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Cited by 95Cardiovascular Health and Risk FactorsIndigenous Health and EducationHealth Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention

Cardiovascular disease and risk factors among 345 adults in rural India—the Andhra Pradesh Rural Health Initiative

Chow, Clara, Cardona, Magnolia, Raju, P. Krishnam, Iyengar, Srinivas, Sukumar, Akamshetty, Raju, Ravi, Colman, Sam, Madhav, P. +4 more·2007·International Journal of Cardiology
DOI 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.03.043
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Abstract

Background Heart attack and stroke are problems already faced by some urban populations of India, but less is known about cardiovascular disease and risk factors in rural areas. The aim of the study was to investigate the levels and management of major cardiovascular risk factors and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in two villages in rural Andhra Pradesh, India.Methods A cross-sectional survey was done by selecting a random sample stratified by age and gender from each village using census lists compiled in 2002. For each individual, trained study staff administered a Telugu-translation of a structured questionnaire, performed a brief physical examination and collected a fasting venous blood sample. Weighted estimates of mean (or percentages with) risk factor levels in the population were calculated and are reported with confidence intervals unless otherwise specified.Results Data was collected from 345 adults aged 20 to 90. The average household size was 4.2 and the mean combined household income was about Indian Rupees 25,454 (580 US dollars) per year. The mean systolic blood pressure was 116 (114-117) mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure 73 (114-120) mm Hg, total cholesterol 4.6 (4.5-4.7) mmol/L, HDL-cholesterol 0.8 (0.8-0.9) mmol/L, LDL-cholesterol 3.2 (3.1-3.3) mmol/L and triglyceride 1.3 (1.2-1.4) mmol/L. The prevalence of current smoking was 19.9% (15.4-24.4%), hypertension 20.3% (16.2-24.4%), diabetes 3.7% (1.8-5.5%), overweight 16.9% (12.3-21.5%) and obesity 4.4% (1.9-6.8%). A medical diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (previous heart attack, stroke or angina) was reported by 2.5% (1.1-3.9%) and a further 1.1% (0.1-2.1%) had angina by the 'Rose' classification.Conclusions The possibility of increasing cardiovascular risk factors and prevalence of vascular disease in areas of rural India represent a public health concern. Larger and repeated epidemiological studies focusing on chronic diseases are required to inform treatment and prevention strategies suitable for use in these areas and other resource poor settings.

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Authors
Chow, C., Cardona, M., Raju, P. K., Iyengar, S., Sukumar, A., Raju, R., Colman, S., Madhav, P., Raju, R., Srinath Reddy, K., Celermajer, D., & Neal, B.
Affiliations
  • The University of Sydney (AU)
  • Byrraju Foundation (IN)
  • Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (AU)
Corresponding author
Chow, Clara
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Cardiology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2007-03
Volume
116
Issue
2
Pages
180-185
ISSN
0167-5273 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.03.043
OpenAlex
W2075309578
Cited by
95
References
29
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
FWCI
2.61
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Indigenous Health and Education
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
Keywords
cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factors, rural India, hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, overweight, obesity, blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, angina pectoris, stroke, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular disease prevalence, rural health, chronic disease burden, household income, rural villages, lifestyle risk factors
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Humans, Hypertension, India, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Risk Factors, Rural Health, Smoking, Prevalence, Overweight

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