Treatment and post-treatment effects of functional therapy on the sagittal pharyngeal dimensions in class II subjects
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the craniofacial changes induced by functional appliances with special regard to the oro and nasopharyngeal sagittal airway dimensions in subjects with dentoskeletal Class II malocclusions when compared with an untreated Class II control group immediately after therapy and at long-term observation.Methods A group of 40 patients (21 females and 19 males) with Class II malocclusion treated consecutively either with a Bionator or an Activator followed by fixed appliances was compared with a matched control group of 31 subjects (16 females and 15 males) with untreated Class II malocclusion. The treated sample was evaluated at T1, start of treatment (mean age: 9.9 ± 1.4 years); T2, end of functional treatment and prior to fixed appliances (mean age: 11.9 ± 1.3 years); and T3, long-term observation at the end of growth (mean age: 18.2 ± 2.1 years). Statistical comparisons were performed with independent sample t tests at T1 (baseline characteristics) and for the T1-T2, T2-T3, and T1-T3 changes.Results During active treatment the treated group showed a significant increment in lower airway dimension (PNS-AD1), as well as a significant improvement in the upper airway dimension (PNS-AD2). A significant decrease in the upper adenoid size (AD2-H) was also found. In the longterm evaluation, a significant increase in both lower and upper airway thickness (PNS-AD1; PNS-AD2) and a significant decrease in the upper adenoid thickness were still present in the treated group.Conclusion The treatment with functional appliances produced significant favorable changes during active treatment in the oro- and nasopharyngeal sagittal airway dimensions in dentoskeletal Class II subjects when compared with untreated controls, and these changes were stable in the long-term.
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Maxillary constriction and skeletal class II with retruded small mandible and hyperdivergent pattern have been widely accepted as dominant risk factors of OSA.
“Maxillary constriction and skeletal class II with retruded small mandible and hyperdivergent pattern have been widely accepted as dominant risk factors of OSA.32, 33, 34”
From Effectiveness of functional orthodontic appliances in obstructive sleep apnea treatment in children: literature review (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
Growing adolescents with skeletal class II malocclusions treated with functional appliances demonstrated an increase in pharyngeal airway dimensions of the oropharyngeal region, and such changes were consistently maintained even after growth completion.
“Growing adolescents with skeletal class II malocclusions treated with functional appliances demonstrated an increase in pharyngeal airway dimensions of the oropharyngeal region, and such changes were consistently maintained even after growth completion.32, 38”
From Effectiveness of functional orthodontic appliances in obstructive sleep apnea treatment in children: literature review (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
Removable functional appliances can help improve the permeability of the upper airway during sleep, widening and decreasing the collapse of the upper airway, thus increasing its muscle tone.
“Removable functional appliances can help improve the permeability of the upper airway during sleep, widening and decreasing the collapse of the upper airway, thus increasing its muscle tone.32”
From Effectiveness of functional orthodontic appliances in obstructive sleep apnea treatment in children: literature review (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
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- Authors
- Pavoni, C., Cretella Lombardo, E., Franchi, L., Lione, R., & Cozza, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pavoni, Chiara
- Venue
- International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-10
- Volume
- 101
- Pages
- 47-50
- ISSN
- 0165-5876 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2098369676
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 3.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Orthodontics › Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Craniofacial Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Nasal Surgery and Airway Studies
- Keywords
- Class II malocclusion, functional orthodontic appliances, Bionator, activators, nasopharyngeal airway, oropharyngeal airway, adenoid size, craniofacial changes
- MeSH terms
- Activator Appliances, Cephalometry, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Malocclusion, Angle Class II, Mandible, Maxilla, Pharynx
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