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About The Importance of Autonomy and Digital Twins for the Future of Manufacturing
Open accessAbstract
Industrie 4.0 - the “brand” name of the German initiative driving the future of manufacturing - is one of several initiatives around the globe emphasizing the importance of industrial manufacturing for economy and society. Besides the socio-economical if not political question which has to be answered - including the question about the future of labor - there are a couple of substantial technical and technological questions that have to be taken care of as well.
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“In Table 1 seven articles developed ' ad-hoc ' systems to build DT: for the management of a didactic production line [26], to construct a MES in Android systems [43], to build user guides for safety reason [60,62], and to evaluate the performances of a cloud-based DT [74,75];”
From Review of digital twin applications in manufacturing (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“For this aspect, the articles considered can be divided into two different categories: (i) those that effectively use a cloud and build a cloud-based DT application, marked in the table as [27,34,37,43,47,48,54,56,62,67,74-76], (ii) those that construct the DT application in a virtual space with the use of a software highlighting the possibility to build it also in a cloud”
From Review of digital twin applications in manufacturing (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“Also, there are papers that mainly belong to the first group but also offer services of the second group ([39,40,50,70]), and vice versa ([56,61,62]).”
From Review of digital twin applications in manufacturing (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“It can also be implemented for its capability to represent and deal with a continuous flow of data [48] [49].”
From Digital Twin in the IoT Context: A Survey on Technical Features, Scenarios, and Architectural Models (2020) · cites this paper as [48]
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Siemens 2014. A worldwide production language, Siemens Industry Journal, 01 | 2014 | siemens.com/industry
- Tenorth, 2013, KnowRob – A Knowledge Processing Infrastructure for Cognition-enabled Robots, International Journal of Robotics Research (IJRR), 32
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BackgroundInfluentialIntelligent gateway for Industry 4.0-compliant production
Astarloa, A., Bidarte, U., Jiménez, J., Zuloaga, A., & Lázaro, J. (2016) · Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society · doi:10.1109/iecon.2016.7793890 · Cited by 19
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He, L., Wen, K., Gong, J., & Wu, C. (2021) · ISA transactions · doi:10.1016/j.isatra.2021.08.021 · Cited by 18
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BackgroundFull-Scale Discrete Event Simulation of an Automated Modular Conveyor System for Warehouse Logistics
Ashrafian, A., Pettersen, O., Kuntze, K. N., Franke, J., Alfnes, E., Henriksen, K. F., & Spone, J. (2019) · Advances in Production Management Systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-29996-5_4 · Cited by 18
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“Rosen [9] described how DT are critical components of CPS, and pointed out that connectivity is a key element to achieve smart manufacturing capabilities.”
BackgroundSemeraro, C., Lezoche, M., Panetto, H., Dassisti, M., & Cafagna, S. (2019) · Working Conference on Virtual Enterprises · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28464-0_44 · Cited by 17
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InfluentialAzangoo, M., Sorsamäki, L., Sierla, S., Mätäsniemi, T., Rantala, M., Rainio, K., & Vyatkin, V. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3178424 · Cited by 23
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“Despite the many surveys on the topic (Rosen et al., 2015; Negri et al., 2017; Kritzinger et al., 2018; Cheng et al., 2018; Park et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2019; Aivaliotis et al., 2019; Kutin et al., 2019; a https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0069-1975 b https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2692-9742 c…”
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BackgroundLearning phase in a LIVE Digital Twin for predictive maintenance
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BackgroundA Universal Methodology to Create Digital Twins for Serial and Parallel Manipulators
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“The scientific literature is focussing on the conceptualization and contextualization of a digital twin and potential benefits it will bring to the manufacturing sector [10][11][12][13].”
BackgroundViePEP-C: A Container-Based Elastic Process Platform
Waibel, P., Hochreiner, C., Schulte, S., Koschmider, A., & Mendling, J. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing · doi:10.1109/tcc.2019.2912613 · Cited by 15
“, a virtualized manufacturing machine [24].”
Design Pattern for Decomposition or Aggregation of Automation Systems into Hierarchy Levels
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“…and certification of systems [22] DT mirrors a physical product, enabling simulation, optimization, prediction, and verification of its behavior [23] Autonomous systems are capable of interacting with realistic models of real-world environments [24] High-fidelity simulations that accurately…”
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“Consequently, an iterative job allocation and scheduling algorithm is thus developed, as illustrated in Algorithm 1, based on the existing research foundation [38,39].”
MethodSehad, N., Tu, X.-Y., Rajasekaran, A., Hellaoui, H., Jäntti, R., & Debbah, M. (2023) · Global Communications Conference · doi:10.1109/globecom54140.2023.10437527 · Cited by 14
“In the context of teleoperation, DTs have shown great potential to improve the efficiency and safety of remote systems [8].”
BackgroundRETRACTED: Research on the Interface of Sustainable Plant Factory Based on Digital Twin
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RetractedIntegrating Machine Learning in Digital Twins by utilizing SysML System Models
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“The concept of Digital Twins was already created during NASA’s Apollo program to mirror similar flight conditions on earth and ensure a precise interpretation of received Data [8].”
MethodA New Framework and Methodology for Digital Twin Development
de Andrade, M. A., Lepikson, H., & Machado, C. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/induscon51756.2021.9529701 · Cited by 14
To do or not to do: finding causal relations in smart homes
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“A workaround is to consider having access to a model on the environment, such as a “digital twin”[23], which our algorithm can use.”
MethodApplication of virtual reality technology and digital twin in digital media communication
Li, M., & Shao, W.-J. (2020) · Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems · doi:10.3233/jifs-189501 · Cited by 14
“[8] literature suggests that the use of digital twinning to combine actual physical data with analog models can provide good prediction and enable production systems and production units to respond automatically to interference, thereby increasing modulation.”
A Standards and Technology Roadmap for Scalable Distributed Manufacturing Systems
Thomas Hedberg, Jr., Helu, M., & Sprock, T. (2018) · Volume 3: Manufacturing Equipment and Systems · doi:10.1115/msec2018-6550 · Cited by 14
“The digital surrogate has also been called the digital twin [6, 7, 8, 9].”
BackgroundMei, S., Xie, Y., Liu, J.-F., Wu, J.-Z., & Zhang, C. (2025) · Robotics Comput. Integr. Manuf. · doi:10.1016/j.rcim.2025.103028 · Cited by 14
Bionic digital brain realizing the digital twin-cutting process
Chen, J., Li, S., Leng, X., Li, C., Kurniawan, R., Kwak, Y., & Ko, T. J. (2023) · Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.rcim.2023.102591 · Cited by 17
A structured approach for the instantiation of digital twins.
Slot, M., Huisman, P., & Lutters, E. (2020) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2020.02.211 · Cited by 14
Biffl, S., Eckhart, M., Lüder, A., Weippl, E., & Gilb, T. (2019) · Security and Quality in Cyber-Physical Systems Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25312-7 · Cited by 14
Hossain, M. I., Hossan, M. R., Shaon, Z. H., & Ferdous, M. (2026) · Discover Cities · doi:10.1007/s44327-025-00179-8 · Cited by 13
“The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation by demonstrating dependencies on remote monitoring and predictive decision-support systems [36–38].”
Ismail, L., Abdelmoti, A., Basu, A., Berini, A., & Naouss, M. (2025) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.24443 · Cited by 13
“The first comprehensive definition of a DT is announced in the 2010 NASA roadmap [30], [31].”
Enhancing Construction Management Digital Twins Through Process Mining of Progress Logs
Wang, Y., Liao, S., Gong, Z., Deng, F., & Yin, S.-Y. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su162210064 · Cited by 13
Digital twins for electric propulsion technologies
Reza, M., Faraji, F., & Knoll, A. (2024) · Journal of Electric Propulsion · doi:10.1007/s44205-024-00087-w · Cited by 13
“2 and the caption descriptions), and some authors have even traced it back in some forms to the Apollo era [21].”
Pratap, A., Vi, T.-K., lee, Y. W., Sardana, N., Hsiung, P., & Kao, Y. (2024) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-024-14477-9 · Cited by 13
“Initially, a lot of research has delved into cyber-physical systems such that Rosen et al. [35] have demonstrated how decision trees (DTs) can effectively complete the “life cycle loop” and enhance autonomy in manufacturing systems.”
Digital twin on concepts, enabling technologies, and applications
Bing, Z., Enyan, M., Amu‐Darko, J. N. O., Issaka, E., Liu, H., Junsen, R., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s40430-024-04973-0 · Cited by 15
“In this respect, any prototype that mimics the actual equivalent in terms of operational conditions and behavior in real time is known as a twin [12].”
Retrofitting enables sustainability, Industry 4.0 connectivity, and improved usability
Kaarlela, T., Niemi, T., Pitkäaho, T., & Harjula, J. (2024) · Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.aime.2024.100146 · Cited by 13
Pathak, R. K., & Upadhyay, P. (2024) · International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering Hub (IRJAEH) · doi:10.47392/irjaeh.2024.0064 · Cited by 13
“Although examples of this kind of DT are beginning to appear in some educational settings, the complexity of such an attempt has stopped student DTs from developing much to this point (Martynov et al., 2022; Sylvester et al., 2023; Tong et al., 2022) [7].”
BackgroundMethodHuman-Autonomy Teaming on Autonomous Vehicles with Large Language Model-Enabled Human Digital Twins
Cui, C., Ma, Y., Cao, X., Ye, W., & Wang, Z. (2023) · ACM/IEEE Symposium on Edge Computing (SEC) · doi:10.1145/3583740.3626806 · Cited by 7
“Along with their rapid development in different domains like manufacturing [16] and informatics [2] during the past decade, digital twins also have a huge potential in the transportation domain [23, 24], especially for autonomous vehicles [20].”
Threat intelligence using Digital Twin honeypots in Cybersecurity
Nintsiou, M., Grigoriou, E., Karypidis, P. A., Saoulidis, T., Fountoukidis, E., & Sarigiannidis, P. G. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security and Resilience (CSR) · doi:10.1109/csr57506.2023.10224997 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Rosen, R., von Wichert, G., Lo, G., & Bettenhausen, K. D.
- Affiliations
- Siemens (Germany) (DE)
- Siemens (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rosen, Roland
- Lo, George
- Bettenhausen, Kurt D.
- Venue
- IFAC-PapersOnLine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 567-572
- ISSN
- 2405-8963 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2346505350
- Cited by
- 1,474
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 113 · 2025: 163 · 2024: 202 · 2023: 226 · 2022: 200 · 2021: 183 · 2020: 138 · 2019: 142 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 11
- FWCI
- 61.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- IFAC-PapersOnLine (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Digital Transformation in Industry
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Impact of AI and Big Data on Business and Society
- Keywords
- Industry 4.0, digital twin, future of manufacturing, future of work, industrial automation
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