Digital Twin in the IoT Context: A Survey on Technical Features, Scenarios, and Architectural Models

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If a robust and permanent link between the physical object and the logical one is possible, then the product could be tailored to a specific customer in terms of specialized features and/or additional functionalities.

“If a robust and permanent link between the physical object, owned by a customer, and the logical one is possible, then the product could be tailored to a specific customer in terms of specialized features and/or additional functionalities [13].”

• cites [13] 13. Porter, Michael E., and James E. Heppelmann. "How smart, connected products are transforming companies." Harvard business review 93, no. 10 (2015): 96-114.Could not verify

  The Simulation and RPRV Facility Operational Experience sections discuss modifying flight-control software for a remotely piloted research vehicle. Searches for a permanent physical–logical link and customer-specific product features found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Management techniques for large virtualized infrastructure could be usefully adopted for managing Digital Twins.

“Management techniques for large virtualized infrastructure [163] could be usefully adopted in these cases.”

• cites [163] 163. R. P. Esteves, L. Z. Granville and R. Boutaba, "On the management of virtual networks," in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 80-88, July 2013. DOI: 10.1109/MCOM.2013.6553682. sourceCould not verify

  The Introduction and Section 2 describe digital twins as virtual models and discuss how they can be used, but do not address management techniques for large virtualized infrastructure. Searches for virtualized infrastructure, cloud management, and adopting such techniques for digital twins found no passage on that point. The paper’s discussion of virtual models alone does not verify what the citation is attached to. (LLM, conf=0.73)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A large composition of Digital Twins could become a large system of systems, requiring reliable approaches to complexity.

“A large composition of Digital Twins could become the definition of a large system of systems, and hence reliable approaches to complexity are needed [158].”

• cites [158] 158. E. Silva, T. Batista and F. Oquendo, "A mission-oriented approach for designing system-of-systems," 2015 10th System of Systems Engineering Conference (SoSE), San Antonio, TX, 2015, pp. 346-351. DOI: 10.1109/SYSOSE.2015.7151951. sourcePartly supported

  Section 2.1 (page not provided) says large, dynamic ensembles of distributed components require approaches for managing complexity and building dependable systems. The paper addresses pervasive multi-agent systems, however, not Digital Twins or a claim that their composition constitutes a system of systems. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is a long history of computer augmentation of physical objects.

“There is a long history of the computer augmentation of physical objects [177], [178].”

• cites [177] 177. J.W. Edwards, and D.A. Deets. "Development of a Remote Digital Augmentation System and Application to a Remotely Piloted Research Vehicle." 1975. NASA Technical report TN D-7941, [ONLINE] available at https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19750012 221.pdf sourcePartly supported

  The section “Digital Twins in Engineering Practices, and Their Relevance for Data- and Model-Driven Healthcare” describes traditional computer-aided design models of physical artifacts and contrasts them with newer digital twins (page unavailable). That supports the existence of earlier computer modeling of physical objects, but the paper does not establish the claimed long history. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [178] 178. J. Glos Williamson. "Digital augmentation of keepsake objects: a place for interaction of memory, story, and self." MS Thesis, School of Architecture and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, September 1997. [ONLINE] available at https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/61536/4123486 1-MIT.pdf?sequence=2 sourcePartly supported

  The Digital Twin section (page unavailable) dates the digital-twin concept to 2003 and describes it as linking physical objects with virtual objects and data. That supports a history of one form of computer augmentation, but does not establish the broader claim that computer augmentation of physical objects has a long history. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Computer augmentation has recently been applied in new domains or has profited from improved technologies such as Big Data, Smart Manufacturing, and Augmented and Virtual Reality.

“More recently, this trend has been applied in new domains or it has profited of improved technologies, e.g., in Big Data and Smart Manufacturing [179], and Augmented and Virtual Reality [180]).”

• cites [179] 179. Q. Qi and F. Tao, "Digital Twin and Big Data Towards Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0: 360 Degree Comparison," in IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 3585-3593, 2018. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2793265. sourcePartly supported

  The Materials and Methods section lists Big Data among technologies planned for integration into digital assistive technology, supporting that part of the claim. Our copy does not describe an application in Smart Manufacturing. Augmented and Virtual Reality belongs to a separate citation in the citing sentence, so it is not judged here. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [180] 180. D. Oliver, D, D. Adam, A.P. Hudson-Smith. "Living with a Digital Twin: Operational management and engagement using IoT and Mixed Realities at UCL's Here East Campus on the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park". In: Proceedings of the 26th annual GIScience Research UK conference: GISRUK 2018. GIS Research UK (GISRUK): University of Leicester, UK. [ONLINE] available at http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10056521/1/Hudson- Smith_Final_Oliver_Dawkins_Digital_Twin_GISRUK_2018 %20%281%29_segment.pdf sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Physical objects interact with complex environments and reflect the dynamics of the physical context in which they operate.

“Physical objects interact with very complex environments and are immersed in them.They reflect the dynamics of the physical context in which they are operating [141].”

• cites [141] 141. N. Mohammadi and J. E. Taylor, "Smart city digital twins," 2017 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI), Honolulu, HI, 2017, pp. 1-5. DOI: 10.1109/SSCI.2017.8285439. sourcePartly supported

  Section 2.3 describes autonomous vehicles operating amid dynamic logistics and production processes, and the Conclusion discusses interactions between people, machines, and products. But Section 3 says changes in the real world are reflected in the digital world; it does not say that physical objects themselves reflect the dynamics of a complex environment. (LLM, conf=0.77)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Orchestration is an essential function to govern aggregations of logical objects.

“Orchestration is an essential function [154] in order to govern the aggregations.”

• cites [154] 154. R Buyya, MA Rodriguez, AN Toosi and J. Park. "Cost-efficient orchestration of containers in clouds: a vision, architectural elements, and future directions". in 2nd Mathematics, Informatics, Science and Education International Conference (MISEIC) July 2018, Surabaya, Indonesia (Journal of Physics: Conference Series; Vol. 1108). Bristol ENG: IOS Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1108/1/012001. sourceCould not verify

  Section 2 (GAMA Meta-Model; page unavailable) describes scheduling and nested agent populations, and §3.4 (Multi-Level modeling; page unavailable) gives an example of a building agent controlling its micro-agents. Neither passage says that orchestration is an essential function for governing aggregations. Searches for “orchestration” and governance of aggregations found no passage making that point. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Digital Twin concept goes hand in hand with the ability to collect data and information by crawling and crowdsourcing social media.

“The Digital Twin concept goes hand in hand with the ability to collect data and information by crawling and crowdsourcing social media [119].”

• cites [119] 119. S. Bosse, and U. Engel, "Real-Time Human-In-The-Loop Simulation with Mobile Agents, Chat Bots, and Crowd Sensing for Smart Cities". Sensors, 19(20), p.4356. 2019 sourcePartly supported

  The Twitter service description (p. 4) supports the claim that data can be collected from social media: it describes retrieving tweets by user, content query, or stream. Our copy does not connect that capability to a Digital Twin or describe it as crowdsourcing. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Software engineering shows a constant trend to create conditions and frameworks for supporting component integration and communication.

“From the Definition of Composability in Software [146] and some implementations [147] up to the Software Component Model [148] [149] [150] efforts, software engineering shows a constant trend to create conditions and frameworks for supporting component integration and communication, e.g., also in specific fields like CPS [151].”

• cites [146] 146. R. Canetti, and M. Fischlin. "Universally composable commitments." In Annual International Cryptology Conference, pp. 19-40. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2001. sourceSupported
• cites [147] 147. D. Hofheinz and V. Shoup. "GNUC: A new universal composability framework." Journal of Cryptology 28, no. 3 (2015): pp 423-508. sourcePartly supported

  The paper’s “Protocol hierarchy” section says its framework makes subprotocol composition easy to analyze and implement, so it supports an example of a composability framework. Its “Protocols” section defines composition for cryptographic protocols, not a general definition of software composability; it does not establish a constant trend across software engineering toward component integration and communication. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.81)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [148] 148. G. T. Heineman and W. T. Councill, Eds., Component-Based Software Engineering: Putting the Pieces Together. Reading, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley, 2001. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The growing trend of AI can also be applied to the Digital Twin concept.

“This is a growing trend of AI that can also be applied to the Digital Twin concept [190].”

• cites [190] 190. F. Tao, J. Cheng, Q. Qi, M. Zhang, H. Zhang, and F. Sui. (2017). ''Digital twin-driven product design, manufacturing and service with big data,'' Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., Mar. 2017, DOI: 10.1007/s00170-017-0233-1 sourcePartly supported

  The Conclusion says the virtual-human systems use AI, and Selecting the Character Model describes 3-D digital twins made from a scanned human model (page numbers unavailable). This supports AI use with those digital characters, but the paper does not establish a growing AI trend or discuss applying AI to the broader Digital Twin concept. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Digital Twin concept has been developed in the manufacturing industry with specific goals and its importance is likely to increase in the future.

“The Digital Twin concept has been developed in the manufacturing industry with specific goals and its importance is likely to increase in the future [194] [195] [196] [197] [198].”

• cites [194] 194. R. Rosen, G. V. Wichert, G. Lo, and K. D. Bettenhausen, "About the importance of autonomy and digital twins for the future of manufacturing" IFAC-Papersonline, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 567-572, Aug. 2015. sourceCould not verify

  The Introduction discusses IoT devices across several domains, and the Discussion & Future Work section evaluates IoT protocols, not Digital Twins. Searches for “Digital Twin” and its proposed manufacturing origins and future importance found no passage addressing the claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [195] 195. M. Castelluccio. "DIGITAL TWINS INVADE INDUSTRY." Strategic Finance, Mar. 2018, p. 63+. Academic OneFile. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [196] 196. J. David, A. Lobov and M. Lanz, "Leveraging Digital Twins for Assisted Learning of Flexible Manufacturing Systems," 2018 IEEE 16th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), Porto, 2018, pp. 529-535. DOI: 10.1109/INDIN.2018.8472083 sourceCould not verify

  The Introduction and Architecture Overview describe virtual representations of physical objects in IoT systems, but do not discuss the Digital Twin concept’s development in manufacturing. The Conclusion discusses future needs for the paper’s interoperability architecture, not the future importance of Digital Twins. Searches for “Digital Twin” and manufacturing-related terms found no passage addressing the attributed claim; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Digital Twin concept has attracted the interest of governments with possible funding and industrial fallout.

“The concept has also attracted the interest of governments with possible funding and industrial fallout [122].”

• cites [122] 122. A. Bolton, L. Butler, I. Dabson, M. Enzer, M. Evans, T. Fenemore, F. Harradence et al. "Gemini Principles." University of Cambridge, UK 2018 [ONLINE] available at: https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/2848 89/The%20Gemini%20Principles%202019.pdf?sequence=7] sourcePartly supported

  The Digital Twin section (page unavailable) says the term appeared in a NASA technology roadmap, which indicates interest from one government agency, and notes adoption by several corporations. The Introduction (page unavailable) describes possible commercial use of results from the crane platform. The paper does not establish interest from governments more broadly or link that interest to possible funding and industrial outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Possibilities for servitization range from personalization and customization to defining software functionalities that complement and augment the product and become the major added value of a physical product.

“Possibilities range from personalization and customization to the definition of a compelling set of software functionalities that will complement and augment the product and will be the major added value of a physical product [188].”

• cites [188] 188. T.S. Baines, H.W. Lightfoot, O. Benedettini O, J.M. Kay. "The servitization of manufacturing: A review of literature and reflection on future challenges". Journal of manufacturing technology management. 2009 Jun 5;20(5):547-67. sourcePartly supported

  Section 4.3 (p. 1) describes tailored customer solutions and a continuum in which services can become the main source of value rather than the physical product. Section 4.6 (p. 1) also gives an example of services embedded in a product. The copy does not identify software functionalities as the means of augmenting a product or as its major added value. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

With the advent of the IoT and the possibility of fully monitoring clinical patients with a wealth of body and environmental sensors and low-cost devices, there is the possibility to implement many different solutions to improve patients' quality of life without requiring their hospitalization.

“With the advent of the IoT and the possibility of fully monitoring clinical patients with a wealth of body and environmental sensors and low-cost devices [260], there is the possibility to implement many different solutions to improve patients' quality of life without requiring their hospitalization.”

• cites [260] 260. R. Kumar and M. P. Rajasekaran, "An IoT based patient monitoring system using raspberry Pi," 2016 International Conference on Computing Technologies and Intelligent Data Engineering (ICCTIDE'16), Kovilpatti, 2016, pp. 1-4. sourceCould not verify

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: One of the major issues, with relevant costs, associated with health care is the monitoring and observation of patients.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Digital Patient could be useful for the implementation of the Virtual Patient framework.

“The Digital Patient could also be useful for the implementation of the Virtual Patient framework [261], a software framework that simulates real life pathologies in such a realistic way that practitioners and students can exercise and improve their skills at dealing with different diseases.”

• cites [261] 261. A.A. Kononowicz, N. Zary, S. Edelbring, J. Corral, I. Hege. "Virtual patients-what are we talking about? A framework to classify the meanings of the term in healthcare education". BMC medical education. 2015 Dec;15(1): pp. 11. sourceCould not verify

  Section 4, “Digital as a Service” (page unavailable), describes a virtual digital infrastructure for smart-city systems, not a Digital Patient or a Virtual Patient framework. Searches for “Digital Patient Virtual Patient framework” and for patient pathology simulation found no passage addressing the claimed use or the framework’s description. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Digital Twin concept is well aligned with the idea of Smart Cities as complex systems that show real-time behavior as well as emerging ones in the long run.

“The Digital Twin concept is well aligned with the idea of Smart Cities as complex systems [263] that show real-time behavior as well as emerging ones in the long run.”

• cites [263] 263. M. Batty. "Cities and complexity: understanding cities with cellular automata, agent-based models, and fractals". The MIT press, Boston, USA, 2007 Sep 30. sourcePartly supported

  The paper describes smart-city infrastructure as a combination of legacy platforms, sensor streams, open data, and historical time series (A. Legacy IoT platforms are not neglected, p. 1), supporting the description of cities as complex systems. It does not describe long-run emergent behavior. The sentence’s Digital Twin alignment is the citing authors’ framing, not a point established by this source. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The IIOT Consortium is working on integrating DT aspects into their standardization.

“For instance, the IIOT Consortium is working on integrating in their standardization also the DT aspects [25].”

• cites [25] 25. S. Malakuti, and S. Grüner, "Architectural aspects of digital twins in IIoT systems". In Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Software Architecture: Companion Proceedings (pp. 1-2), 2018. sourceCould not verify

  The Introduction discusses digital twins and a lack of suitable IoT standards, but does not mention an IIOT Consortium or its standardization work. Searches for the consortium and digital-twin standardization found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Autonomics and self-management are well considered properties of Digital Twins.

“Also, autonomics and self-management are well considered properties of the Digital Twins [194].”

• cites [194] 194. R. Rosen, G. V. Wichert, G. Lo, and K. D. Bettenhausen, "About the importance of autonomy and digital twins for the future of manufacturing" IFAC-Papersonline, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 567-572, Aug. 2015. sourceCould not verify

  The Introduction and Section III discuss managing IoT devices and a policy-based access-control framework, not properties of Digital Twins. Searches for “Digital Twins,” “autonomics,” and “self-management” found no passage in our copy addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.77)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

FIWARE is able to support DT applications and provides basic functionalities needed in a DT platform such as identity management, cloud resources management, and semantic approaches for data analysis.

“It is able to support DT applications [221] and providing some basic functionalities needed in a DT platform as identity management [266], cloud resources management [267], and semantic approaches for data analysis [268].”

• cites [221] 221. C.N. Verdouw, J.W. Kruize, J. Wolfert, and G. Chatzikostas,. "Digital Twins in Farm Management: Illustrated by cases from FIWARE Accelerators SmartAgriFood and Fractals". In 11th International European Forum (Igls-Forum) (161st EAAE Seminar) on System Dynamics and Innovation in Food Networks. 2017, February.Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites [266] 266. Á. Alonso et al., "An Identity Framework for Providing Access to FIWARE OAuth 2.0-Based Services According to the eIDAS European Regulation," in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 88435- 88449, 2019. sourcePartly supported

  Section II describes FIWARE’s context broker, context history, and IoT device-management tools, supporting its use as an application platform. The paper demonstrates AI/IoT applications, not digital-twin (DT) applications, so it does not establish the DT-specific part of the claim. The separately cited identity-management, cloud-resource, and semantic-analysis functions are not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [267] 267. L. Moor, L. Bitter, M. D. Prado, N. Pazos and N. Ouerhani, "IoT meets distributed AI -Deployment scenarios of Bonseyes AI applications on FIWARE," 2019 IEEE 38th International Performance Computing and Communications Conference (IPCCC), London, United Kingdom, 2019, pp. 1-2. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A proposal stressing simulation, prediction, and collection of historical data in advanced manufacturing comes from [206].

“An interesting proposal, stressing out relevant properties of the Digital Twin like simulation and prediction, as well as collection of historical data in a context of advanced manufacturing comes from [206].”

• cites [206] 206. B. Brenner and V. Hummel, "Digital twin as enabler for an innovative digital shopfloor management system in the ESB logistics learning factory at Reutlingen-University," Procedia Manuf., vol. 9, pp. 198-205, Jan. 2017. sourcePartly supported

  The Middleware for Sensor Virtualization section describes PRESTO caching past sensor data and using predictive techniques; Testbeds and Experimental Resources discusses simulation for evaluating sensor-network middleware (pages not provided). These support the individual concepts, but our copy does not present them as a Digital Twin proposal in advanced manufacturing. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The trend of industrial Digital Twin platforms is concerned with data usage in industrial environments and integration of the platform and Digital Twin solution within manufacturers' IT infrastructure.

“This trend is also strongly concerned with the usage of data in the context of industrial environments [274] and the integration of the platform and the Digital Twin solution within the IT infrastructure of the manufacturers [275].”

• cites [274] 274. General Electric. "PREDIX The Industrial IoT Application Platform". White Paper from General Electric , 2017 [ONLINE] available at https://www.ge.com/digital/sites/default/files/download_assets/ Predix-The-Industrial-Internet-Platform-Brief.pdf sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [275] 275. F. Luyckx. "Impact of the Digital Twin on the enterprise architecture". Blog entry of June 14 th 2018. [ONLINE] available at https://vnsg.nl/iMIS/VNSGWeb/Blogs/Impact_of_the_digital_ twin_on_the_enterprise_architecture.aspx sourceCould not verify

  The cited paper’s Section 6.1 discusses survey and sensor data used to create digital twins of people for smart-city simulations; Section 1.10 discusses data used in smart-city management. Neither addresses the industrial-environment data use attributed to this source. The separate claim about integration with manufacturers’ IT infrastructure is attached to citation [275], not this source. (LLM, conf=0.77)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Lambda computing and liquid software paradigms are examples of the flexibility requested for Digital Twin platforms.

“The paradigms of Lambda computing [292] [293] and liquid software [294] are examples of the requested flexibility.”

• cites [292] 292. M. Kiran, P. Murphy, I. Monga, J. Dugan and S. S. Baveja, "Lambda architecture for cost-effective batch and speed big data processing," 2015 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), Santa Clara, CA, 2015, pp. 2785-2792. DOI: 10.1109/BigData.2015.7364082. sourceSupported
• cites [293] 293. M. Gribaudo, M. Iacono, and M. Kiran, "A performance modeling framework for lambda architecture based applications". in: Future Generation Computer Systems, 86 (2018): pp. 1032-1041. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [294] 294. A. Gallidabino et al., "On the Architecture of Liquid Software: Technology Alternatives and Design Space," 2016 13th Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture (WICSA), Venice, 2016, pp. 122-127. DOI: 10.1109/WICSA.2016.14. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

All these platforms, especially industrial ones, pay attention to edge computing and support executing edge capabilities to better implement the Digital Twin concept.

“All these platforms, especially the industrial ones, pay attention to the edge computing aspects and they support the possibility to execute and exploit the edge capabilities in order to better implement the Digital Twin concept, e.g., [287], [288] with examples of Smart City and Digital Twins.”

• cites [287] 287. J. Cheng, W. Chen, F. Tao, and C.-L. Lin, "Industrial IoT in 5G environment towards smart manufacturing," Journal of Industrial Information Integration, vol. 10, pp. 10-19, 2018. sourcePartly supported

  The Technical Approach (pp. 4–5) discusses edge computing devices and programmable edge gateways that can run dynamically deployed components. The FIWARE section (p. 3) gives a Smart City example. Our copy does not connect these capabilities to Digital Twins or establish that all the platforms, especially industrial ones, support edge execution for that purpose. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [288] 288. B. Varghese et al., "Realizing Edge Marketplaces: Challenges and Opportunities," in IEEE Cloud Computing, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 9-20, Nov./Dec. 2018. DOI: 10.1109/MCC.2018.064181115. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

There is not a shared set of properties for Digital Twin across the literature that can create common background, language, and a unifying framework for representing and discussing the DT.

“The vast literature mentioned in this section is conceptually aligned on an idea of the DT, but there is not a shared set of properties that can help to create common background, language, and a unifying framework for representing and discussing the DT.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Available definitions of Digital Twin converge at a high level in representing the DT as made of two entities, a physical one and a logical one.

“The available definitions converge at a high level in representing the DT as made out of two entities, a physical one and a logical one.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The available definitions of Digital Twin are not operable; they do not define features that a DT must have.

“These definitions are not operable ones, i.e., they don't define features that a DT must have.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The available definitions of Digital Twin end up focusing on specific aspects of problem domains and lose generality.

“The definitions end up to focus on specific aspects of the problem domains, e.g., a DT is a representation of a manufactured product, or the DT is a 3D representation within the multimedia realm, and they lose generality.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The vast literature on Digital Twin is conceptually aligned on an idea of the DT.

“The vast literature mentioned in this section is conceptually aligned on an idea of the DT, but there is not a shared set of properties that can help to create common background, language, and a unifying framework for representing and discussing the DT.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Many papers reference Digital Twin identity as a major requirement, but few try to define it.

“Many papers reference it as a major requirement, a few try to define it, e.g., [51].”

• cites [51] 51. S. O. Erikstad, "Merging Physics, Big Data Analytics and Simulation for the Next-Generation Digital Twins." High- Performance Marine Vehicles (2017): 141-151. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Academia and industry have already started several specification and prototyping activities to demonstrate, develop, and introduce platforms supporting the Digital Twin concept.

“Actually, academia and industry have already started several specification and prototyping activities in order to demonstrate, develop and introduce platforms supporting the Digital Twin concept.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Many well-known companies are involved in positioning their solutions or future products as leaders of the Digital Twin sector.

“Many well-known companies are involved in positioning their solutions or future products as leaders of the sector.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Digital Twin is finding interest and increasing application in several fields.

“DT is finding interest and an increasing application in several fields.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The DT finds its usage and utility in each of the different phases of the life cycle and the software counterpart helps in improving and optimize the 'product' at each step.

“The DT finds its usage and utility in each of the different phases of the life cycle and the software counterpart helps in improving and optimize the 'product' at each step.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Since the Digital Twin is framed in a lifecycle composed of different steps, it can encompass data and information that describe the 'history' of the physical object.

“• Since the Digital Twin is framed in a lifecycle composed of different steps, it can encompass data and information that describe the 'history' of the physical object.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A Digital Twin strictly refers to a physical object.

“• A Digital Twin strictly refers to a physical object;”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The linkage between logical and physical objects is a characterizing feature of the Digital Twin concept.

“Another characterizing feature of the Digital Twin concept is the 'linkage' between logical and physical objects.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The linkage is not necessarily real time, nor resilient or permanent.

“The linkage is not necessarily real time, nor resilient or permanent.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The flow of information from physical to logical creates a linkage between the physical and the logical objects.

“This flow of information creates a linkage between the physical and the logical objects.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Grieves' definition of Digital Twin does not apply to systems that show Evolutionary Emergence, i.e., systems that exhibit a deliberate capability to learn and modify their behavior in order to adapt to changing conditions.

“It is important to note that Grieves' definition of Digital Twin [6] does not apply to systems that show an Evolutionary Emergence, i.e., systems that exhibit a deliberate capability to learn and modify their behavior in order to adapt to changing conditions.”

• cites [6] 6. M. Grieves, and J. Vickers. "Digital Twin: Mitigating unpredictable, undesirable emergent behavior in complex systems." in Transdisciplinary perspectives on complex systems, Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2017 pp. 85-113. [ONLINE] available :https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/digital-twin- mitigating-unpredictable-undesirable-emergent- behav/10588328 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

From the Production phase onwards, the information about or from the physical object(s) must be collected and provided to the logical object.

“From the Production phase onwards, the information about or from the physical object(s) must be collected and provided to the logical object.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A Digital Twin contains all the information needed to fully characterize a physical object and its intended or predicted behavior.

“• A Digital Twin contains all the information needed to fully characterize a physical object and its intended or predicted behavior; and”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A Digital Twin relates n products to a single software representation.

“In other words, a Digital Twin relates n products to a single software representation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There is special correlation between the concepts of Digital Twin and of Avatar within the Virtual Reality domain.

“There is special correlation between the concepts of Digital Twin and of Avatar within the Virtual Reality domain.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The linkage between the physical and logical object is effective if the refresh time of the status of logical object is lower than the average access time of applications using the logical object.

“From a practical perspective, the linkage between the physical and the logical object is effective if the refresh time of the status of logical object is lower than the average access time of applications using the logical object.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These transformations imply the generation of a continuous flow of data that represent the modifications and the current status of the physical object.

“These transformations imply the generation of a continuous flow of data that represent the modifications and the current status of the physical object.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The intended goals of Multi-agent systems are very much aligned with those of the Digital Twin concept.

“The intended goals of Multi-agent systems are very much aligned with those of the Digital Twin concept.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If a user cannot distinguish a virtual product from a physical one, under appropriate simulation conditions, then a virtual representation of the physical object could be considered a Digital Twin.

“If a user cannot distinguish a virtual product from a physical one, under appropriate simulation conditions, then a virtual representation of the physical object could be considered a Digital Twin [6].”

• cites [6] 6. M. Grieves, and J. Vickers. "Digital Twin: Mitigating unpredictable, undesirable emergent behavior in complex systems." in Transdisciplinary perspectives on complex systems, Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2017 pp. 85-113. [ONLINE] available :https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/digital-twin- mitigating-unpredictable-undesirable-emergent- behav/10588328 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Digital Twin concept has attracted a wide interest as a possible concept generally applicable in IoT and CPS.

“For this, the Digital Twin concept has attracted a wide interest as a possible concept generally applicable in IoT and CPS (e.g., [39] 45]).”

• cites [39] 45]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Changes in the real world occur according to physical laws and the logical objects must evolve to reflect them.

“Changes in the real world occur according to physical laws and the logical objects must evolve to reflect them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The cardinality between a physical asset and its logical objects may be 1-to-N when different replicas exist with respect to the asset.

“However, this cardinality may also be 1-to-N in case different replicas exists with respect to the asset.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Initially, industries rely on proprietary interfaces and methods specific for their products, approaches and needs.

“Initially, industries relay on proprietary interfaces and methods specific for their products, approaches and needs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

These features are indeed very relevant for the Digital Twin evolution.

“These features are indeed very relevant for the Digital Twin evolution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These specific developments tend to segment the applicability of the solutions.

“These specific developments tend to segment the applicability of the solutions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Another emerging aspect of the DT is its software programmability.

“Another emerging aspect of the DT is its software programmability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Multi-agent systems offer properties that a consolidated Digital Twin concept may embody.

“Multi-agent systems offer several interesting properties that a consolidated Digital Twin concept may embody:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Digital Twin solution must be integrated with existing systems for Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) and Production Unit control and their related information flows by means of an Enterprise Service Bus.

“The Digital Twin solution must be integrated with existing systems for Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) and Production Unit control and their related information flows by means of an Enterprise Service Bus [32].”

• cites [32] 32. D. Schel C. Henkel D. Stock O. Meyer G. Rauhöft P. Einberger M. Stöhr M. A. Daxer J. Seidelmann "Manufacturing Service Bus: an Implementation" 11th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing Engineering Jul. 2017: pp 179- 184. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A timerelated representation is also needed in order to understand the past behavior of an object and to use the data to predict future modifications and actions.

“A timerelated representation is also needed in order to understand the past behavior of an object and to use the data to predict future modifications and actions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Virtualization has been extensively applied to the IoT; a sensor can be virtualized in a cloud system and behave as the real one by running software functionalities that represent a specific 'smart object'.

“Virtualization has also been extensively applied to the IoT: a sensor can be virtualized in a cloud system and behave as the real one by running software functionalities that represent a specific 'smart object' [109].”

• cites [109] 109. I. Khan, F. Belqasmi, R. Glitho, N. Crespi, M. Morrow and P. Polakos, "Wireless sensor network virtualization: A survey," in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 553-576, Firstquarter 2016. DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2015.2412971. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Knowledge of the physical world is a daunting task to determine and describe the models, laws and effects of the real world in a logical object.

“• Knowledge of the Physical World: it is a daunting task to determine and to describe the models, laws and effects of the real world in a logical object.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

IIoT and Industry 4.0 are beneficiaries of many of the possibilities offered by the Digital Twin and they are also well intertwined with IoT, and CPS technologies.

“IIoT and Industry 4.0 are beneficiaries of many of the possibilities offered by the Digital Twin and they are also well intertwined with IoT, and CPS technologies [37] [38].”

• cites [37] 37. E. Negri, L. Fumagalli, and M. Macchi. "A review of the roles of digital twin in cps-based production systems." Procedia Manufacturing 11 (2017): 939-948. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [38] 38. B. Ashtari Talkhestani, T. Jung, B. Lindemann, N. Sahlab, N. Jazdi, W. Schloegl, and M. Weyrich,. "An architecture of an Intelligent Digital Twin in a Cyber-Physical Production System". Automatisierungstechnik 2019, 67(9), 762-782. https://doi.org/10.1515/auto-2019-0039 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Physical objects can change over time in terms of status, behavior and response to events.

“In fact, physical objects can change over time in terms of status, behavior and response to events.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Objects with limited processing and storage power can be virtualized and represented in the cloud, and subsequently replicated several times, freeing the original object to support the processing required to serve all possible applications.

“Objects with limited processing and storage power can also be virtualized and represented in the 'cloud', and subsequently replicated several times, freeing the original object to support the processing required to serve all the possible applications.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Virtual Reality can also be used to visualize the Digital Twins in order to better understanding its features or for more complex tasks.

“Virtual Reality can also be used to visualize the Digital Twins in order to better understanding its features [35] or for more complex tasks [36].”

• cites [35] 35. G. Schroeder, C. Steinmetz, C. E. Pereira, I. Muller, N. Garcia, D. Espindola, and R. Rodrigues. "Visualising the Digital Twin using web services and augmented reality." In Proc. IEEE 14th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), Poitiers, France, pp. 522-527. IEEE, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [36] 36. M. Kritzler, M. Funk, F. Michahelles, and W. Rohde.. The virtual twin: controlling smart factories using a spatially-correct augmented reality representation. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on the Internet of Things (IoT '17), 2017, ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 38, 2 pages. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3131542.3140274 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In order to fully exploit the DT it is important to have DT's Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) and models for programming the objects.

“In order to fully exploit the DT it is important to have DT's Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) [23], and models for programming the objects [24].”

• cites [23] 23. J. Scheibmeir and Y. Malaiya, "An API Development Model for Digital Twins," 2019 IEEE 19th International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security Companion (QRS- C), Sofia, Bulgaria, 2019, pp. 518-519. doi: 10.1109/QRS- C.2019.00103 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [24] 24. A. Burghardt, D. Szybicki, P. Gierlak, K. Kurc, P. Pietruś, and R. Cygan, "Programming of Industrial Robots Using Virtual Reality and Digital Twins". Applied Sciences, 10(2), p.486, 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Physical objects need to be exactly located in space and tracked in order to accurately embody them.

“In addition, physical objects need to be exactly located in space and tracked in order to accurately embody them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Industrial Internet of Thing Consortium is addressing the manufacturing community with its architecture and APIs.

“For example, the Industrial Internet of Thing Consortium is addressing the manufacturing community with its architecture and APIs [25][26].”

• cites [25] 25. S. Malakuti, and S. Grüner, "Architectural aspects of digital twins in IIoT systems". In Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Software Architecture: Companion Proceedings (pp. 1-2), 2018. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [26] 26. V. Souza, R. Cruz, W. Silva, S. Lins and V. Lucena, "A Digital Twin Architecture Based on the Industrial Internet of Things Technologies," 2019 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2019, pp. 1-2. doi: 10.1109/ICCE.2019.8662081 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

This reduces the need to always build expensive prototypes and mockups, thereby offering significant cost savings during product development and testing.

“This reduces the need to always build expensive prototypes and mockups, thereby offering significant cost savings during product development and testing [19].”

• cites [19] 19. E. M. Kraft, "The air force digital thread/digital twin-life cycle integration and use of computational and experimental knowledge." In 54th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, San Diego, California, USA, January 2016, p. 0897. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The concept of the Digital Twin, as it is currently evolving, also inherits some features from other research and technological efforts.

“However, the concept of the Digital Twin, as it is currently evolving, also inherits some features from other research and technological efforts.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The linkage between the physical and logical object is a key element for introducing new capabilities and thus new business opportunities for the industry.

“This linkage between the physical and the logical object is also a key element for introducing new capabilities and thus new business opportunities for the industry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These data must promptly be mirrored by the logical object.

“These data must promptly be mirrored by the logical object.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

If proprietary and closed interfaces are used, it will be extremely difficult to create ecosystems of Digital Twins capable of working together and being interoperable.

“• Siloing/Programming: if proprietary and closed interfaces are used, it will be extremely difficult to create ecosystems of Digital Twins capable of working together and being interoperable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The simulation capabilities related to the Digital Twin concept are very useful for planning and projecting products.

“In addition, the simulation capabilities related to the Digital Twin concept are very useful for planning and projecting products [33][34].”

• cites [33] 33. M. Schluse and J. Rossmann, "From simulation to experimentable digital twins: Simulation-based development and operation of complex technical systems," 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Systems Engineering (ISSE), Edinburgh, 2016, pp. 1-6. DOI: 10.1109/SysEng.2016.7753162 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [34] 34. B. Schleich, N. Anwer, L. Mathieu, S. Wartzack, "Shaping the digital twin for design and production engineering", CIRP Annals, Volume 66, Issue 1, 2017, pp 141-144, ISSN 0007- 8506, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2017.04.040. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Replicas can cooperate to share data and information about the physical object quickly and efficiently.

“Replicas can also cooperate to share data and information about the physical object quickly and efficiently.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Other domains, e.g., e-health or cultural heritage, do not necessarily fit in the product and its life cycle perspective.

“Other domains, e.g., e-health or cultural heritage, not necessarily fit in the product and its life cycle perspective.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Different replicas, each devoted to a single application or domain of applications, can be instantiated and fed by a master logical object or by the physical object itself.

“In addition, different replicas, each devoted to a single application or domain of applications, can be instantiated and fed by a master logical object or by the physical object itself.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Each replica can be tailored to the needs of the requesting application.

“Each replica can be tailored to the needs of the requesting application.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In bidirectional communication, the physical object can provide status information and the logical object can provide updates and adjustments to improve the physical object's functioning.

“The physical object could provide relevant status information, and the logical object could provide relevant updates and adjustments to the physical one to improve its functioning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A physical object can be virtualized and replicated several times in a virtualization space.

“A physical object can be virtualized and replicated several times in a virtualization space.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A logical object may mediate and represent the change status requested by applications.

“In addition, a logical object may also mediate and represent the change status requested by applications.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The notion of self-organizing (self-X) systems is influencing the definition of the Digital Twin.

“The notion of self-organizing (self-X) systems is also influencing the definition of the DT [175][176].”

• cites [175] 175. K. Ding, F.T. Chan, X. Zhang, G. Zhou, F. Zhang. "Defining a digital twin-based cyber-physical production system for autonomous manufacturing in smart shop floors". International Journal of Production Research. 2019 Oct 18;57(20):6315-34. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [176] 176. C. Liu, P. Jiang, W. Jiang. "Web-based digital twin modeling and remote control of cyber-physical production systems". Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. 2020 Aug 1;64:101956. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Multi-tenancy is demonstrated in the vIoT testbed.

“Multi tenancy is in fact demonstrated in the vIoT testbed [174].”

• cites [174] 174. M. Ahmad, J. S. Alowibdi and M. U. Ilyas, "vIoT: A first step towards a shared, multi-tenant IoT Infrastructure architecture," 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), Paris, 2017, pp. 308-313. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

By means of APIs, a set of physical objects, through their logical object counterparts, can be made interoperable within a complex environment to cooperate and achieve specific business results.

“By means of APIs, a set of physical objects, through their logical object counterparts, can be made interoperable within a complex environment in order to cooperate and achieve specific business results [181].”

• cites [181] 181. K. Borodulin, G. Radchenko, A. Shestakov, L. Sokolinsky, A. Tchernykh, and R. Prodan, "Towards Digital Twins Cloud Platform," in Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing -UCC '17, pp. 209-210, 2017. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recent techniques for rapid recovery and restoration of virtual machines can be adopted to provide quick restoration and minimal loss of state information for logical objects.

“Recent techniques for rapid recovery and restoration of virtual machines [167] [168] [169] can be adopted to provide these required capabilities.”

• cites [167] 167. B. Egger, E. Gustafsson, C. Jo, and J. Son, "Efficiently restoring virtual machines," Int. J. Parallel Programm., vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 421-439, 2015. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [168] 168. L. Cui, Z. Hao, Y. Peng and X. Yun, "Piccolo: A Fast and Efficient Rollback System for Virtual Machine Clusters," in IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 2328-2341, 1 Aug. 2017. DOI: 10.1109/TPDS.2017.2668403. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [169] 169. Y. Yamato, Y. Nishizawa, S. Nagao and K. Sato, "Fast and Reliable Restoration Method of Virtual Resources on OpenStack," in IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 572-583, 1 April-June 2018. DOI: 10.1109/TCC.2015.2481392. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The issue of entanglement and fast data acquisition is important for both Digital Twins and IoT systems.

“The issue of entanglement and the fast data acquisition is an important one for the DT as well as for IoT systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The quantity of historical information for certain objects increases over time, with new findings and new contextualization.

“The quantity of historical information, for certain objects, increases over time and there are also new findings and new contextualization of them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For some physical objects, real-time processing, communication and storage capabilities may be required to properly track events and status changes.

“For some physical objects, real-time processing, communication and storage capabilities could be required in order to properly keep track of the events and changes in status, while for other objects daily updates or even longer periods may be acceptable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Replication and management mechanisms that ensure high persistency in large distributed systems introduce issues of managing different copies and their consistency.

“While all of these mechanisms ensure the high persistency of objects and memory in large distributed systems, they do introduce the issues of managing different copies and their consistency.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Typically, the intended direction of communication in a Digital Twin is from the physical object to the logical object.

“Typically, the intended direction of communication is from physical to logical.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Microservices and containers are possible candidates for supporting integration and composition of several logical objects in a Digital Twin.

“The efforts related to virtualization also offer mechanisms and technologies for supporting the composability property of the Digital Twin: microservices [152] and containers [153] are possible candidates for supporting the integration and composition of several logical objects.”

• cites [152] 152. K. Bakshi, "Microservices-based software architecture and approaches," 2017 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, 2017, pp. 1-8. DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2017.7943959. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [153] 153. B. Burns and D. Oppenheimer, "Design Patterns for Container- Based Distributed Systems," Proc. 8 th USENIX Workshop Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud 16), 2016; [ONLINE] available at https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/hotcloud16/hot cloud16_burns.pdf.Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For some objects, a very short synchronization interval may be a stringent requirement for using the Digital Twin approach, e.g., medical applications, robotics, and Industrial Internet applications.

“For some objects, a very short interval for synchronization may be a stringent requirement for the use of the Digital Twin approach, e.g., medical applications, robotics, Industrial Internet applications and the like.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

For instrumented physical objects, supporting bidirectional communication can provide great value.

“However, for physical objects that are instrumented, there could be a great value in supporting bidirectional communication.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

'Objects with memory' is a technology that addresses saving the history of old things in the IoT context.

“'Objects with memory' [145] is a technology that tackles the issue to save the history of the 'old things' in the context of IoT.”

• cites [145] 145. R. Barthel, K.L. Mackley, A. Hudson-Smith, A. Karpovich, M. De Jode, C. Speed. "An internet of old things as an augmented memory system". Personal and ubiquitous computing. 2013 Feb 1;17(2):321-33. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Smart manufacturing is moving from the design of logical objects to the actual implementation of several physical objects that can be coupled with one or more corresponding logical objects.

“This should not come as a surprise; in fact, smart manufacturing is moving from the design of logical objects to the actual implementation of several physical objects that can be coupled with one or more corresponding logical object(s).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Replicability is assured by the ability of software environments to virtualize components.

“Replicability is assured by the ability of software environments to virtualize components.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A smart city application has been prototyped exploiting 5G slice concepts.

“For instance, a smart city application has been prototyped exploiting these concepts [166].”

• cites [166] 166. B. Rusti, H. Stefanescu, M. Iordache, J. Ghenta, C. Brezeanu and C. Patachia, "Deploying Smart City components for 5G network slicing," 2019 European Conference on Networks and Communications (EuCNC), Valencia, Spain, 2019, pp. 149-154. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Different studies and experiments have addressed the need for composition/aggregation of objects within the IoT context; the EU project iCore has experimented with virtualizing and aggregating different objects.

“Different studies and experiments have addressed the need for composition/aggregation of objects within the IoT context, for instance the EU project iCore has provided and experimented the possibility to virtualize and aggregate different objects [161].”

• cites [161] 161. R. Giaffreda. "iCore: A cognitive management framework for the Internet of Things". The Future Internet Assembly 2013 May 7 (pp. 350-352). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Digital Twin is able to support the transformation of physical objects (atoms) into software entities (bits).

“The DT is able to support the transformation of physical objects (atoms) into software entities (bits).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The logical object is the main enabling factor for the persistency property of a Digital Twin and must be persistent and resilient to be always available.

“The logical object within the DT is the main enabling factor for this property, it has to be persistent and resilient in order to be always available.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Communication can occur by means of other objects that are capable of directly observing and determining the status of a physical object and then feed that information to the logical object of the observed physical entity.

“In this case, communication can occur by means of other objects that are capable of directly observing and determining the status of a physical object and then feed that information to the logical object of the observed physical entity.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Some physical objects may lack the ability to process, store, or communicate data.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The status of an object can be monitored by means of a camera and/or sensor, with relevant information extracted from the multimedia flow and passed to the logical object.

“For instance, the status of an object can be monitored by means of a camera and/or sensor, with any relevant information extracted from the multimedia flow and passed to the logical object.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Some physical objects may lack the ability to process, store, or communicate data.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A single virtualized instance (i.e., a logical object) can have enough processing power in the cloud to reply to multiple and real-time requests.

“A single virtualized instance (i.e., a logical object) can have enough processing power in the cloud to reply to multiple and real-time requests.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The logical object can be used to represent the physical object in time and space.

“As seen, the logical object can be used to represent the physical object in time and space.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The logical replica makes information available to applications and services.

“The logical replica makes this information available to the applications and services.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

If the DT concept is implemented in several application domains, these properties can be a valid means to reason about the DT and its features.

“If the DT concept will be implemented in several application domains then these properties can result a valid means to reason about the DT and its features.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The most tangible value of a large Digital Twin implementation may reside in the possibility to observe, analyze, and understand real-world interactions and impacts on different objects at a very granular level.

“The most tangible value of a large Digital Twin implementation may reside in the possibility to observe, analyze and understand real-world interactions and impacts on different objects at a very granular level.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A temperature value could refer to a specific object and/or to an entire environment.

“A temperature value could refer to a specific object, and/or to an entire environment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Wherever unpredictability of behavior and complexity in interactions and state changes are relevant, Digital Twin modeling could be a viable option for attacking some control problems.

“Wherever the unpredictability of behavior and complexity in interactions and in the change of states are relevant, Digital Twin modeling could be a viable option for attacking some control problems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Servitization is a term and a set of technical definitions and methods that are very interesting to a broad industry and business community.

“Servitization is a term and a set of technical definitions and methods that are very interesting to a broad industry and business community [187].”

• cites [187] 187. C. Kowalkowski, H. Gebauer B. Kamp, G. Parry. "Servitization and deservitization: Overview, concepts, and definitions". Industrial Marketing Management. 2017 Jan 1;60: pp 4-10. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some properties discussed are foundational for a Digital Twin, meaning without them there is no real DT implementation, while others extend and increase the intrinsic value of the Digital Twin relation.

“Some of the properties discussed herein are foundational for a Digital Twin, i.e., without them there is no a real DT implementation; while others extend and increase the intrinsic value of the Digital Twin relation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The foundational properties include Reflection or Mirroring, Virtualization, Entanglement, Representativeness, and Contextualization in space and time.

“The first group includes the following properties: Reflection or Mirroring, Virtualization, and Entanglement, along with Representativeness and Contextualization in space and time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Memorization guarantees that a Digital Twin can be represented and controlled along a large part or the entire life cycle, while Augmentation ensures that it can become a programmable object.

“Memorization guarantees that a Digital Twin can be represented and controlled along a large part or the entire life cycle, while Augmentation ensures that it can become a programmable object.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Servitization is a property that ensures the usability and effectiveness of a Digital Twin with respect to its usage by final or intermediate customers.

“Servitization is a property that ensures the usability and the effectiveness of a DT with respect to its usage by final or intermediate customers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The implementation of the Digital Twin concept suffers from the lack of an established set of platforms, modelling and development tools that can scale up to very complex representations.

“In addition, the implementation of the Digital Twin concept suffers from the lack of an established set of platforms, modelling and development tools that can scale up to very complex representations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

NASA is using Digital Twins for its own developments.

“Also NASA is using the DT for its own developments [192].”

• cites [192] 192. E. Glaessgen, D. Stargel. "The digital twin paradigm for future NASA and US Air Force vehicles". 53rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC structures, structural dynamics and materials conference 20th AIAA/ASME/AHS adaptive structures conference 14th AIAA 2012 Apr 16 (p. 1818). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

There is a need to create large, continuously running complex systems devoted to predicting Digital Twins' behavior in particular situations or environments.

“This is an important signal of the need to create large, continuously running complex systems devoted to the prediction of Digital Twins' behavior in particular situations or environments [33][191].”

• cites [33] 33. M. Schluse and J. Rossmann, "From simulation to experimentable digital twins: Simulation-based development and operation of complex technical systems," 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Systems Engineering (ISSE), Edinburgh, 2016, pp. 1-6. DOI: 10.1109/SysEng.2016.7753162 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [191] 191. T. Gabor, L. Belzner, M. Kiermeier, M. T. Beck and A. Neitz, "A Simulation-Based Architecture for Smart Cyber-Physical Systems," 2016 IEEE International Conference on Autonomic Computing (ICAC), Wurzburg, 2016, pp. 374-379. DOI: 10.1109/ICAC.2016.29. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Reference [189] provides an analysis of current industrial initiatives and a general overview of the Servitization of the Digital Twin.

“In [189], an analysis of some current industrial initiative is provided as well as a general overview of the 'Servitization of the Digital Twin'.”

• cites [189] 189. Q. Qi, F. Tao, Y. Zuo, D. Zhao. "Digital twin service towards smart manufacturing". Procedia Cirp. 2018 Jan 1;72:237-42. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Many problems can be solved without introducing the Digital Twin concept.

“Another important issue is related to when applying the DT approach.In fact, many problems can be solved without introducing the Digital Twin concept.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In [33], Digital Twins are embedded in Virtual Testbeds to execute several experiments.

“For instance, in [33] Digital Twins are embedded in Virtual Testbeds in order to execute several experiments.”

• cites [33] 33. M. Schluse and J. Rossmann, "From simulation to experimentable digital twins: Simulation-based development and operation of complex technical systems," 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Systems Engineering (ISSE), Edinburgh, 2016, pp. 1-6. DOI: 10.1109/SysEng.2016.7753162 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There are a few typical scenarios for the usage of the Digital Twin that can be inferred from the state of the art.

“There are a few typical scenarios for the usage of the Digital Twin that can be inferred from the state of the art:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Reference [193] provides a survey on current efforts within the IoT field to use simulation techniques and in particular the Digital Twin.

“In [193], a survey on current efforts within the IoT field to use simulation techniques and in particular the DT is given.”

• cites [193] 193. T. Jung, N. Jazdi and M. Weyrich, "A survey on dynamic simulation of automation systems and components in the Internet of Things," 2017 22nd IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), Limassol, 2017, pp. 1-4. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Other properties are considered useful and have been mentioned or introduced in some experiments or implementations.

“Others are considered useful and they have been mentioned or introduced in some experiments or implementations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Predictability is an important property that ensures that the behavior of the Digital Twin within its operational contexts can be studied and predicted.

“Predictability is an important property that ensures that the behavior of the Digital Twin within its operational contexts can be studied and predicted.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Having more detailed information by means of a set of Digital Twins could enable the provision of better models, applications, and solutions to the people involved.

“Having more detailed information by means of a set of DTs could enable the provision of better models, applications, and solutions to the people involved.”

May combine two claims.

The EU project iCore has provided practical implementations and a seminal architecture for augmentation.

“In this area, the EU project iCore has provided some practical implementations and a seminal architecture [161].”

• cites [161] 161. R. Giaffreda. "iCore: A cognitive management framework for the Internet of Things". The Future Internet Assembly 2013 May 7 (pp. 350-352). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A typical Digital Twin usage scenario is prediction and simulation of the behavior of an aggregated set of Digital Twins to understand, control, govern, and orchestrate a complex system, supported by historical data.

“• Prediction and simulation of the behavior of an aggregated set of Digital Twins in order to understand, control, govern, and orchestrate the behavior of a complex system.This is supported by the collection of historical data that show the past behavior of the physical object;”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Such a system could also offer the possibility to predict and simulate objects' behavior under different conditions.

“Such a system could also offer the possibility to predict and actually simulate objects' behavior under different conditions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A permanent linkage between the customer and the producer is established by means of the ownership of the servitized product.

“A permanent linkage between the customer and the producer is then established by means of the ownership of the servitized product.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ownership may pass from one object to the other.

“Ownership may pass from one object to the other.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Composability and Accountability/Manageability introduce the ability to interact between different logical objects and to compose them into larger aggregations.

“Composability and Accountability/Manageability introduce the ability to interact between different logical objects, softwarized objects, and to compose them into larger aggregations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The complexity of models increases with the number of involved objects, so very large systems' modeling could require a huge effort.

“The complexity of the models increases in relation to the number of involved objects, and so very large systems' modeling could require a huge effort.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Reference [183] proposes a data management model for data produced by Digital Twins in the maritime industry.

“For example, the reference [183] proposes a data management model for the data produced by DTs in the maritime industry.”

• cites [183] 183. Ø.J. Rødseth, A.J. Berre. 'From digital twin to maritime data space: Transparent ownership and use of ship information. 13th Int. Symp. Integr. Ship's Inf. Syst. Mar. Traffic Eng. Conf.(ISIS-MTE), Berlin, Germany 2018 Sep.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Digital Twin concept has been studied and partially applied by several research efforts and in different industrial contexts.

“The concept is also appealing for other application domains, and, along with the extensions, 'interpretations', and consolidation discussed in Section II, it has been studied and partially applied by several research efforts and in different industrial contexts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A typical Digital Twin usage scenario is servitization of a physical product and its augmentation in terms of new functions and interaction with customers.

“• Servitization of a physical product and its augmentation in terms of new functions and interaction with the customers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Digital Twin is a means for offering a high level of Servitization of a physical object.

“In this case, the Digital Twin is a means for offering high level of Servitization [186] of a physical object.”

• cites [186] 186. S. Vandermerwe J. Rada. "Servitization of business: adding value by adding services". European management journal. 1988 Dec 1;6(4): pp 314-24. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Ownership could be useful to understand the story beyond a physical object, such as a used car, and to fully represent the status of the artifact.

“Ownership could also be useful to understand the story beyond a physical object, a used car, and to fully represent the status of the artifact.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Large IoT systems, such as manufacturing or smart cities, could especially benefit from the unique properties of the Digital Twin concept.

“Clearly, large IoT systems, such as manufacturing or smart cities, could especially benefit from the unique properties of the DT concept.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Digital Twin has been implemented in different applications in several fields and will most likely receive attention from other sectors.

“The DT has been implemented in different applications in several fields (see Table 1 for a recap of some of the application areas addressed by this survey) and, most likely, it will receive attention from other sectors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Replication of a physical object can create a set of logical objects that refer to the physical one but do not necessarily share the same ownership.

“Their replication can create a set of logical objects that refer to the physical one, but they not necessarily share the same ownership.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Digital Twins, like many IoT systems, produce a large quantity of data.

“The DT, as many IoT systems, produce a large quantity of data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Having a large-scale platform would reduce the time required for implementing solutions, allowing programmers to focus more on representing Digital Twins than on developing supporting solutions.

“Having a large-scale platform would reduce the time required for implementing solutions, so that programmers could focus more on representing the Digital Twins than on developing a solution for supporting that representation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Many simple IoT implementations could use traffic data to offer very effective services for traffic detection and prevention.

“Many 'simple' IoT implementation could use these data to offer very effective services for traffic detection and prevention.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Digital Twin concept is a major enabler for a shift toward a pay-per-usage economy no longer based on ownership of things.

“In the long term, Servitization could lead to a new kind of economy no longer based on the ownership of things, but based on a pay per usage philosophy.The Digital Twin concept is a major enabler for this kind of change.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Ownership introduces the ability to correctly manage Intellectual Property Rights issues and associated responsibilities of logical objects.

“Ownership introduces the ability to correctly manage Intellectual Properties Rights issues and associated responsibilities of the logical objects.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some logical objects can offer different capabilities of interaction or better ways to exploit the features of the physical object and consequently can have different constraints in ownership.

“In addition, some logical objects can offer different capabilities of interaction or better ways to exploit the features of the physical object and, consequently, they can have different constraints in ownership.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A poor description of objects and their environment can be detrimental for the entire system and can generate inadequate data and results.

“On the other side, a poor description can be detrimental for the entire system and it can generate inadequate data and results.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A sensor can represent an object, some properties of an object in its environment, or direct properties of the environment in which the object is embedded.

“Actually, a sensor can represent an object, or some properties of an object in its environment, or direct properties of the environment in which the object is embedded.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The augmentation property aims at increasing the number of functions that a logical object can provide.

“The augmentation property also aims at increasing the number of functions that a logical object can provide [186].”

• cites [186] 186. S. Vandermerwe J. Rada. "Servitization of business: adding value by adding services". European management journal. 1988 Dec 1;6(4): pp 314-24. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There is great interest in the manufacturing community for concrete implementation of strategies and processes related to Servitization of products and their Digital Twins.

“Obviously, there is a great interest in the manufacturing community for the concrete implementation of strategies and processes related to the Servitization of products and their DT.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The industry is particularly interested in changes of ownership and its management for business reasons.

“The industry is particularly interested in changes of ownership and its management for business reasons [184][185].”

• cites [184] 184. J.G. Berti, L.S. Deluca, "Digital agreement management on digital twin ownership change inventors"; United States patent application US 16/392,426. 2019 Aug 15. [online] https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/6c/8a/26/9e9ed9f 1d6a043/US20190251575A1.pdf latest accessed: Feb, 22 nd 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [185] 185. C. Altun, B. Tavli and H. Yanikomeroglu, "Liberalization of Digital Twins of IoT-Enabled Home Appliances via Blockchains and Absolute Ownership Rights," in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 65-71, December 2019. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The possibility of defining platform mechanisms to support the creation of services is discussed in [182].

“The possibility of defining platform mechanisms to support the creation of services is also discussed in [182].”

• cites [182] 182. T. Niemirepo, M. Sihvonen, V. Jordan and J. Heinilä, "Service Platform for Automated IoT Service Provisioning," 2015 9th International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing, Blumenau, 2015, pp. 325- 329. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

With these foundational properties, a Digital Twin system offers the ability to represent the current status of the physical object and can be considered a basic implementation of the concept.

“With these properties, a Digital Twin system offers the ability to represent the current status of the physical object, and can be considered as a basic implementation of the concept.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some properties are generally considered valid, e.g., Identity and Representation in [51], Identity and Communication in [56], and Entanglement is substantially addressed by the definition of Tactile Internet [15] and extensively used in DT implementation practice.

“Some properties are generally considered valid, e.g., Identity, Representation in [51], Identity, Communication and others in [56], Entanglement is substantially addressed by the definition of Tactile Internet [15], and extensively used in the practice of the implementation of the DT.”

• cites [51] 51. S. O. Erikstad, "Merging Physics, Big Data Analytics and Simulation for the Next-Generation Digital Twins." High- Performance Marine Vehicles (2017): 141-151. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [56] 56. A. El Saddik,. "Digital Twins: the convergence of multimedia technologies." IEEE MultiMedia, v. 25, n. 2, Apr.-Jun. 2018, pg. 87-92. DOI: https://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MMUL.2018.023 121167 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [15] 15. M. Simsek, A. Aijaz, M. Dohler, J. Sachs and G. Fettweis, "5G- Enabled Tactile Internet," in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 460-473, March 2016. doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2016.2525398Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

These capabilities are instrumental to creating a large number of new services and functionalities on the entire Digital Twin.

“These capabilities are instrumental to the ability to create a large number of new services and functionalities on the entire Digital Twin.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Industries, especially manufacturing, are extremely interested in Servitization.

“Industries and especially manufacturing are extremely interested in Servitization.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A typical Digital Twin usage scenario is design and consolidation of products, where the DT helps in design and production phases and then collects and checks operation to identify variations or unexpected behavior.

“• Design and consolidation of products, i.e., where the Digital Twin is used to help in the design and the production phases of complex products and then used as a means to collect and check the operation of the product in order to identify variations or unexpected behavior;”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Thanks to strong entanglement, functions of the logical object can be used to control and operate on the physical side of the Digital Twin.

“Thanks to strong entanglement, these functions can be used to control and to operate on the physical side of the Digital Twin.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some industries are interested in the concept and looking for potential applications, checking costs and applicability, or considering how to cope with data collection and usage.

“Some industries are interested in the concept and looking for potential applications [199], or checking the costs and applicability of the concept [200], or considering how to cope with data collection and usage [201].”

• cites [199] 199. M. Zborowski. "Finding Meaning, Application for the Much- Discussed "Digital Twin"". Journal of Petroleum Technology. 2018 Jun 1;70(06):26-32. doi:10.2118/0618-0026-JPT sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [200] 200. T.D. West, M. Blackburn. "Is Digital Thread/Digital Twin Affordable? A Systemic Assessment of the Cost of DoD's Latest Manhattan Project". Procedia computer science. 2017 Jan 1;114: pp 47-56. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [201] 201. T. H.-J. Uhlemann, C. Schock, C. Lehmann, S. Freiberger, and R. Steinhilper, ''The digital twin: Demonstrating the potential of real time data acquisition in production systems,'' Procedia Manuf., vol. 9, pp. 113-120, Jan. 2017, ISSN 2351-9789, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.04.043. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

These foundational properties ensure that the logical object fully represents and behaves like the physical object within one or more specific operational contexts.

“They ensure that the logical object fully represents and behaves like the physical object within one or more specific operational contexts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The replication of a set of objects' behaviors in a well-formed software environment can help determine its faults and/or possible improvements.

“The replication of a set of objects' behaviors in a well-formed software environment can help to determine its faults and/or possible improvements.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Digital Twin representation could be used to provide more granular information, such as which cars are involved in a traffic jam, where each is heading, and how much a single vehicle is polluting.

“However, the Digital Twin representation could be used in order to provide more granular information.For instance, which cars are involved in a traffic jam, where each of them is heading, how much a single vehicle is polluting the environment, etc.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In certain cases, it may be very difficult to associate some data, such as sensor data, to a specific physical object.

“In certain cases, it may be very difficult to associate some data, e.g., those collected by a sensor, to a specific physical object.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

DT will benefit from this interoperability effort.

“DT will benefit from this interoperability effort.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the Cultural Heritage scenario, the Digital Twin acts as an agent that actively seeks information about its physical counterpart.

“In this case, the Digital Twin acts as an agent that actively seeks information about its physical counterpart.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The properties of the DT seem to fit in the need to control small contexts and environments and to be able to scale up to understanding and controlling the macro-behavior of the entire city.

“The properties of the DT seem to fit in the need to control small contexts and environments and to be able to scale up to understanding and controlling the macro-behavior of the entire city.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Different Digital Twins will create relationships between them to identify common properties such as same subject, owner, usage of colors, or techniques.

“The different DTs will also behave in such a way to create relationships between them in order to identify common properties, e.g., the same subject, or the same owner, or the same usage of colors or other techniques.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

CoAP and MQTT are largely used depending on application needs.

“For instance, CoAP [241] and MQTT [242] are largely used depending on applications needs.”

• cites [241] 241. K. Lee and S. Seol, "Applying CoAP for real-time device control over public networks," 2018 International Conference on Electronics, Information, and Communication (ICEIC), Honolulu, HI, 2018, pp. 1-2. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [242] 242. P. Bellavista, L. Foschini, N. Ghiselli and A. Reale, "MQTT- based Middleware for Container Support in Fog Computing Environments," 2019 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), Barcelona, Spain, 2019, pp. 1-7.Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Current IoT solutions could be integrated to provide a view on a large system as a Digital Twin.

“This means that current IoT solutions could be integrated to provide a view on a large system as a Digital Twin.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A wealth of information about a cultural artifact can be inferred by continuous access and crawling of information available on the internet, such as wikis, specialized databases, and social media.

“However, a wealth of information could even be inferred by the continuous access and crawling of information available on the internet like general wikis, specialized data bases, or even information extracted from Social Media and Networks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Self-organization is a fundamental function to be guaranteed in Smart City systems.

“Self-organization is a fundamental function to be guaranteed in these kinds of systems.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Smart City platforms and applications require the ability to deal with a multitude of different objects and their instantiations and replications.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

In each moment of a product's life cycle, producers and customers could have a clear idea of its functioning.

“In each moment of a product's life cycle, producers and customers could have a clear idea of its functioning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The adoption of a Digital Twin strategy for products/services implies a higher control level and an improved ability to manage the characteristics of a product (on a large scale) in its daily operation.

“First of all, it implies a higher control level and an improved ability to manage the characteristics of a product (on a large scale) in its daily operation.”

May combine two claims.

The Digital Twin's object replication and API access ensure a high level of composability and programmability.

“This ensures a high level of composability and the programmability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The search for relationships among Digital Twins will create a network that historians and experts could evaluate to find new associations between artifacts.

“This search for relationships will create a network that could be evaluated by historians and experts in order to figure out new associations between different artifacts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The different LOs should be strongly synchronized with the physical object maintaining its consistency.

“Moreover, the different LOs should be strongly synchronized with the physical object maintaining its consistency, e.g., no conflicting commands or changing of status.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

An enterprise can enter the service market in order to augment the capabilities of its product(s), the customer appeal and user experience.

“An enterprise can enter the service market in order to augment the capabilities of its product(s), the customer appeal and user experience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The Digital Patient poses very stringent requirements in terms of security and privacy.

“The Digital Patient is also posing very stringent requirements in terms of security and privacy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Cultural objects are not only determined by their physicality but mainly by the context and the perspective of people over time.

“Cultural Objects are not only determined by their 'physicality' but mainly by the context and the perspective of people over time.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Cultural objects are mainly determined by context and perspective of people over time, not only physicality.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Some relationships between the sensors can be determined over time by the virtualization platform, for example by means of ML techniques, and exploited to improve the functioning of the sensors.

“Some relationships between the sensors can be determined over time by the virtualization platform, for example by means of ML techniques, and exploited to improve the functioning of the sensors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Data collected from several specific patients could be organized, analyzed and compared in order to determine a general pattern in the evolution of some diseases as well as variants of the diseases.

“In addition, data collected from several specific patients could be organized, analyzed and compared in order to determine a general pattern in the evolution of some diseases as well as variants of the diseases.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The AIOTI definition of a Virtual Entity strongly associated to an IoT Service is extremely relevant to build a relationship with the DT.

“In particular, the AIOTI definition of a Virtual Entity strongly associated to an IoT Service [234] is extremely relevant to build a relationship with the DT.”

• cites [234] 234. Alliance for IoT (AIOTI). "High level Architecture, Release 4.0" 2018. [ONLINE} available at https://aioti.eu/wp- content/uploads/2018/06/AIOTI-HLA-R4.0.7.1-Final.pdfNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These protocols can also be reused in DT supporting systems.

“These protocols can also be reused in DT supporting systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Composability, contextualization and memorization properties are very important for the Digital Patient.

“In addition, the composability, contextualization and the memorization properties are very important.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Digital Twin approach allows a single product to be tailored to the lifestyle and current preferences of individual customers, which will very likely result in improved customer satisfaction.

“In general, a single product, by means of the Digital Twin approach, could be tailored to the lifestyle and to the current preferences of individual customers.This will very likely result in improved customer satisfaction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The four chosen examples (Virtual Sensors, Digital Patient, Digital City, Cultural Heritage) cover a large spectrum of application domains and highlight the flexibility of the Digital Twin concept.

“These four examples cover a large spectrum of application domains and highlight the flexibility of the concept.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A bottom up approach, from small objects and sensors up to large aggregations of objects, and/or a top down approach, from large systems to their decomposition into smaller ones, each one representing an important city object, could be possible and implementable.

“In this sense, a bottom up approach, from small objects and sensors up to large aggregations of objects, and/or a top down approach, from large systems to their decomposition into smaller ones, each one representing an important city object, could be possible and implementable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Depending on the specific application area and the industry, two points are most likely to embody the greatest value in terms of revenues: physical objects and the virtualization platform.

“Depending on the specific application area and the industry, two points are most likely to embody the greatest value in terms of revenues: physical objects and the virtualization platform.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The Digital Twin implementation allows the optimization of all processes related to a product, from design to construction, delivery and operation.

“The possibility to optimize all the processes related to a product, from design to construction, delivery and operation.”