The DOI matches its Crossref record; 108 of the 108 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 8 of the 86 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Offsetting of CO2 emissions by air capture in mine tailings at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: Rates, controls and prospects for carbon neutral mining
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Claims the paper makes
89 Own result · 67 Own interpretation · 24 No basis given · 21 No full text of the sources · 16 Sources not found · 16 Own method · 13 Not checked yet · 4 Supported so far · 2 Supported · 1 Partly supported · 1 Not supported · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Bea et al. (2012) demonstrate that sulfate minerals are absent from tailings in the non-operational TSF1 at Mount Keith.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.1. Mineralogical change and formation of hydromagnesite 6.1.1. Occurrence of efflorescent minerals
What the sources say
- Disputedcites Bea et al., 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Mineralogy of Mount Keith Tailings section says sulfate minerals occur in surface efflorescences and are less common in TSF1 than in TSF2—not absent from TSF1. It specifies that they are restricted to the upper few centimeters of the tailings deposit. The Model Parameters section says TSF1 operated from 1994 to 1996 and was sampled in 2006, consistent with its being non-operational at sampling. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“In situ carbonation of the mineral waste from ultramafic mines has been documented previously (Wilson et al., 2006(Wilson et al., , 2009a(Wilson et al., ,b, 2011;;Pronost et al., 2012;Bea et al., 2012;Beinlich and Austrheim, 2012), but systematic measurement and modeling of this phenomenon have not previously been attempted on the scale of a large operating tailings facility.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wilson et al., 2006 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pronost et al., 2012 source
- Supportedcites Bea et al., 2012 source
The Abstract states that atmospheric CO₂ is naturally sequestered in ultramafic mine tailings through weathering and carbonate mineral formation. It also reports observed hydromagnesite precipitation in weathered tailings at the Mount Keith mine site. Page numbers are not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“In situ carbonation of the mineral waste from ultramafic mines has been documented previously (Wilson et al., 2006(Wilson et al., , 2009a(Wilson et al., ,b, 2011;;Pronost et al., 2012;Bea et al., 2012;Beinlich and Austrheim, 2012), but systematic measurement and modeling of this phenomenon have not previously been attempted on the scale of a large operating tailings facility.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wilson et al., 2006 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pronost et al., 2012 source
- Supportedcites Bea et al., 2012 source
The citation to Bea et al. (2012) appears in the sentence’s list of studies documenting in situ carbonation, before the contrasting claim about what had not previously been attempted. The Abstract reports carbonation reactions trapping atmospheric CO₂ in Mount Keith ultramafic mine tailings, supporting the part attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“MIN3P was recently modified by Bea et al. (2012) to better represent the influence of dynamic atmospheric conditions on reaction progress by incorporating energy balance equations and vapour transport.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 3.6. Reactive transport model description
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Bea et al., 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Model Development section says this work further enhanced MIN3P with water-vapor diffusion and atmospheric boundary conditions, supporting the claim about representing dynamic atmospheric conditions. It says the energy balance equation had already been implemented in work cited as Bea et al. (2011), rather than being incorporated as part of this 2012 work. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“secondary efflorescent minerals are more likely to form within an evaporative horizon at the contact between tailings and the atmosphere”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.1. Mineralogical change and formation of hydromagnesite 6.1.1. Occurrence of efflorescent minerals
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Acero et al., 2007 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Acero et al., 2009 source
- Supportedcites Bea et al., 2012 source
The Conceptual Model section says evaporation concentrates near-surface pore water and causes an efflorescent crust. The Formation of Magnesium-Hydrated Carbonates and Other Secondary Phases section predicts precipitation of hydromagnesite and halite in the tailings' evaporation zone. Page numbers are not provided in our copy's passages. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Bea et al. (2012) have shown that such trends can be caused by dilution of primary gangue minerals as secondary minerals precipitate from tailings water, solutes and atmospheric gases.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.1.2. Relationship of hydromagnesite to primary gangue minerals
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Bea et al., 2012 source
In “Mineralogy of Mount Keith Tailings,” the paper says secondary minerals precipitate from atmospheric gases, dissolved species in process water, and process water itself. It explicitly says this added crystalline mass dilutes the measured relative abundances of the original minerals. The section also identifies dissolution as another cause of declining serpentine and brucite abundance, which does not conflict with the claim that dilution can contribute. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Zhang et al. (2000) estimate that the conversion of hydromagnesite to magnesite requires tens to hundreds of years.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Zhang et al., 2000
The Conclusions report an estimated induction period of 18–200 years at 25°C, followed by hydromagnesite transformation half-lives of 4.7 and 73 years. This supports the cited estimate of a decades-to-centuries timescale, though the estimates depend on brine conditions and do not specify the time for complete conversion. (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The hydrated Mg-carbonate mineral, hydromagnesite [Mg 5 (CO 3 ) 4 (OH) 2 •4H 2 O], precipitates within mine tailings at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia as a direct result of mining operations.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
“At the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia, the hydrated Mg-carbonate mineral, hydromagnesite [Mg 5 (CO 3 ) 4 (OH) 2 •4H 2 O], develops as a weathering product within ultramafic mine tailings.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > Abstract
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our radiocarbon results indicate that at least 80% of carbon in hydromagnesite is sourced from the modern atmosphere.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stable isotopic results indicate that dissolution of atmospheric CO 2 into mine tailings water is kinetically limited, which suggests that the passive rate of carbon mineralization could be accelerated.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 78
- Probably not a substantial claim. 36
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Bea et al. (2012) and Beinlich and Austrheim (2012) have also documented brucite carbonation in mine tailings from TSF1 at Mount Keith and in a sub-arctic mine shaft, respectively.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.1.2. Relationship of hydromagnesite to primary gangue minerals
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Bea et al., 2012 source
The Mineralogy of Mount Keith Tailings section reports measurements from TSF1 showing that brucite decreases toward the surface while hydromagnesite is most abundant there. It identifies dissolving brucite as a source of magnesium for secondary carbonate minerals and calculates how much hydromagnesite brucite carbonation could produce. The sub-arctic mine shaft is attributed to the other cited study, not to Bea et al. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beinlich and Austrheim, 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Duplicate analyses of one sample of soda ash (used historically as an industrial process chemical) give average values of 13 C VPDB = -8.69‰and 18 O VSMOW = 17.73‰.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 5.2. Stable isotopic results
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Filled desiccation cracks appear once again between sample 14 and the fine-grained, hydromagnesite-rich tailings from sample 15.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.2. Occurrence of hydromagnesite mineralization
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Darkly colored, anoxic samples were collected from the base of the profile at sampling site 1, from the base of the backhoe trench at sampling site 30 (Fig. 3c) and from shallow depth (i.e., < 20 cm) near the water return pond.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.3. Consequences of timing and depth of tailings deposition for hydromagnesite formation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hydromagnesite was detected by XRD in the majority of samples, but is more commonly found at high abundance in samples of shallow tailings.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.2. Occurrence of hydromagnesite mineralization
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One specimen of bedrock Ni-dolomite gives an F 14 C of 0.004 and two specimens of highly pure bedrock magnesite are characterized by 0.005 and 0.009”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 5.3. Radiocarbon results
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Again, hydromagnesite is absent from sample 9, which grades into medium to coarse sand, but it reappears in sample 10.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.2. Occurrence of hydromagnesite mineralization
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondary hydromagnesite is typically concentrated within and just below efflorescent crusts of sulfate minerals; however, hydromagnesite persists at depth within the tailings at Mount Keith whereas sulfate minerals generally do not.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.2. Occurrence of hydromagnesite mineralization
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 13 C values for carbonate minerals from Mount Keith mine tailings (see Fig. 8 and SI Table S6) vary from -8.56‰ to +1.04‰ (VPDB), with 18 O ranging from 7.81‰ to 39.89‰.(VSMOW).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 5.2. Stable isotopic results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analyses of bulk carbonate minerals give -6.70‰ ≤ 13 C VPDB ≤ -0.33‰ and 14.16‰ ≤ 18 O VSMOW ≤ 31.97‰”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 5.2. Stable isotopic results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A specimen of iowaite (a hydrotalcite-group mineral) from the mine pit gives values of 13 C VPDB = -2.83‰and 18 O VSMOW = 16.11‰.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 5.2. Stable isotopic results
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most recently deposited tailings in 06MKP1 are covered by an efflorescent crust of blödite and halite and are enriched in hydromagnesite (samples labeled 1-3 in Fig. 3a).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.2. Occurrence of hydromagnesite mineralization
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On average, secondary hydromagnesite is enriched over magnesite by approximately 1‰ in 13 C and approximately 22‰ in 18 O.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 5.2. Stable isotopic results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One specimen of soda ash (used historically as a process chemical in the flotation circuit at Mount Keith) has an F 14 C of 0.052.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 5.3. Radiocarbon results
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tailings at Mount Keith are composed primarily of serpentine minerals, antigorite and lizardite [Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 ], with hydrotalcite-group minerals including iowaite [Mg 6 Fe 3+ 2 (OH) 16 Cl 2 •4H 2 O] and woodallite [Mg 6 Cr 2 (OH) 16 Cl 2 •4H 2 O] with occasional pyroaurite [Mg 6 Fe 3+ 2 (OH) 16 CO 3 •4H 2 O], stichtite [Mg 6 Cr 2 (OH) 16 CO 3 •4H 2 O], and uncommon mountkeithite [(Mg,Ni)”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.1. Qualitative mineralogy of Mount Keith mine tailings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The distribution of these phases changes with depth below the tailings surface and evolves with time since deposition of tailings in TSF2.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.1. Mineralogical change and formation of hydromagnesite 6.1.1. Occurrence of efflorescent minerals
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although tailings that are heavily cemented with hydromagnesite commonly occur near the surface of TSF2, hydromagnesite-rich samples are also encountered at depth within the tailings storage facility.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.2. Occurrence of hydromagnesite mineralization
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is notable that hydromagnesite abundance follows a similar trend to that for halite (Fig. 5).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.1. Mineralogical change and formation of hydromagnesite 6.1.1. Occurrence of efflorescent minerals
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Halite is also present at depth within the tailings and is found at low abundances in the vast majority of samples analyzed.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.1. Mineralogical change and formation of hydromagnesite 6.1.1. Occurrence of efflorescent minerals
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hydromagnesite, isolated by selective acid extraction, is characterized by -8.6‰ ≤ 13 C VPDB ≤ 1.0‰ and 24.5‰ ≤ 18 O VSMOW ≤ 39.9‰”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 5.2. Stable isotopic results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recently deposited tailings from some areas of TSF2 were wetted beneath efflorescent crusts, and coring holes through these damp tailings had a tendency to swell shut within minutes of sampling, but standing water was not observed.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.3. Consequences of timing and depth of tailings deposition for hydromagnesite formation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Carbon dioxide extracted from magnesite in four bulk samples of tailings is defined by 0.024 ≤ F 14 C ≤ 0.365 (F 14 C av = 0.147), the upper end of this range of values being significantly higher than expected from measurements on highly pure specimens.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 5.3. Radiocarbon results
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Micrometer-scale crystals of hydromagnesite radiate out into the spaces between tailings grains and commonly cement them together (Fig. 2b).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.2. Occurrence of hydromagnesite mineralization
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“One specimen of bedrock magnesite from a sample of wasterock is characterized by 13 C VPDB = -6.52‰and 18 O VSMOW = 7.91‰.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 5.2. Stable isotopic results
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Notably, magnesite extracted from bulk tailings is slightly more enriched in 13 C and significantly enriched in 18 O over the specimen of pure magnesite that was sampled from wasterock.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 5.2. Stable isotopic results
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In the paper
“However, hydromagnesite is present in deeper samples (6-8) that are associated with filled desiccation cracks (located between samples 7 and 8).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.2. Occurrence of hydromagnesite mineralization
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Minor amounts of brucite, chrysotile, talc, magnetite, chromite, quartz, magnesite, dolomite, and calcite are common.Trace vermiculite is also observed in the tailings.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.1. Qualitative mineralogy of Mount Keith mine tailings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The same trend of coarsening grain size with increasing depth occurs between samples 11 and 14, all of which contain hydromagnesite.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.2. Occurrence of hydromagnesite mineralization
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Efflorescences of secondary minerals are abundant near surfaces within the tailings storage facilities and include carbonate minerals, halide minerals and sulfate minerals (listed in SI Tables S1 and S2).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.1. Qualitative mineralogy of Mount Keith mine tailings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Specimens of late-stage Ni-dolomite alteration give -6.58‰ ≤ 13 C VPDB ≤ -5.78‰ and 26.35‰ ≤ 18 O VSMOW ≤ 27.86‰”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 5.2. Stable isotopic results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“F 14 C values for CO 2 selectively extracted from hydromagnesite range from 0.572 to 1.052 and all but one specimen has F 14 C > 0.8”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
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In the paper
“Samples of bulk carbonate in mine tailings are consistently enriched in 18 O relative to bedrock magnesite and many are enriched relative to Ni-dolomite.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Gypsum, which is relatively insoluble compared to most sulfate minerals, appears to be the only sulfate phase that persists at depth, but it is uncommon and present only at low abundance”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.1. Mineralogical change and formation of hydromagnesite 6.1.1. Occurrence of efflorescent minerals
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In the paper
“Blödite, hexahydrite and other sulfate minerals are common at the surface of 0-to 1-year old tailings, but persist only at reduced abundance in a few outlier samples at the surface of 3-and 7-8-year old tailings”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.1. Mineralogical change and formation of hydromagnesite 6.1.1. Occurrence of efflorescent minerals
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Process water DIC and tailings water DIC at Mount Keith (-8.16‰ ≤ 13 C VPDB ≤ -4.60‰) are consistently depleted in 13 C relative to DIC in equilibrium with the atmosphere (i.e., δ 13 C VPDB ≈ 0‰ at 25˚C).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Soda ash, which was used historically as a process chemical, is slightly depleted in 13 C relative to bedrock carbonate minerals and gives 18 O values that are comparable to the upper range for specimens of magnesite.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Sulfate minerals are scarce below 10 cm depth and are almost entirely absent below a depth of 25 cm.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.1. Mineralogical change and formation of hydromagnesite 6.1.1. Occurrence of efflorescent minerals
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Specimens of Ni-dolomite are also similarly depleted in 13 C, but are significantly enriched in 18 O relative to the other bedrock carbonate minerals.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, no brucite was observed during SEM imaging of hydromagnesite-rich surface samples, which is consistent with the brucite abundance decreasing to 0 wt.% near tailings surfaces in TSF2.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.1.2. Relationship of hydromagnesite to primary gangue minerals
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analyses of hydromagnesite, done using selective acid extraction, indicate further enrichment in 18 O (with some 18 O VSMOW values reaching 40‰) accompanied by a small enrichment in 13 C of ~1‰ on average.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rietveld refinement results produce a sparse set of log-normally distributed data.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 9. Geoengineering carbon neutral mines
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the rate of precipitation is insufficient to explain the observed abundance of hydromagnesite at Mount Keith (Fig. 4).A two-fold increase in DIC flux provided by process waters would be necessary to produce observed abundances of hydromagnesite.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 7.2.2. Occurrence of hydromagnesite at depth
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With an estimated exposure time of ~70 days at the surface, brucite dissolution at this rate would result in incomplete consumption of brucite prior to burial, leaving up to ~45% of the brucite unreacted (i.e., ~1.1 wt.% remaining), which is consistent with field observations”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 7.2.1. Mineral dissolution and hydromagnesite precipitation rates
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Backhoe excavation at sampling site 30, showing near surface water and meter-scale desiccation cracks.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 9. Geoengineering carbon neutral mines
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Simulated aqueous magnesium concentrations reach up to 1.0 M at the tailings surface after 7.5 years, which is a tenfold increase over the initial concentration.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 7.2.1. Mineral dissolution and hydromagnesite precipitation rates
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The horizontal dashed line indicates the minimum carbonation rate that would be necessary to carbonate all the brucite (i.e., 2.5 wt.%) in 50 cm of tailings within 1 year.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 9. Geoengineering carbon neutral mines
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An older surface in TSF2 (~1-year old) showing well-developed efflorescences and more pervasive desiccation features.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 9. Geoengineering carbon neutral mines
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hydromagnesite crystals precipitating at the surface of larger grains of serpentine and infilling cracks and fissures within them.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 9. Geoengineering carbon neutral mines
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The average F 14 C value of hydromagnesite is F 14 C av = 0.921 ± 0.145, which suggests that, on average, at least 87% of carbon in these samples has a modern source.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This corresponds to a CO 2 sequestration rate of ~39 800 t CO 2 /yr in the upper 10 cm of tailings, or ~11% of annual mine emissions.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 7.2.1. Mineral dissolution and hydromagnesite precipitation rates
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Storage of CO 2 in carbonate minerals has been recognized as a safe and effective method for mitigating rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases (Seifritz, 1990;Lackner et al., 1995;Lackner, 2003).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although technologically feasible, the financial viability of this approach to carbon mineralization is currently limited by low carbon prices (Power et al., 2013;Power et al., in review).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Power et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Power et al., in review
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Background contamination, from preparation of graphite targets, was determined from analyses of 14 C-free coal and wood and was subtracted from sample data.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 3.5. Radiocarbon procedures
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Probably not a substantial claim.
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In the paper
“Eight replicate analyses were done to assess reproducibility of radiocarbon data.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 3.5. Radiocarbon procedures
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A random number generator was used to select subsets of samples collected from 5 m x 5 m and 10 m x 10 m grids for quantitative phase analysis.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 3.2. Quantitative X-ray powder diffraction and Rietveld refinement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Qualitative XRD was done on acid-treated specimens of mine tailings prior to stable isotopic analyses to confirm mineralogy.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 3.4. Stable isotopic methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the time of fieldwork, large regions of TSF2 were saturated with process water, making these regions of the tailings facility inaccessible for sampling.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 2.2. Strategy for sampling at Mount Keith
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Weathering of these minerals in nature is generally a slow process and high temperatures and pressures are needed to induce carbon mineralization reactions on the short timescales (i.e., hours) required for development and deployment of industrial carbonation reactors (Sipilä et al., 2008;Zevenhoven et al. 2011).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sipilä et al., 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zevenhoven et al. 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the time of sampling, tailings in the interior of TSF2 (along the radial access road, Fig. 1a) had last been deposited approximately zero or one half years prior to collection.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 2.1. The Mount Keith Nickel Mine
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To the best of our knowledge, all of the tailings (at the surface and at depth) sampled from the overflow cells around the exterior of TSF2 are of a specific age (either one, three, or between seven and eight years).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 2.2. Strategy for sampling at Mount Keith
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Samples for Rietveld refinement were selected to optimize coverage of the accessible regions of the tailings storage facility.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 3.2. Quantitative X-ray powder diffraction and Rietveld refinement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eighteen replicate analyses were done to assess reproducibility of the data.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 3.4. Stable isotopic methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that both halite and hydromagnesite remain saturated within tailings and are therefore relatively stable following burial under fresh tailings.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.1. Mineralogical change and formation of hydromagnesite 6.1.1. Occurrence of efflorescent minerals
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These observations are consistent with ore mineralogy (Grguric, 2003).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.1. Qualitative mineralogy of Mount Keith mine tailings
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Grguric, 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Efflorescences of sulfate minerals commonly form at the surface of mine tailings during dry conditions or in arid climates, and are leached from tailings during rainfall events (Jambor et al., 2000).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.1. Qualitative mineralogy of Mount Keith mine tailings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jambor et al., 2000 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While hydromagnesite is most abundant near tailings surfaces, observations of hydromagnesite in deep, sandy horizons suggests that it may continue to precipitate or become reworked at depth.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.2. Occurrence of hydromagnesite mineralization
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mount Keith experiences an average pan evaporation of 2,400 mm/yr and limited rainfall (220 mm/yr on average), most of which is lost to evapotranspiration (Stolberg 2005).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.3. Consequences of timing and depth of tailings deposition for hydromagnesite formation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Stolberg 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hydromagnesite was present within the anoxic samples from sites 1 and 30 at abundances comparable to those in the unsaturated zone, suggesting that hydromagnesite is relatively insoluble within the saturated zone of TSF2 and would persist at depth following burial.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.3. Consequences of timing and depth of tailings deposition for hydromagnesite formation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalence of desiccation cracks at tailings surfaces, the preservation of infilled desiccation features at depth, and the higher abundance of hydromagnesite within deep samples such as 06MKP1-8 and 06MKP1-15 indicate that the horizons from which they were taken were once exposed at the surface.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.2. Occurrence of hydromagnesite mineralization
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, the deep deposits that surround risers are not typical of all regions within TSF2, which suggests that depths on the order of meters are more common than those on the order of decameters.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.3. Consequences of timing and depth of tailings deposition for hydromagnesite formation
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Stolberg (2005) gives values of 3.0 to 3.8 m for the depth of the tailings deposited near the center of Cell 2 in the now unused TSF1 (i.e., the rightmost cell in Fig. 1a) and values as high as 10 m for the depth of tailings near discharge points along the perimeter of Cell 2.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.3. Consequences of timing and depth of tailings deposition for hydromagnesite formation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Stolberg (2005)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The hydration states of sulfate minerals are strongly dependent on temperature and relative humidity (e.g., Chou andSeal, 2003, 2007;Chipera and Vaniman, 2007) and double salts are known to decompose to single salts (e.g., konyaite and blödite may decompose to produce thenardite, hexahydrite and amorphous phases; Mills et al., 2010).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.1. Qualitative mineralogy of Mount Keith mine tailings
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The location of the watertable within most regions of TSF2 was difficult to assess by coring; however, the water table was observed at an elevation of 524.3 m above sea level at both sampling site 30 and at the water return pond (sampling site 25).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 4.3. Consequences of timing and depth of tailings deposition for hydromagnesite formation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MIN3P includes advective-diffusive transport in the aqueous phase, and diffusive gas transport.As such, it is well suited for simulation of carbon mineralization in variably saturated mine tailings.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 3.6. Reactive transport model description
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reservoir corrections were made to F 14 C values using 13 C data collected with the SSAMS.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 3.5. Radiocarbon procedures
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The formation of halide crusts within tailings in arid climates is known to result from strong capillary transport of aqueous species toward tailings surfaces (Dold, 2006).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.1. Mineralogical change and formation of hydromagnesite 6.1.1. Occurrence of efflorescent minerals
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dold, 2006 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Oxidized sewage organic matter may act as a source of carbon for carbonate mineral precipitation in mine tailings (Wilson et al., 2011).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wilson et al., 2011 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“XRD techniques are well suited to identifying and quantifying carbonate minerals, but these techniques cannot discern which minerals are trapping and storing atmospheric CO 2 nor to what extent CO 2 is being sequestered.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2. Carbon reservoir fingerprinting
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Agnew and Taylor (2000) found that CO 2 concentrations in pore spaces beneath a crust of hydrated Fe-sulfate minerals at the Elura Ag-Pb-Zn Mine near Booroondarra, New South Wales, Australia, were up to 10 times that of atmospheric CO 2 .”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.1. Mineralogical change and formation of hydromagnesite 6.1.1. Occurrence of efflorescent minerals
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Agnew and Taylor, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Acero et al. (2007Acero et al. ( , 2009) ) demonstrate that the formation of efflorescent crusts of sulfate minerals reduces the permeability of mine tailings, which limits gas exchange with the atmosphere”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.1. Mineralogical change and formation of hydromagnesite 6.1.1. Occurrence of efflorescent minerals
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Neither the equilibrium carbon isotopic fractionation factor for hydromagnesite-CO 2 nor for hydromagnesite-HCO 3 is known; however, the fractionation factor for dypingite [Mg 5 (CO 3 ) 4 (OH) 2 •5H 2 O], a structurally and chemically related mineral, has been estimated to be 10 3 lnα dypingite-HCO3-= (3.8 ± 1.2)‰ between 20˚C and 25˚C (Wilson et al., 2010).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wilson et al., 2010 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The undetectable quantities of sulfide minerals and high abundances of carbonate minerals within both fresh and weathered tailings suggest that neither process is significant at Mount Keith.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.1. Mineralogical change and formation of hydromagnesite 6.1.1. Occurrence of efflorescent minerals
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The temperature dependence of the fractionation factor of dypingite is not known; however, values for equilibrium precipitation of carbonate minerals are known to increase in value with decreasing temperature and vice versa (Chacko et al., 2001).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chacko et al., 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only limited dissolution of calcite may be occurring, which indicates that bedrock carbonate minerals are not a significant source of carbon and magnesium in secondary hydromagnesite.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.1.2. Relationship of hydromagnesite to primary gangue minerals
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The observed carbon isotopic signature of DIC in process and tailings water may reflect (1) kinetic depletion of 13 C during diffusion of atmospheric CO 2 into solution”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous studies have also shown that efflorescent crusts may trap and concentrate upward diffusing gases such as CO 2 in pore spaces near tailings surfaces”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.1. Mineralogical change and formation of hydromagnesite 6.1.1. Occurrence of efflorescent minerals
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Blowes et al., 1991 source
- Not matchedcites Tasse et al., 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Agnew and Taylor, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although results are consistent with precipitation of hydromagnesite in equilibrium with process water and DIC, the ultimate source of carbon in DIC is not apparent from stable isotope data.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stable and radiogenic carbon and stable oxygen isotope data can be used to: (1) identify the sources for CO 2 stored in carbonate minerals, (2) elucidate the mechanisms by which minerals form, and (3) trace the processes by which carbon is cycled.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2. Carbon reservoir fingerprinting
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the near-constant abundance of less resistant bedrock carbonate minerals and the increasing abundance of hydromagnesite toward the surface of the tailings is very strong evidence that bedrock carbonate minerals are not being dissolved and remineralized as hydromagnesite in TSF2.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.1.2. Relationship of hydromagnesite to primary gangue minerals
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Hydromagnesite also dissolves rapidly in 5% acetic acid (Wilson et al., 2009a), an acid that has little effect on calcite”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.1.2. Relationship of hydromagnesite to primary gangue minerals
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wilson et al., 2009a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These values are higher than expected for bedrock magnesite at Mount Keith, which should not contain detectable 14 C.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Hydromagnesite represents the dominant mineral phase in these modern lacustrine environments, but magnesite is observed at the surface of the playas during the summer months and may be a product of the decomposition of hydromagnesite.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The decomposition of hydromagnesite to magnesite has been observed in hydromagnesite playas on the Cariboo Plateau, interior British Columbia, Canada”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These observations are consistent with the results of previous isotopic studies, which conclude that dissolution of bedrock carbonate minerals does not contribute significantly to production of secondary Mg-carbonate minerals in neutral to alkaline mining environments”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wilson et al., 2009a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wilson et al., 2011 source
- Not matchedcites Beinlich and Austrheim, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alternatively, the finely intergrown nature of secondary hydromagnesite (i.e., as a cement between grains of primary tailings minerals) may be preventing complete reaction with phosphoric acid during sample processing.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This offsetting represents a non-trivial financial benefit of $1.7M to $5.7M (AUD) per year, which translates to a lifetime value of $51M to $170M for a mine, such as Mount Keith, that has a 30-year operational lifetime.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 9. Geoengineering carbon neutral mines
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This represents an offsetting of approximately 1.5% of global annual greenhouse gas emissions (Power et al., 2013) or 16% of one carbon stabilization wedge (after Pacala and Socolow, 2004).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 9. Geoengineering carbon neutral mines
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Power et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pacala and Socolow, 2004 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Measurement errors (as 2) are typically smaller than the symbols employed.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 9. Geoengineering carbon neutral mines
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This exceeds the annual emissions of the mine by more than a factor of ten and represents more than a 100fold increase of sequestration capacity over the current, passive rate of carbon mineralization (39 800 t/yr or approximately 11% of emissions).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 9. Geoengineering carbon neutral mines
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this case, the mixing trend for magnesite in Fig. 9 could result from precipitation of hydromagnesite and its decomposition to magnesite.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, we interpret this trend as an artifact of the technique used for sample preparation, which suggests that some F 14 C values obtained for hydromagnesite are underestimated.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Values for F 14 C are corrected for machine fractionation using AMS results for 13 C.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 9. Geoengineering carbon neutral mines
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although radiocarbon data clearly identify a predominantly atmospheric source for carbon, 13 C data indicate only that hydromagnesite is precipitating in equilibrium with DIC, but out of equilibrium with atmospheric CO 2 gas.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, brucite dissolution is sufficient to account for the abundance of hydromagnesite observed (Fig. 4), suggesting that brucite is the primary source of magnesium for carbon mineralization.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 7.2.1. Mineral dissolution and hydromagnesite precipitation rates
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The sample of soda ash has F 14 C = 0.052, which could reflect sourcing of this process additive from a Quaternary evaporite deposit (Warren, 2006).”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Warren, 2006 source
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, although hydromagnesite at Mount Keith acts as a store for atmospheric CO 2 , this is not immediately apparent due to the impact of diffusion on the 13 C values of DIC.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 6.2.1. Fingerprinting with stable isotopes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Field observations suggest that formation of hydromagnesite is promoted by evaporation and proceeds primarily within the upper 25 cm of tailings.”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 7.1. Reactive transport model description and initial conditions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Mine tailings mineral content is generally heterogeneous because ore mineralogy, processing procedures, and tailings management practices change frequently.
“The mineral content of mine tailings is generally heterogeneous due to frequent changes in ore mineralogy, processing procedures, and tailings management practices.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The mineralogy of tailings piles changes over time as tailings react with the atmosphere and with meteoric and process waters to form secondary mineral phases.
“The mineralogy of tailings piles also changes with time as tailings react with the atmosphere and meteoric and process waters to produce secondary mineral phases.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The tailings samples collected along the accessible paths and perimeter are representative of the entire TSF2 and can be used to estimate total CO2 fixation at Mount Keith.
“In order to compensate for incomplete access to the tailings at Mount Keith, sampling of the main tailings storage facility (TSF2) was carried out along a radial maintenance road and around the perimeter of the roughly circular facility (Fig. 1a).”
“Samples were collected at random intervals along these two paths in TSF2.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Tailings process water, derived from local groundwater, has a minimum δ18O VSMOW value of about -7‰.
“assuming tailings process water, derived from local groundwater, has a minimum value of δ 18 O VSMOW ≈ -7‰”
The paper relies on this without support.
The atmosphere is the only large reservoir of modern carbon at Mount Keith.
“The only known large reservoir for modern carbon at Mount Keith is the atmosphere”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The carbon isotope fractionation factor of dypingite can be used to represent hydromagnesite precipitation fields.
“we have used the fractionation factor for dypingite to define fields for precipitation of hydromagnesite in equilibrium with atmospheric CO 2”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Any lateral process water flux is primarily driven by the elevation change across the TSF2 storage facility.
“Assuming any lateral process water flux is primarily driven by the change in elevation (~14-16 m) across the 4600-meter diameter storage facility”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The rate at which CO2 can be supplied is the limiting factor for the effectiveness of injecting DIC-charged water, air or flue gas.
“Assuming that the rate of CO 2 supply is the limiting factor”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Aqueous-phase flow is governed by Darcy's law and driven by the natural elevation gradient at Mount Keith.
“and that flow is governed by Darcy's law and driven by the natural elevation gradient at Mount Keith”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Brucite at depth in TSF2 was exposed to the atmosphere for a shorter time, limiting its dissolution before sampling.
“where it presumably was exposed to the atmosphere for a shorter duration, thereby limiting the extent of its dissolution prior to sampling”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The atmosphere has the most significant influence on the energy balance of the tailings.
“Because the atmosphere was deemed to have the most significant influence on the energy balance”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For example, passive carbonation at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine in Western Australia is limited by CO2 supply as evidenced by experiments mimicking pore water chemistry and stable carbon and isotopes of carbonates from the site [76].”
From Integrated Mineral Carbonation of Ultramafic Mine Deposits—A Review (2018) · cites this paper as [76]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Field studies have demonstrated that certain mines can offset approximately one-tenth of their annual CO2 emissions through passive carbonation of tailings [76].”
From Integrated Mineral Carbonation of Ultramafic Mine Deposits—A Review (2018) · cites this paper as [76]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In fact, some wastes containing more reactive minerals are sufficiently reactive to passively draw down CO2 from the ambient air, as evidenced by mine tailings [8,9] and demolition wastes [10].”
From Carbon Mineralization with North American PGM Mine Tailings—Characterization and Reactivity Analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Carbonation appears to decrease with depth, likely due to the isolation of materials from the atmosphere; therefore, management that increases atmospheric exposure (e.g., through appropriate planting that takes CO 2 to depth via plant root systems and associated metabolism) is likely to increase carbonation rates throughout the site.14,45,46”
From Rapid Removal of Atmospheric CO2 by Urban Soils (2015) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“Although these strategies have proven effective in laboratory-scale studies (e.g., [13,15,19,28,32,33]), pilot projects are crucially needed to evaluate strategies for accelerating carbon mineralization, which if successful and cost effective could be incorporated into TSF design with the purpose of sequestering CO 2 .”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Passive carbonation has been documented at Clinton Creek [18,20], Diavik [17,21], and Mount Keith [11,19] as well as other abandoned and active mine sites in Canada, United States, Australia, and Norway [24,26,30,42].”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Passive carbonation rates of 2400 g CO 2 /m 2 /year are estimated at Mount Keith in an operational central discharge TSF [19], which offsets annual mine emissions by ~11% [19].”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Passive carbonation rates of 2400 g CO 2 /m 2 /year are estimated at Mount Keith in an operational central discharge TSF [19], which offsets annual mine emissions by ~11% [19].”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“This is likely due to the relatively slow gas to solution transfer and hydration of CO 2(aq) [77], and the limited ingress of atmospheric CO 2 into tailings [19].”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Altering tailing deposition practices could significantly increase rates of passive carbonation by increasing the exposure of tailings to atmospheric CO 2 [19].”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Carbonation could be further enhanced by circulation of air throughout tailings piles to increase the exposure of reactive phases to CO 2 [19].”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“The majority of hydromagnesite precipitation at Mount Keith results from reaction of brucite with dissolved atmospheric CO 2 near the surface of the TSF (<25 cm depth) [19].”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Sampling involved collection of grab samples (e.g., 50 to 500 g) of tailings from the surface and at depth (e.g., augering), which are adequate for most analyses [17,19,20].”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [19]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Enhancing the rate of carbon mineralization at Mount Keith to completely carbonate the brucite within tailings would offset between 20 and 60% of the mine's emissions (i.e., 20-60% of 370 kt/yr CO 2 equivalent emissions; Harrison et al., 2013).This offsetting represents a non-trivial financial benefit of $1.7M to $5.7M (AUD) per year”
§ Passive offsetting of CO 2 emissions at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: A basis for geoengineering carbon neutral mines > 9. Geoengineering carbon neutral mines
Reported 5700000 · recomputed 5106000
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“One of the biggest challenges of passive mineralisation is that the natural weathering reactions of silicate minerals happen very slowly [51,52].”
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Lu, X., Dipple, G. M., & Pawlik, M. (2025) · Applied Clay Science · doi:10.1016/j.clay.2025.107777 · Cited by 1
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Oguntuyaki, T. A., & Morrill, P. L. (2025) · International journal of greenhouse gas control · doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104444 · Cited by 1
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Self-citationAssessing urban green roofs for CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering in Europe
Bullock, L. A., Pokharel, R., Lewis, A., Laarhuis, P.-P., van der Luijt, R., Mendez, Q. R., Fuss, S., & Benavente, D. (2026) · Environmental Advances · doi:10.1016/j.envadv.2026.100708 · Cited by 1
Mineral carbonation: Processes, mechanisms, and its role in the carbon–hydrogen cycle
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“Table S1: Stable and radiogenic isotope data for carbonate minerals and DIC from Mount Keith (TSF2 and TSF1) [87]; Table S2: The Sr and C isotopes from the carbonatites derived from the mantle [88–95]; Table S3: The Sr and C isotopes from the Panxi mafic intrusion [66,96–98].”
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Clean Energy Technology Applications on US Mine Land: Technical Analysis
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MethodFormation and evolution of carbonate phases upon accelerated carbonation of Mg-oxides and silicates
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Urban Green Roofs for CO2 Removal via Enhanced Rock Weathering in EuropePreprint
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“Despite their compositional heterogeneity, these materials are frequently enriched in magnesium, iron-and calcium-bearing minerals, which provide substantial potential for carbon sequestration (Power et al., 2013; Wilson et al., 2014).”
Hydromagnesite on Earth and Mars
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Wilson, S., Harrison, A. L., Dipple, G. M., Power, I. M., Barker, S. L. L., Ulrich Mayer, K., Fallon, S. J., Raudsepp, M., & Southam, G.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- University of Waikato (NZ)
- Australian National University (AU)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Wilson, Sasha
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-06
- Volume
- 25
- Pages
- 121-140
- ISSN
- 1750-5836 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2037180886
- Cited by
- 181
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 6.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- International journal of greenhouse gas control (publishedVersion)
- Research Commons (University of Waikato) (submittedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- University of British Columbia
- BHP Billiton
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Tailings Management and Properties
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Mine drainage and remediation techniques
- Keywords
- CO2 sequestration, mine tailings, hydromagnesite, carbon mineralization, enhanced weathering, nickel mining, radiocarbon dating, carbon and oxygen isotopes, CO2 fixation, carbon offsetting, greenhouse gas emissions, tailings management, reactive transport modeling, carbonation kinetics
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