Nucleation roles of cellulose nanocrystals and chitin nanocrystals in poly (ε-caprolactone) nanocomposites
Abstract
Using polysaccharide nanocrystals such as chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) or cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as fillers of biodegradable aliphatic polyesters is an attractive approach of fabricating completely biodegradable nanocomposites. Most aliphatic polyesters are semi-crystalline and hence to reveal the effect of nanocrystals on their crystallization behaviors is key to regulate final properties of the nanocomposites. In this work, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) nanocomposites filled with ChNCs and CNCs were prepared as templates for the study. It is intriguing that these two nanocrystals play completely different roles towards crystallization of PCL. CNCs are nucleating agent, promoting nucleation of PCL and accelerating subsequent crystal growth; while ChNCs are anti-nucleation agent, retarding nucleation of PCL and depressing whole process of PCL crystallization. This difference arises from different particle-polymer affinities in the nanocomposites, which is confirmed by the thermodynamic and rheological tests. This work provides valuable information around tuning the thermal properties of polysaccharide nanocrystals filled polymeric nanocomposites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Solution/solvent casting facilitates better initial dispersion of NC in PCL but is limited by environmental and processing drawbacks.
“solution/solvent casting, often using chloroform or dichloromethane as solvents, facilitates better initial dispersion but is limited by environmental and processing drawbacks [20,22,23,36,67,68]”
NC can enhance the thermal stability and crystallinity of PCL composites, although this effect is strongly dependent on the type of NC and its dispersion quality.
“TGA and DSC analyses from multiple studies indicate that NC can enhance the thermal stability and crystallinity of PCL composites, although this effect is strongly dependent on the type of NC and its dispersion quality [22,66,67,68]”
CNCs enhance the crystallinity of PCL.
“For instance, CNCs have been shown to enhance the crystallinity of PCL [21,22,68,69].”
Cites
A review of chitin and chitosan applications
Ravi Kumar, M. N. V. (2000) · Reactive and Functional Polymers · doi:10.1016/s1381-5148(00)00038-9 · Cited by 6,009 · see citing works
Friedman, H. L. (1964) · Journal of Polymer Science Part C Polymer Symposia · doi:10.1002/polc.5070060121 · Cited by 3,917 · see citing works
Melting process and the equilibrium melting temperature of polychlorotrifluoroethylene
Hoffman, J., & Weeks, J. J. (1962) · Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section A Physics and Chemistry · doi:10.6028/jres.066a.003 · Cited by 1,494 · see citing works
Cellulosic Bionanocomposites: A Review of Preparation, Properties and Applications
Siqueira, G., Bras, J., & Dufresne, A. (2010) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym2040728 · Cited by 1,328 · see citing works
Biobased plastics and bionanocomposites: Current status and future opportunities
Reddy, M. M., Vivekanandhan, S., Misra, M., Bhatia, S. K., & Mohanty, A. K. (2013) · Progress in Polymer Science · doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.006 · Cited by 1,087 · see citing works
Lin, N., Huang, J. T., & Dufresne, A. (2012) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/c2nr30260h · Cited by 885 · see citing works
Nonisothermal melt and cold crystallization kinetics of poly(aryl ether ether ketone ketone)
Liu, T. X., Mo, Z., Wang, S., & Zhang, H. (1997) · Polymer Engineering and Science · doi:10.1002/pen.11700 · Cited by 849 · see citing works
Direct evaluation of the electron density correlation function of partially crystalline polymers
Strobl, G. R., & Schneider, M. J. (1980) · Journal of Polymer Science Polymer Physics Edition · doi:10.1002/pol.1980.180180614 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Crescenzi, V., Manzini, G., Calzolari, G., & Borri, C. (1972) · European Polymer Journal · doi:10.1016/0014-3057(72)90109-7 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Cellulose reinforced polymer composites and nanocomposites: a critical review
Miao, C., & Hamad, W. Y. (2013) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-013-0007-3 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
A Rheological Equation of State for Semiconcentrated Fiber Suspensions
Dinh, S. M., & Armstrong, R. C. (1984) · Journal of Rheology · doi:10.1122/1.549748 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Recent advances in chitin based materials constructed via physical methods
Duan, B., Huang, Y., Lu, A., & Zhang, L. (2018) · Progress in Polymer Science · doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.04.001 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Lincoln, D. M., Vaia, R. A., Wang, Z., & Hsiao, B. S. (2001) · Polymer · doi:10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00414-6 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Chitin Whisker Reinforced Thermoplastic Nanocomposites
Paillet, M., & Dufresne, A. (2001) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/ma002049v · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Advances in Functional Chitin Materials: A Review
Shamshina, J. L., Bertón, P., & Rogers, R. D. (2019) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b06372 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Castillo, R. V., & Müller, A. J. (2009) · Progress in Polymer Science · doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.03.002 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Activity of substrates in the catalyzed nucleation of glass-forming melts. II. Experimental evidence
Dobreva, A., & Gutzow, I. S. (1993) · Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids · doi:10.1016/0022-3093(93)90737-i · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Chen, G., Kim, H., Kim, E.-S., & Yoon, J. (2005) · Polymer · doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2005.10.056 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Activity of substrates in the catalyzed nucleation of glass-forming melts. I. Theory
Dobreva, A., & Gutzow, I. S. (1993) · Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids · doi:10.1016/0022-3093(93)90736-h · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Particle motions in sheared suspensions
Forgacs, O. L., & Mason, S. G. (1959) · Journal of Colloid Science · doi:10.1016/0095-8522(59)90012-1 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Goffin, A., Raquez, J., Duquesne, E., Siqueira, G. D. F., Habibi, Y., Dufresne, A., & Dúbois, P. (2011) · Polymer · doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2011.02.004 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Rheology of sheared flexible fiber suspensions via fiber-level simulations
Switzer, L. H., & Klingenberg, D. J. (2003) · Journal of Rheology · doi:10.1122/1.1566034 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Wu, D., Wu, L. K., Sun, Y., & Zhang, M. (2007) · Journal of Polymer Science Part B Polymer Physics · doi:10.1002/polb.21309 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/cellulose nano-crystal (CNC) nanocomposites and foams
Mi, H., Jing, X., Peng, J., Salick, M. R., Peng, X., & Turng, L. (2014) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-014-0327-y · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Elastic modulus of the crystalline regions of chitin and chitosan
Nishino, T., Matsui, R., & Nakamae, K. (1999) · Journal of Polymer Science Part B Polymer Physics · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(19990601)37:11 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Schonhorn, H. (1968) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/ma60002a008 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
The Nanoscience and Technology of Renewable Biomaterials
(2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444307474 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Chatterjee, A. M., Price, F. P., & Newman, S. T. (1975) · Journal of Polymer Science Polymer Physics Edition · doi:10.1002/pol.1975.180131211 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Yu, Z., Yin, J., Yan, S., Xie, Y., Ma, J., & Chen, X. (2007) · Polymer · doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2007.07.024 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Dhar, P., Bhasney, S. M., Kumar, A., & Katiyar, V. (2016) · Polymer · doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.028 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Nucleation in polymer crystallization: A physical or a chemical mechanism?
Mercier, J. P. (1990) · Polymer Engineering and Science · doi:10.1002/pen.760300504 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Senda, T., He, Y. Q., & Inoue, Y. (2001) · Polymer International · doi:10.1002/pi.793 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Xu, C., Chen, J., Wu, D., Chen, Y., Lv, Q., & Wang, M. (2016) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.058 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Chen, J., Wu, D., Tam, K. C., Pan, K., & Zheng, Z. (2016) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.071 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Li, Y., Fu, Q.-Q., Wang, M., & Zeng, J. (2017) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.089 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Kusumi, R., Inoue, Y., Shirakawa, M., Miyashita, Y., & Nishio, Y. (2007) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-007-9144-x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Lv, Q., Xu, C., Wu, D., Wang, Z., Lan, R., & Wu, L. (2016) · Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.10.035 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Fibre suspension rheology: effect of concentration, aspect ratio and fibre size.
Djalili-Moghaddam, M., & Toll, S. (2005) · Rheologica Acta · doi:10.1007/s00397-005-0021-y · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Mechanical and viscoelastic properties of chitin fiber reinforced poly(ε-caprolactone)
Chen, B., Sun, K., & Ren, T. (2004) · European Polymer Journal · doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.10.015 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Kinetics study on melt compounding of carbon nanotube/polypropylene nanocomposites
Wu, D., Sun, Y., & Zhang, M. (2009) · Journal of Polymer Science Part B Polymer Physics · doi:10.1002/polb.21668 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Rheology of the cellulose nanocrystals filled poly(ε-caprolactone) biocomposites
Wang, Y., Xu, C., Wu, D., Xie, W., Wang, K., Xia, Q., & Yang, H. (2018) · Polymer · doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2018.02.050 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Camarero‐Espinosa, S., Boday, D. J., Weder, C., & Foster, E. J. (2014) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.41607 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Wu, D., Sun, Y., Wu, L. K., & Zhang, M. (2008) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.27793 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Effect of epoxy resin on rheology of polycarbonate/clay nanocomposites
Wu, D., Wu, L., Zhang, M., & Wu, L. K. (2007) · European Polymer Journal · doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.02.013 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Li, Q., & Zhu, K. J. (2000) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/1097-4628(20000923)77:13 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Xu, C., Wu, D., Lv, Q., & Yan, L. (2017) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b05055 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Lv, Q., Wu, D., Qiu, Y., Chen, J., Yao, X., Ding, K., & Wei, N. (2015) · Thermochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.tca.2015.05.005 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Suttiwijitpukdee, N., Sato, H., Zhang, J., & Hashimoto, T. (2011) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/ma200365e · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Li, J., & Qiu, Z. (2018) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.035 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Li, Y., Han, C., Yu, Y., & Xiao, L. (2020) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.054 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Li, J., Jiang, Z., & Qiu, Z. (2021) · Polymer · doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123869 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Zhang, G., Wu, D., Xie, W., Wang, Z., & Xu, C. (2018) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.079 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Roy, D., Kotula, A. P., Natarajan, B., Gilman, J. W., Fox, D. M., & Migler, K. B. (2018) · Polymer · doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2018.08.007 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The use of Flory–Huggins parameters as a measure of interactions in polymer‐filler systems
Milczewska, K., & Voelkel, A. (2006) · Journal of Polymer Science Part B Polymer Physics · doi:10.1002/polb.20843 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Zhang, G., Xu, C., Wu, D., Xie, W., & Wang, Z. (2018) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00514 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Li, J., Jiang, Z., & Qiu, Z. (2020) · Composites Communications · doi:10.1016/j.coco.2020.100571 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Li, J., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, J., & Wu, D. (2020) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.253 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Nucleation Role of Basalt Fibers during Crystallization of Poly(ε-caprolactone) Composites
Lv, Q., Ying, Z., Wu, D., Wang, Z., & Zhang, M. (2017) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04510 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Li, J., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., & Wu, D. (2021) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118594 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Lee, S. H., & Wang, S. (2006) · Polymer International · doi:10.1002/pi.1951 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Li, J., & Qiu, Z. (2019) · Journal of Polymers and the Environment · doi:10.1007/s10924-019-01556-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Cellulose and Chitin as Nanoscopic Biomaterials
Goodrich, J. D., Bhattacharya, D., & Winter, W. T. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444307474.ch8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 64 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Advances in chitin-based nanoparticle use in biodegradable polymers: A review
Yanat, M., & Schroën, K. G. P. H. (2023) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120789 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Feng, H., Bilal, I., Sun, Z., Guo, A., Yu, Z., Du, Y., Su, Y., & Zheng, Y. (2024) · Cement and Concrete Composites · doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2024.105753 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Preparation and research of PCL/cellulose composites: Cellulose derived from agricultural wastes
Chen, J., Huang, Y., Deng, L., Jiang, H., Yang, Z., Yang, R., & Wu, D. (2023) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123785 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Alkassfarity, A. N., Yassin, M. A., Rehim, M. H. A., Liu, L., Jiao, Z., Wang, B., & Wei, Z. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129871 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Mamah, S. C., Goh, P. S., Ng, B. C., Abdullah, M. S., Ismail, A. F., Samavati, Z., Ahmad, N. A., & Raji, Y. O. (2024) · Journal of Water Process Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.105394 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Yu, S., Peng, G., Jiao, J., Liu, P., Li, H., Xi, J., & Wu, D. (2024) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122176 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Bi, S., Zhang, Z., Yang, Z., Shen, Z., Cai, J., Hu, J., Jin, H., Qiu, T., Yu, P., & Tan, B. (2023) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121312 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ngwenya, M., Gumede, T. P., Pérez Camargo, R. A., & Motloung, B. (2025) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma18225172 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“For instance, CNCs have been shown to enhance the crystallinity of PCL [21,22,68,69].”
Wan, Z., Li, M., Zhuang, Y., & Tong, Z. (2023) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.53839 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ding, Y., Yang, Q., Liu, J., Lv, X., Wang, X., & Li, S. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.167922 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ma, F., Gao, Y., Xie, W., & Wu, D. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132097 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kelnar, I., Kaprálková, L., Krejčíková, S., Dybal, J., Vyroubalová, M., & Abdel-Mohsen, A. M. (2023) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma16031087 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Effect of chitin nanocrystals on stereocomplexation of poly( -lactide)/poly( -lactide) blends
Ma, F., Jiang, C., Xie, W., & Wu, D. (2023) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124372 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Pan, S., Jiang, Z., & Qiu, Z. (2023) · Giant · doi:10.1016/j.giant.2023.100212 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Pan, S., Jiang, Z., & Qiu, Z. (2023) · Polymer · doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125689 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kelnar, I., Kaprálková, L., Němeček, P., Dybal, J., Abdel-Rahman, R. M., Vyroubalová, M., Nevoralová, M., & Abdel-Mohsen, A. M. (2023) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym15143071 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Chen, Z., Lu, L., & Wang, J. (2022) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano12234170 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pan, S., Yang, H., & Qiu, Z. (2025) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym17020196 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Li, L., Song, C., Chen, X., Li, J., Fan, L., Han, J., & Guo, R. H. (2025) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.5c00502 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chen, S. W., Liu, P., Li, Z., Li, T., Yu, Y., Bi, Y., Li, F., & Mao, J. (2023) · Journal of Polymer Engineering · doi:10.1515/polyeng-2023-0109 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kamiuchi, N., Hikima, Y., Koshino, M., & Sakakibara, K. (2025) · Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.109317 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cui, X., Meng, X., Chen, Y., Liu, Y., & Yu, L. (2022) · Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.6023/cjoc202204045 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Abouelnaga, A. M. (2025) · Polymers for Advanced Technologies · doi:10.1002/pat.70142 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kim, S., Oh, D. X., & Park, J. (2026) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-026-06982-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pan, J., Gang, Y., Jiang, Q., Liu, X., & Wang, H. (2026) · Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2026.109805 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Abouelnaga, A. M., & Nahrawy, A. M. E. (2024) · Silicon · doi:10.1007/s12633-024-03116-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ma, F., Jiao, J., Chao, Y., Xie, W., & Wu, D. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.140919 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kittikorn, T., Kadea, S., & Hedthong, R. (2025) · Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials · doi:10.1177/08927057251351537 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Choi, Y., Jang, M., Lee, S. Y., Kim, W., Koo, B., Jang, M., Kim, N., Ok, Y. S., & Hwang, S. Y. (2026) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.150622 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ngwenya, M., Gumede, T. P., & Motloung, B. (2026) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym18091132 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mussel-inspired polyphenol-metal composite nanofiltration membranes with enhanced performance
Liu, P., Mao, J., Gao, L., Gu, Y., Liu, Y., Yu, Y., & Wang, L. (2025) · Materials Today Communications · doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.112787 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Crystallization in PCL ‐Based Blends and Composites
Hegde, M., Chandrashekar, A., Nataraja, M., Gopi, J. A., Prabhu, N., & Parameswaranpillai, J. (2023) · Polymer Crystallization · doi:10.1002/9783527839247.ch7
CHEMICAL ORIGIN OF NUCLEATING AGENTS
Wypych, G. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-77467-084-2.50005-0
Liu, Y., Yang, Z., Wang, Y., Luo, Y., Du, H., Yi, C., Chen, W., Hu, N., Yu, T., Hou, M., et al. (2026) · Iranian Polymer Journal · doi:10.1007/s13726-026-01750-9
Zhao, Y., Zhang, M., Bhandari, B., & Rui, L. (2026) · Food Packaging and Shelf Life · doi:10.1016/j.fpsl.2026.101842
Ju, Y., Liu, J., Wang, Y., Xiao, Z., & Xie, Y. (2026) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.124375
- Authors
- Li, J., & Wu, D.
- Affiliations
- Yangzhou University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wu, Defeng
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-04
- Volume
- 205
- Pages
- 587-594
- ISSN
- 0141-8130 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4212778139
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 2.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer crystallization and properties
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Advanced Cellulose Research Studies
- Keywords
- polycaprolactone, cellulose nanocrystals, chitin nanocrystals, nucleation, crystallization behavior, biodegradable nanocomposites, aliphatic polyesters, thermal properties, rheology
- MeSH terms
- Cellulose, Chitin, Polyesters, Nanoparticles, Nanocomposites
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
