H., Park, C., Kim, W. H., Hong, J. G., Shin, B. J., Park, T. S., & Tae, H. (2017) · Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals · doi:10.1080/15421406.2017.1338489 · Cited by 3
Thermally Stable Polypyrrole/Hematite Composites with Tunable Dielectric and Magnetic Properties
Batool, A., Kanwal, F., Asim, S., Riaz, S., Atiq, S., Naseem, S., Mushtaq, M. W., & Ullah, Z. (2019) · Polymer Science Series A · doi:10.1134/s0965545x19010024 · Cited by 3
Müller, D., Wesling, B. N., Dias, G. M. V., Bernardes, J. C., Porto, L. M., Rambo, C. R., & Hotza, D. (2018) · Advances in Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1155/2018/2314794 · Cited by 2
Preparation and Properties of Conducting Polymer/Microcrystalline cellulose composite
Zhao, Y. Z., Wang, H., Ma, R., & Chen, T. (2018) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/452/2/022110 · Cited by 1
New Paradigms for Organic Catalysts: The First Organocatalytic Living Polymerization
Nederberg, F., Connor, E. F., Möller, M., Glauser, T., & Hedrick, J. L. (2001) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20010716)40:14
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 15
- Kumari, 2020, Jo ur na l P re of, Phys. B Phys. Condens. Matter.
- Gu, 2016, Structural , optical and electrical properties of polypyrrole in ionic liquid, Poly, Bulletin, 2625
- Khan, 2019, Synthesis, characterization, and electrical properties of polypyrrole–bimetallic oxide composites, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 47680, 2
- Huasheng, 2011, vol.464, 221
- V Thombare, 2014, Optical properties of electrochemically synthesized polypyrrole thin films, J. of Semicomductors, 35, 1
- V Thombare, 2012, vol. 1, 1
- Marimuthu, 2017, Synthesis and characterization of polypyrrole/copper (II) oxide nanocomposite electrolyte for fuel cell application, J. Appl. Chem., 10, 51
- German, 2019, Formation of polyaniline and polypyrrole nanocomposites with embedded glucose oxidase and gold nanoparticles, Polymers (Basel), 11, 377, 10.3390/polym11020377 · DOI
- Bahrami, 2015, Surface plasmon sensor based on polypyrrole multiwalled carbon nanotube composite layer to detect Al (III) in aqueous solution, Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostructures., 10, 535
- Raftani, 2020, Organic compounds based on pyrrole and terphenyl for organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) applications : design and electro-optical properties, J. Mater. Environ. Sci., 11, 933
- Ullah, 2017, Polypyrrole/TiO2composites for the application of photocatalysis, Sensors Actuators, B Chem., 241, 1161, 10.1016/j.snb.2016.10.019 · DOI
- Sood, 2022, Influence of polypyrrole morphology on gas sensing influence of polypyrrole morphology on gas sensing, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 2267
- Arani, 2016, Vibration analysis of nanocomposite microplates integrated with sensor and actuator layers using polypyrrole, Polymers, 1
- Ahmed, 2018, Synthesis and structural characterization of polypyrrole (PPy) - chitosan (Cs) nanocomposite : influence of UV irradiation, Global Journal of Physics, 7
- Kabita, 2015, Polypyrrole nanonetwork embedded in polyvinyl alcohol as ammonia gas sensor, Res. J. Chem. Sci. Res. J. Chem. Sci., 5, 2231
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Unlocking the Future: Carbon Nanotubes as Pioneers in Sensing Technologies
Parvin, N., Joo, S. W., Jung, J. H., & Mandal, T. K. (2025) · Chemosensors · doi:10.3390/chemosensors13070225 · Cited by 59
Eco-Friendly Conductive Hydrogels: Towards Green Wearable Electronics
Moreno, J. M. C., Chelu, M., & Popa, M. (2025) · Gels · doi:10.3390/gels11040220 · Cited by 41
Microwave absorbing properties of polypyrrole-based 2D nanocomposites
Islam, R., Sood, Y., Mudila, H., Ohlan, A., & Joria, A. K. (2024) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d4ta05676k · Cited by 40
Self-citationKhan, M. M. R., & Rumon, M. M. H. (2024) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym16233277 · Cited by 35
Mametja, S., Mmelesi, O. K., Sefadi, J. S., Liu, X., & Gorimbo, J. (2025) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238404 · Cited by 28
Metadata
- Authors
- Sood, Y., Singh, K., Mudila, H., Lokhande, P. E., Singh, L., Kumar, D., Kumar, A., Mubarak, N. M., & Dehghani, M. H.
- Affiliations
- Lovely Professional University (IN)
- Metropolitan University of Technology (CL)
- Sardar Patel University Mandi (IN)
- Universiti Teknologi Brunei (BN)
- Center for Solid Waste Research (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Kumar, Anil
- Mubarak, Nabisab Mujawar
- Dehghani, Mohammad Hadi
- ORCID
- Venue
- Heliyon
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-07
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- e33643
- ISSN
- 2405-8440 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11255519
- OpenAlex
- W4400080199
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 271
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 6
- FWCI
- 2.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Heliyon (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Conducting polymers and applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Dielectric materials and actuators
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer Nanocomposite Synthesis and Irradiation
- Keywords
- polypyrrole, conducting polymers, polymer composites, anion doping, oxidant effects, additives, polymer synthesis, polymer properties, flexible electronics, hybrid materials
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
