Preparation and research of PCL/cellulose composites: Cellulose derived from agricultural wastes
Abstract
For the rational use of agricultural wastes, bagasse, orange peel and wheat bran were used to fabricate bio-based polymer materials. Cellulose was extracted from the three different agricultural wastes, and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) was used as the matrix material. PCL was mixed with nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC), extracted bagasse cellulose (GC), orange peel cellulose (JC) and wheat bran cellulose (MC) by solution casting. Morphology and structure of the extracted cellulose were studied by Scanning Electron Microscope, Fourier Infrared spectrometer, thermogravimetry and X-ray diffractometer. The influence of GC, JC, MC on the crystallization process and mechanical properties of PCL was investigated by DSC and tensile test. Experimental results show that the addition of CNC, GC, JC, MC increases the crystallization temperature of PCL, accelerates the crystallization process of PCL, and improves the tensile property of PCL.
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PCL-based systems with nanocellulose exhibit increased stiffness and biodegradation rate, especially when surface-modified nanocellulose is used to improve interfacial adhesion with the hydrophobic PCL matrix.
“Similarly, PCL-based systems exhibited increased stiffness and biodegradation rate [20,21,22], especially when surface-modified NC is used to improve interfacial adhesion with the more hydrophobic PCL matrix [23]”
NC acts as a nucleating agent in PCL, promoting faster crystallization kinetics.
“NC acts as a nucleating agent, promoting faster crystallization kinetics, which is particularly advantageous for applications requiring rapid processing or dimensional stability [22]”
Addition of NC significantly improves the mechanical performance of PCL, with measurable increases in tensile strength, Young's modulus, and elongation at break at low NC loadings typically below 5 wt.%.
“numerous studies confirm that the addition of NC significantly improves the mechanical performance of PCL. The tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and elongation at break have all shown measurable increases at low NC loadings (typically < 5 wt.%) [21,22,23,36,67]”
Solution/solvent casting facilitates better initial dispersion of NC in PCL but is limited by environmental and processing drawbacks.
“solution/solvent casting, often using chloroform or dichloromethane as solvents, facilitates better initial dispersion but is limited by environmental and processing drawbacks [20,22,23,36,67,68]”
NC can enhance the thermal stability and crystallinity of PCL composites, although this effect is strongly dependent on the type of NC and its dispersion quality.
“TGA and DSC analyses from multiple studies indicate that NC can enhance the thermal stability and crystallinity of PCL composites, although this effect is strongly dependent on the type of NC and its dispersion quality [22,66,67,68]”
CNCs enhance the crystallinity of PCL.
“For instance, CNCs have been shown to enhance the crystallinity of PCL [21,22,68,69].”
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- Authors
- Chen, J., Huang, Y., Deng, L., Jiang, H., Yang, Z., Yang, R., & Wu, D.
- Affiliations
- Jiangsu University of Technology (CN)
- Yangzhou University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Jianxiang
- Venue
- International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-04
- Volume
- 235
- Pages
- 123785
- ISSN
- 0141-8130 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4321438450
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 2.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Jiangsu University of Technology (KYH21121, KYY18027)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Advanced Cellulose Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
- Keywords
- polycaprolactone, cellulose composites, agricultural waste valorization, sugarcane bagasse, orange peel, wheat bran, cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose extraction, crystallization behavior, tensile properties, bio-based polymers, solvent casting
- MeSH terms
- Cellulose, Dietary Fiber, Polyesters, Polymers, Temperature
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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