Shift from Farm to Dairy Tank Milk Microbiota Revealed by a Polyphasic Approach Is Independent from Geographical Origin
Abstract
Detailed information on the natural microbial community present in raw milk, especially on the non-cultivable part of the milk microbiota, is rather limited as research in the past mainly focused on the detection of bacterial pathogens or microorganisms responsible for the deterioration of raw milk. In frame of the EU project BIOtracer raw milk samples from three different European countries were analyzed to gain a deeper insight into the diversity of the natural bacterial flora of raw milk by combining culture-dependent and -independent methods. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used as rapid and cost efficient metabolic fingerprinting technique to monitor the cultivable microbiota of raw milk. In addition, direct sequencing was applied to acquire additional information on the non-cultivable part of the bacterial raw milk flora. Subsequent performed biostatistical analysis revealed a high correlation between the data gathered by culture-dependent and independent methods. Both methods revealed significant differences between the microbiota of farm and dairy tank milk, which appeared to be rather independent from geographical regions. Based on the results from FTIR and direct sequencing, the predominant bacterial raw milk flora was determined, representative isolates were selected and two model floras, representative for farm tank milk and dairy bulk tank milk, were compiled. These bacterial model floras for raw milk are now available for the Biotracer partners and can be used for validation purposes or contamination scenarios. The knowledge gained on the variation range of the normal raw milk microbiota will help to identify raw milk with divergent microbiota, pointing towards potential pathogen contaminations.
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Throughout cheese manufacturing, environmental parameters such as temperature, pH, osmolarity, and lactose concentration undergo significant changes.
“Throughout cheese manufacturing, environmental parameters such as temperature, pH, osmolarity, and lactose concentration undergo significant changes [41,51,53,64,69,70,73,74,75].”
From Microbiota of Cheese Ecosystems: A Perspective on Cheesemaking (2025) · cites this paper as [75]
Specific cheese microbes or consortia are adapted to various abiotic stresses, including changes in pH, salinity, temperature, and moisture, as well as biotic stresses like competition and invasion resistance, both at the individual and community levels.
“Specific cheese microbes or consortia are adapted to various abiotic stresses, including changes in pH, salinity, temperature, and moisture, as well as biotic stresses like competition and invasion resistance, both at the individual and community levels [46,53,59,61,65,71,73,75,76,77,78].”
From Microbiota of Cheese Ecosystems: A Perspective on Cheesemaking (2025) · cites this paper as [75]
Refrigeration encourages the development of psychrotrophic bacteria while partially inhibiting the growth of mesophilic and thermophilic LAB.
“Refrigeration encourages the development of psychrotrophic bacteria while partially inhibiting the growth of mesophilic and thermophilic LAB.”
From Microbiota of Cheese Ecosystems: A Perspective on Cheesemaking (2025) · cites this paper as [75]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Fricker, M., Skånseng, B., Rudi, K., Stessl, B., & Ehling-Schulz, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (AT)
- Nofima (NO)
- Venue
- International Journal of Food Microbiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 145
- Pages
- S24-S30
- ISSN
- 0168-1605 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2036225359
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 5.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Food Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Norges Forskningsråd
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Milk Quality and Mastitis in Dairy Cows
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses
- Keywords
- raw milk microbiota, farm milk, non-culturable bacteria, FTIR spectroscopy, metabolic fingerprinting, raw milk contamination, pathogen detection, geographical origin
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacteria, Dairying, Europe, Food Microbiology, Milk
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