Reactive transport modeling of natural carbon sequestration in ultramafic mine tailings
Open accessAbstract
Atmospheric CO 2 is naturally sequestered in ultramafic mine tailings as a result of the weathering of serpentine minerals [Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 ] and brucite [Mg(OH) 2 ], and subsequent mineralization of CO 2 in hydrated magnesium carbonate minerals, such as hydromagnesite [Mg 5 (CO 3 ) 4 (OH) 2 ·4H 2 O]. Understanding the CO 2 trapping mechanisms is key to evaluating the capacity of such tailings for carbon sequestration. Natural CO 2 sequestration in subaerially exposed ultramafic tailings at a mine site near Mount Keith, Australia is assessed with a process‐based reactive transport model. The model formulation includes unsaturated flow, equations accounting for energy balance and vapor diffusion, fully coupled with solute transport, gas diffusion, and geochemical reactions. Atmospheric boundary conditions accounting for the effect of climate variations are also included. Kinetic dissolution of serpentine, dissolution‐precipitation of brucite and primary carbonates—calcite (CaCO 3 ), dolomite [MgCa(CO 3 ) 2 ], magnesite (MgCO 3 ), as well as the formation of hydromagnesite, halite (NaCl), gypsum (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O), blödite [Na 2 Mg(SO 4 ) 2 ·4H 2 O], and epsomite [MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O]—are considered. Simulation results are consistent with field observations and mineralogical data from tailings that weathered for 10 yr. Precipitation of hydromagnesite is both predicted and observed, and is mainly controlled by the dissolution of serpentine (the source of Mg) and equilibrium with CO 2 ingressing from the atmosphere. The predicted rate for CO 2 entrapment in these tailings ranges between 0.6 and 1 kg m −2 yr −1 . However, modeling results suggest that this rate is sensitive to CO 2 ingress through the mineral waste and may be enhanced by several mechanisms, including atmospheric pumping.
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Sulfate minerals are absent from tailings in the non-operational TSF1 at Mount Keith.
“Bea et al. (2012) demonstrate that sulfate minerals are absent from tailings in the non-operational TSF1 at Mount Keith.”
From Offsetting of CO2 emissions by air capture in mine tailings at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: Rates, controls and prospects for carbon neutral mining (2014) · cites this paper as Bea et al., 2012
The Mineralogy of Mount Keith Tailings section says sulfate minerals occur in surface efflorescences and are less common in TSF1 than in TSF2—not absent from TSF1. It specifies that they are restricted to the upper few centimeters of the tailings deposit. The Model Parameters section says TSF1 operated from 1994 to 1996 and was sampled in 2006, consistent with its being non-operational at sampling. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMIN3P was modified by Bea et al. (2012) to better represent dynamic atmospheric conditions by incorporating energy balance equations and vapour transport.
“MIN3P was recently modified by Bea et al. (2012) to better represent the influence of dynamic atmospheric conditions on reaction progress by incorporating energy balance equations and vapour transport.”
From Offsetting of CO2 emissions by air capture in mine tailings at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: Rates, controls and prospects for carbon neutral mining (2014) · cites this paper as Bea et al., 2012
The Model Development section says this work further enhanced MIN3P with water-vapor diffusion and atmospheric boundary conditions, supporting the claim about representing dynamic atmospheric conditions. It says the energy balance equation had already been implemented in work cited as Bea et al. (2011), rather than being incorporated as part of this 2012 work. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn situ carbonation of mineral waste from ultramafic mines has been documented previously.
“In situ carbonation of the mineral waste from ultramafic mines has been documented previously (Wilson et al., 2006(Wilson et al., , 2009a(Wilson et al., ,b, 2011;;Pronost et al., 2012;Bea et al., 2012;Beinlich and Austrheim, 2012), but systematic measurement and modeling of this phenomenon have not previously been attempted on the scale of a large operating tailings facility.”
From Offsetting of CO2 emissions by air capture in mine tailings at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: Rates, controls and prospects for carbon neutral mining (2014) · cites this paper as Bea et al., 2012
Systematic measurement and modeling of in situ carbonation of mineral waste from ultramafic mines had not previously been attempted on the scale of a large operating tailings facility.
“In situ carbonation of the mineral waste from ultramafic mines has been documented previously (Wilson et al., 2006(Wilson et al., , 2009a(Wilson et al., ,b, 2011;;Pronost et al., 2012;Bea et al., 2012;Beinlich and Austrheim, 2012), but systematic measurement and modeling of this phenomenon have not previously been attempted on the scale of a large operating tailings facility.”
From Offsetting of CO2 emissions by air capture in mine tailings at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: Rates, controls and prospects for carbon neutral mining (2014) · cites this paper as Bea et al., 2012
Secondary efflorescent minerals are more likely to form in an evaporative horizon at the contact between tailings and the atmosphere.
“secondary efflorescent minerals are more likely to form within an evaporative horizon at the contact between tailings and the atmosphere”
From Offsetting of CO2 emissions by air capture in mine tailings at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: Rates, controls and prospects for carbon neutral mining (2014) · cites this paper as Bea et al., 2012
Brucite carbonation has been documented in TSF1 tailings at Mount Keith and in a sub-arctic mine shaft.
“Bea et al. (2012) and Beinlich and Austrheim (2012) have also documented brucite carbonation in mine tailings from TSF1 at Mount Keith and in a sub-arctic mine shaft, respectively.”
From Offsetting of CO2 emissions by air capture in mine tailings at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: Rates, controls and prospects for carbon neutral mining (2014) · cites this paper as Bea et al., 2012
Trends of decreasing primary gangue mineral abundance can be caused by dilution as secondary minerals precipitate from tailings water, solutes, and atmospheric gases.
“Bea et al. (2012) have shown that such trends can be caused by dilution of primary gangue minerals as secondary minerals precipitate from tailings water, solutes and atmospheric gases.”
From Offsetting of CO2 emissions by air capture in mine tailings at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: Rates, controls and prospects for carbon neutral mining (2014) · cites this paper as Bea et al., 2012
Passive carbonation of ultramafic tailings has been documented at several sites under normal mining conditions.
“As an indication of their reactivity, passive carbonation of ultramafic tailings has been documented at several sites under normal mining conditions [11,17,18,20,21,24,26,30].”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
Passive carbonation has been documented at Clinton Creek, Diavik, Mount Keith, and other abandoned and active mine sites in Canada, United States, Australia, and Norway.
“Passive carbonation has been documented at Clinton Creek [18,20], Diavik [17,21], and Mount Keith [11,19] as well as other abandoned and active mine sites in Canada, United States, Australia, and Norway [24,26,30,42].”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
Mineral dissolution rates are significantly increased due to the high reactive surface area of tailings compared to natural bedrock, providing Mg in solution available for carbonation.
“Mineral dissolution rates are significantly increased due to the high reactive surface area of tailings in comparison to natural bedrock, which provides Mg in solution that is available for carbonation (e.g., [11]).”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
Metastable phases including lansfordite, nesquehonite, dypingite, and hydromagnesite typically form from weathering of ultramafic mine tailings.
“Thus, metastable phases including lansfordite [MgCO 3 •5H 2 O], nesquehonite [MgCO 3 •3H 2 O], dypingite [Mg 5 (CO 3 ) 4 (OH) 2 •5H 2 O], and hydromagnesite typically form from weathering of ultramafic mine tailings [11,18,20,21,26].”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
Passive carbonation under normal mining conditions is limited by the supply of CO2.
“Passive carbonation under normal mining conditions is limited by the supply of CO 2 [11,16]; however, conditions could arise in an acceleration scenario in which mineral dissolution or carbonate precipitation become rate limiting.”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
The reactivity of ultramafic mine waste is enhanced by increased surface area due to mineral processing, yet dissolution rates remain sluggish at the alkaline pH of process waters.
“The reactivity of ultramafic mine waste is enhanced by increased surface area due to mineral processing, yet dissolution rates remain sluggish at the alkaline pH of process waters [11,38,[52][53][54][55].”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Bea, S. A., Wilson, S. A., Mayer, K. U., Dipple, G. M., Power, I. M., & Gamazo, P.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Universidad de la República de Uruguay (UY)
- Corresponding author
- Bea, S.A.
- Venue
- Vadose Zone Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-05
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 1539-1663 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1965337882
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 7.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Vadose Zone Journal (publishedVersion)
- CONICET Digital (CONICET) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Mine drainage and remediation techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Tailings Management and Properties
- Keywords
- CO2 mineralization, reactive transport modeling, unsaturated flow, gas diffusion, magnesium carbonate minerals, mineral dissolution kinetics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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