Development of solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) containing asiatic acid for topical treatment of acne: Characterization, stability, in vitro and in vivo anti-acne assessment
Abstract
Solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) represent a promising approach for drug delivery in anti-acne applications. In this study, asiatic acid-loaded SLMs (AASLMs) were prepared by melt emulsification method in conjunction with freeze-drying. Comprehensive evaluations comprised particle size, %entrapment efficiency (%EE), %labeled amount (%LA), surface morphology, stability, %release, %skin permeation, and anti-acne activity. The AASLMs exhibited an average particle size ranging from 7.46 to 38.86 µm, with %EE and %LA falling within the range of 31.56 to 100.00 and 90.43 to 95.38, respectively. The AASLMs demonstrated a spherical shape under scanning electron microscopy, and maintained stability over a 3-month period. Notably, formulations with 10 % and 15 % cetyl alcohol stabilized with poloxamer-188 (specifically F6 and F12) displayed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 75 mg/ml against Cutibacterium acnes. Furthermore, F12 exhibited a higher %release and %skin permeation compared to F6 over 24 h. In a single-blind clinical trial involving fifteen participants with mild-to-moderate acne, F12 showcased its potential not only in reducing porphyrin intensity and enhancing skin barriers but also in significantly improving skin hydration and brightness. However, further investigations with larger subject cohorts encompassing diverse age groups and genders are necessary to thoroughly establish the performance of the developed AASLMs.
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The antimicrobial and anti-acne potential of asiatic acid against C. acnes and S. aureus, coupled with its ability to inhibit STAT3-linked inflammation, positions C. asiatica favorably for managing acne-prone skin.
“Furthermore, the antimicrobial and anti-acne potential of asiatic acid, particularly against C. acnes and S. aureus, coupled with its ability to inhibit STAT3-linked inflammation, positions C. asiatica favorably for managing acne-prone skin (Chutoprapat et al. 2024; Wu et al. 2025).”
From Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. in skin health and cosmeceuticals: mechanisms, clinical evidence, and advanced delivery systems (2025) · cites this paper as Chutoprapat et al. 2024
Triterpenoid saponins from C. asiatica, upon hydrolysis, yield aglycones that promote collagen and hyaluronic acid synthesis, exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-elastase activities, and possess antioxidative properties critical for scar control and anti-aging benefits.
“Central to the pharmacological activity of C. asiatica are triterpenoid saponins, which upon hydrolysis yield aglycones that promote collagen and hyaluronic acid synthesis, exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-elastase activities, and possess antioxidative properties critical for scar control and anti-aging benefits (Shen et al. 2019; Kim et al. 2021; Chutoprapat et al. 2024; Zhang et al. 2024; Alam”
From Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. in skin health and cosmeceuticals: mechanisms, clinical evidence, and advanced delivery systems (2025) · cites this paper as Chutoprapat et al. 2024
SLNs, NLCs, nanoemulgels, and SLMs have been extensively utilized to encapsulate C. asiatica actives.
“Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), nanoemulgels, and solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) have been extensively utilized to encapsulate C. asiatica actives.”
From Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. in skin health and cosmeceuticals: mechanisms, clinical evidence, and advanced delivery systems (2025) · cites this paper as Chutoprapat et al. 2024
SLMs tailored for acne treatment improved asiatic acid stability and showed controlled release and anti-acne effects in vitro and in vivo.
“SLMs, tailored for acne treatment, improved asiatic acid stability and showed controlled release and anti-acne effects in vitro and in vivo (Chutoprapat et al. 2024).”
From Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. in skin health and cosmeceuticals: mechanisms, clinical evidence, and advanced delivery systems (2025) · cites this paper as Chutoprapat et al. 2024
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Skin Permeation of Urea Under Finite Dose Condition
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An Extensive Review of Face Powder Formulation Considerations
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Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 109 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
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Targeting Acne: Development of Monensin-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
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Acne: epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, management and cutting-edge research
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- Authors
- Chutoprapat, R., Witarat, J., Jongpanyangarm, P., Mang Sung Thluai, L., Khankaew, P., & Wah Chan, L.
- Affiliations
- Chulalongkorn University (TH)
- Corresponding author
- Chutoprapat, Romchat
- ORCID
- Chutoprapat, Romchat
- Venue
- International Journal of Pharmaceutics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-04
- Volume
- 654
- Pages
- 123980
- ISSN
- 0378-5173 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4392563573
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6
- FWCI
- 1.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Pharmaceutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Acne and Rosacea Treatments and Effects
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Keywords
- solid lipid microparticles, asiatic acid, acne, topical drug delivery, Propionibacterium acnes, poloxamer 188, cetyl alcohol, skin permeation, encapsulation efficiency, freeze-drying, clinical trials, skin hydration, skin barrier
- MeSH terms
- Acne Vulgaris, Drug Carriers, Female, Humans, Lipids, Male, Particle Size, Single-Blind Method, Drug Delivery Systems, Pentacyclic Triterpenes
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