The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Enceladus’s measured physical libration requires a global subsurface ocean
Open accessAbstract
Abstract Several planetary satellites apparently have subsurface seas that are of great interest for, among other reasons, their possible habitability. The geologically diverse saturnian satellite Enceladus vigorously vents liquid water and vapor from fractures within a south polar depression and thus must have a liquid reservoir or active melting. However, the extent and location of any subsurface liquid region is not directly observable. We use measurements of control points across the surface of Enceladus accumulated over seven years of spacecraft observations to determine the satellite’s precise rotation state, finding a forced physical libration of 0.120 ± 0.014° (2σ). This value is too large to be consistent with Enceladus’s core being rigidly connected to its surface, and thus implies the presence of a global ocean rather than a localized polar sea. The maintenance of a global ocean within Enceladus is problematic according to many thermal models and so may constrain satellite properties or require a surprisingly dissipative Saturn.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Bootstrap Methods and Their Application
Loughin, T. M., Davison, A. C., & Hinkley, D. V. (1999) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2669707 · Cited by 5,418
Cassini Observes the Active South Pole of Enceladus
Porco, C. C., Helfenstein, P., Thomas, P. C., Ingersoll, A. P., Wisdom, J., West, R., Neukum, G., Denk, T., Wagner, R., Roatsch, T., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1123013 · Cited by 1,221
Self-citationAncillary data services of NASA's Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility
Acton, C. H. (1996) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/0032-0633(95)00107-7 · Cited by 1,124
Parameter estimation in X-ray astronomy
Lampton, M., Margon, B., & Bowyer, S. (1976) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/154592 · Cited by 690
Liquid water on Enceladus from observations of ammonia and 40Ar in the plume
Waite Jr, J. H., Lewis, W. S., Magee, B. A., Lunine, J. I., McKinnon, W. B., Glein, C. R., Mousis, O., Young, D. T., Brockwell, T., Westlake, J., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08153 · Cited by 588
Bootstrap Methods and Their Application
Buckland, S. T., Davison, A. C., & Hinkley, D. V. (1998) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/3109789 · Cited by 575
Ongoing hydrothermal activities within Enceladus
Hsu, H.-W., Postberg, F., Sekine, Y., Shibuya, T., Kempf, S., Horányi, M., Juhász, A., Altobelli, N., Suzuki, K., Masaki, Y., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14262 · Cited by 541
A salt-water reservoir as the source of a compositionally stratified plume on Enceladus
Postberg, F., Schmidt, J., Hillier, J., Kempf, S., & Srama, R. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10175 · Cited by 497
Barndorff-Nielsen, O. E., & Cox, D. R. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203750940 · Cited by 491
The Gravity Field and Interior Structure of Enceladus
Iess, L., Stevenson, D. J., Parisi, M., Hemingway, D., Jacobson, R. A., Lunine, J. I., Nimmo, F., Armstrong, J. W., Asmar, S. W., Ducci, M., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1250551 · Cited by 428
Cited by
Cassini finds molecular hydrogen in the Enceladus plume: Evidence for hydrothermal processes
Waite, J. H., Glein, C. R., Perryman, R. S., Teolis, B. D., Magee, B. A., Miller, G., Grimes, J., Perry, M. E., Miller, K. E., Bouquet, A., et al. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aai8703 · Cited by 580
Macromolecular organic compounds from the depths of Enceladus
Postberg, F., Khawaja, N., Abel, B., Choblet, G., Glein, C. R., Gudipati, M. S., Henderson, B. L., Hsu, H.-W., Kempf, S., Klenner, F., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0246-4 · Cited by 447
The NASA Roadmap to Ocean Worlds
Hendrix, A. R., Hurford, T. A., Barge, L. M., Bland, M. T., Bowman, J. S., Brinckerhoff, W., Buratti, B. J., Cable, M. L., Castillo-Rogez, J., Collins, G. C., et al. (2019) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2018.1955 · Cited by 320
Low-mass nitrogen-, oxygen-bearing, and aromatic compounds in Enceladean ice grains
Khawaja, N., Postberg, F., Hillier, J., Klenner, F., Kempf, S., Nölle, L., Reviol, R., Zou, Z., & Srama, R. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2280 · Cited by 174
Detection of phosphates originating from Enceladus’s ocean
Postberg, F., Sekine, Y., Klenner, F., Glein, C. R., Zou, Z., Abel, B., Furuya, K., Hillier, J. K., Khawaja, N., Kempf, S., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05987-9 · Cited by 154
Metadata
- Authors
- Thomas, P. C., Tajeddine, R., Tiscareno, M. S., Burns, J. A., Joseph, J., Loredo, T. J., Helfenstein, P., & Porco, C.
- Venue
- Icarus
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-01
- Volume
- 264
- Pages
- 37-47
- ISSN
- 0019-1035 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2097197675
- Cited by
- 414
- References
- 37
- FWCI
- 21.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Enceladus’s measured physical libration requires a global subsurface ocean. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.037
- The paper
- Thomas, P. C., Tajeddine, R., Tiscareno, M. S., Burns, J. A., Joseph, J., Loredo, T. J., Helfenstein, P., & Porco, C. (2016). Enceladus’s measured physical libration requires a global subsurface ocean. Icarus. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.037
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
