The DOI matches its Crossref record; 336 of the 336 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Immunology of COVID-19: Current State of the Science
Open accessAbstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected millions of people worldwide, igniting an unprecedented effort from the scientific community to understand the biological underpinning of COVID19 pathophysiology. In this Review, we summarize the current state of knowledge of innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection and the immunological pathways that likely contribute to disease severity and death. We also discuss the rationale and clinical outcome of current therapeutic strategies as well as prospective clinical trials to prevent or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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“Among them, IL-6 is a major player in chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, cancer and cytokine storm (1, 3, 10–26).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
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“ARDS in COVID-19 is considered the result of cytokine storm (12–17), resembling the disease caused by SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (335).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
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“Consistent with the notion that severe COVID-19 is a cytokine storm syndrome (12–17, 336), the severity of COVID-19 is associated with an increased level of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and TNFα (333, 337).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“There is currently no defined correlate of protection against COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 infection, and as such the immunological thresholds required for vaccine efficacy have not yet been defined163.”
From Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans (2021) · cites this paper as [163]
In the citing paper
“the host itself seems to be the major factor explaining disease severity, infection rates (Merad and Martin, 2020; Vabret et al., 2020), and long-term medical consequences (Marshall, 2020).”
From COVID-19 and the human innate immune system (2021) · cites this paper as Vabret et al., 2020
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Primary CD8 + T-Cell Response to Soluble Ovalbumin Is Improved by Chloroquine Treatment In Vivo
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γδ T Cells Provide Protective Function in Highly Pathogenic Avian H5N1 Influenza A Virus Infection
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TNFR2/BIRC3-TRAF1 signaling pathway as a novel NK cell immune checkpoint in cancer
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Acute Myocardial Injury of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019Preprint
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HTCC as a highly effective polymeric inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoVPreprint
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The IMPDH inhibitor merimepodib suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitroPreprint
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
RETRACTED: 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study
Huang, C., Huang, L., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Gu, X., Kang, L., Guo, L., Liu, M., Zhou, X., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32656-8 · Cited by 4,084
RetractedRydyznski Moderbacher, C., Ramirez, S. I., Dan, J. M., Grifoni, A., Hastie, K. M., Weiskopf, D., Belanger, S., Abbott, R. K., Kim, C., Choi, J., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.038 · Cited by 1,790
COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses
Sahin, U., Muik, A., Derhovanessian, E., Vogler, I., Kranz, L. M., Vormehr, M., Baum, A., Pascal, K., Quandt, J., Maurus, D., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2814-7 · Cited by 1,977
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Self-citationIL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer
Hirano, T. (2021) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxaa078 · Cited by 1,453
“Consistent with the notion that severe COVID-19 is a cytokine storm syndrome (12–17, 336 ), SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV activate NF-κ B in a manner dependent on MyD88 through PRRs, such as retinoic acid-inducible gene I protein (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), leading…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Vabret, N., Britton, G. J., Gruber, C., Hegde, S., Kim, J., Kuksin, M., Levantovsky, R., Malle, L., Moreira, A., Park, M. D., Pia, L., Risson, E., Saffern, M., Salomé, B., Esai Selvan, M., Spindler, M. P., Tan, J., van der Heide, V., Gregory, J. K., Alexandropoulos, K., Bhardwaj, N., Brown, B. D., Greenbaum, B., Gümüş, Z. H., Homann, D., Horowitz, A., Kamphorst, A. O., Curotto de Lafaille, M. A., Mehandru, S., Merad, M., Samstein, R. M., Agrawal, M., Aleynick, M., Belabed, M., Brown, M., Casanova-Acebes, M., Catalan, J., Centa, M., Charap, A., Chan, A., Chen, S. T., Chung, J., Bozkus, C. C., Cody, E., Cossarini, F., Dalla, E., Fernandez, N., Grout, J., Ruan, D. F., Hamon, P., Humblin, E., Jha, D., Kodysh, J., Leader, A., Lin, M., Lindblad, K., Lozano-Ojalvo, D., Lubitz, G., Magen, A., Mahmood, Z., Martinez-Delgado, G., Mateus-Tique, J., Meritt, E., Moon, C., Noel, J., O’Donnell, T., Ota, M., Plitt, T., Pothula, V., Redes, J., Reyes Torres, I., Roberto, M., Sanchez-Paulete, A. R., Shang, J., Schanoski, A. S., Suprun, M., Tran, M., Vaninov, N., Wilk, C. M., Aguirre-Ghiso, J., Bogunovic, D., Cho, J., Faith, J., Grasset, E., Heeger, P., Kenigsberg, E., Krammer, F., & Laserson, U.
- Affiliations
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Corresponding author
- Vabret, Nicolas
- Samstein, Robert M.
- ORCID
- Vabret, Nicolas
- Britton, Graham J.
- Gruber, Conor
- Hegde, Samarth
- Kuksin, Maria
- Levantovsky, Rachel
- Malle, Louise
- Moreira, Alvaro
- Park, Matthew D.
- Pia, Luisanna
- Risson, Emma
- Saffern, Miriam
- Salomé, Bérengère
- Spindler, Matthew P.
- Tan, Jessica
- van der Heide, Verena
- Bhardwaj, Nina
- Brown, Brian D.
- Greenbaum, Benjamin
- Homann, Dirk
- Horowitz, Amir
- Kamphorst, Alice O.
- Mehandru, Saurabh
- Samstein, Robert M.
- Agrawal, Manasi
- Aleynick, Mark
- Belabed, Meriem
- Brown, Matthew
- Centa, Monica
- Charap, Andrew
- Chen, Steven T.
- Bozkus, Cansu Cimen
- Cody, Evan
- Cossarini, Francesca
- Fernandez, Nicolas
- Grout, John
- Ruan, Dan Fu
- Hamon, Pauline
- Jha, Divya
- Kodysh, Julia
- Leader, Andrew
- Lin, Matthew
- Lindblad, Katherine
- Lubitz, Gabrielle
- Magen, Assaf
- Mahmood, Zafar
- Mateus-Tique, Jaime
- Moon, Chang
- Noel, Justine
- Ota, Miyo
- Plitt, Tamar
- Pothula, Venu
- Redes, Jamie
- Schanoski, Alessandra Soares
- Suprun, Maria
- Tran, Michelle
- Vaninov, Natalie
- Wilk, C. Matthias
- Bogunovic, Dusan
- Cho, Judy
- Faith, Jeremiah
- Grasset, Emilie
- Heeger, Peter
- Kenigsberg, Ephraim
- Krammer, Florian
- Laserson, Uri
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-06
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 910-941
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7200337
- OpenAlex
- W3022878099
- Cited by
- 1,623
- References
- 336
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 160 · 2022: 286 · 2021: 567 · 2020: 406
- FWCI
- 16.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Innate Pharma
- Burroughs Wellcome Fund
- Genentech
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
- National Cancer Institute
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
- National Institutes of Health (R01AI081848)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, innate immune response, adaptive immune response, disease severity, mortality, immunotherapy, antiviral therapy, clinical trials, pathophysiology
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Animals, Disease Susceptibility, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Immunologic Memory, Inflammation, Lymphocytes, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Myeloid Cells, Pandemics
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